












LAIRD & LEE’S 
LITTLE GIANT 

Question-Settler 


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THE WORLD’S TIME 



Time in Largest Cities in the World when it is 
Noon, the same day, at Washington, D. C. 

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LAIRD & LEE’S 


LITTLE GIANT 

QUESTION 

SETTLER 

BY 

Prof. JAMES A. BEATON, M. A. 

» > 

Author of “Commend of Electricity" 


History, Law, Mechanics, Business, 
Medicine, Geography and Statistics—Gov¬ 
ernment, Area and Population of Every 
Country, State and Territory—American, 
Canadian and Foreign Cities—Patent, 
Copyright, Divorce, Business and Natural¬ 
ization Laws — Parliamentary Law -— 
Weights, Measures, Coins, Armies and 
Navies of the World—The Metric System 
— Famous Men — Mythology — Accidents 
and Emergencies—Rules and Etiquette of 
Golf—Mining Information — Wars and 
Battles—The World War and the Changes 
it Has Brought About, etc., etc. 


THOROUGHLY REVISED EDITION 


Thousands of Questions and Arguments 
Quickly and Accurately Settled 
by Consulting 

THIS WONDERFUL VEST-POCKET 
ASSISTANT. 

'f f ' V * 

- I 

CHICAGO: 

LAIRD & LEE, Inc., PUBLISHERS. 







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V 

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;red according to Act of Congress in the year 
eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, by 

WILLIAM H. LEE, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress 
at Washington. 


Copyright, 1900, by William H. Lee. 
Copyright, 1905, by William H. Lee. 
Copyright, 1912, by William H. Lee. 
Copyright, 1923, by Laird & Lee, Inc. 


ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 

As there is not a single page in this 
book that does no*t contain new and 
original matter, the Publishers intend 
protecting their copyright to the 

- full extent of the law. 


Made in the U. 8. A. 


i t 

V 

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<' 


MAY 10 73 







INTRODUCTORY 


'THIS IS A BUSY AGE. Professional 
men in all cities and villages, farm¬ 
ers, artisans, students and people in every 
walk of life, are constantly in need of 
the information contained in Laird & 
Lee’s Little Giant Question Settler, 
alphabetically arranged. Time is too 
valuable to waste in pondering over cum¬ 
bersome works of reference. To settle 
all questions and arguments quickly and 
accurately, consult this wonderful Vest- 
Pocket Assistant. The book repre¬ 
sents the unceasing labor of years, and 
offers at a glance thousands of the most 
important items on record, including all 
latest events in modern history. The 
more this volume is examined and used, 
the more apparent will it be, as Chris¬ 
topher Marlow would say, we have here 
infinite riches in a little room. 


The Publishers. 



CONTENTS 


Preface 


5 


QUESTION SETTLER.7 to 263 

Special Facts Alphabetically Ar¬ 
ranged. —Countries, States, Cities 
—Famous Men—Mythology—Na¬ 
tional and State Laws—Armies 
and Navies—Wars and Battles— 
Societies and Organizations — 
Parliamentary Law — Historical, 
Scientific, Medical, Mechanical, 
Agricultural, Legal, Commercial 
and Statistical Information of 
General Interest. 


APPENDIX .265 to 288 

Thermometers Compared — Rules 
and Etiquette of Golf—Railroad 
Records—Weights and Measures 
of All the Principal Countries— 
The Metric System—Irrigation— 
Signs Used by Electrical Drafts¬ 
men—Mining Information. 


SUPPLEMENT .289 to 320 

Latest Data in Alphabetical Order. 

— Statistical Information Ac¬ 
cording to Latest United States 
and Foreign Census Reports— 
Recent Constitutional Amend¬ 
ments and Legislation—New Na¬ 
tions and Geographical Changes 
Resulting from the World War- 
Chronology of the World War, 
etc., etc. 


6 









LAIRD & LEE’S 

LITTLE GIANT 


Question-Settler r 


THE WORLD S GREATEST ENCYCLOPEDIA 
Alphabetically Arranged (or Immediate Use 


A Absinthe 

A is properly used before the following words 
and their derivatives: eulogy, euphony, 
humor, unanimous, unicorn, union, unit, 
university, useful, usual, usurer. 

A. B.; Bachelor of Arts. [Walter Scott. 

AB'BOTSFORD, SCOTLAND; residence of Sir 

ABD EL KADER; Arab Emir and Sultan, 1807- 
83, fought fiercely against French power in 
Algeria. 

AB'ELARD AND HEL'OISE; two noted French 
lovers, 1079-1142, lie buried in Pere la Chaise 
cemetery, Paris. Abelard was a famous pro¬ 
fessor. 

ABERDEEN; a city of Scotland; pop. 143,722. 

ABIM'ELECH; King of the Philistines, 1900 

AB NITIO; from the beginning. [B. C. 

AB'LEGATE; the Pope’s highest representa¬ 
tive abroad. One in Washington, D. C. 

ABOLI'TION PARTY; organized 1832 for free¬ 
ing slaves. 

ABOMEY'; Cap. of Dahomey in West Africa; 
conquered by the French in 1892 under Gen¬ 
eral Dodds (colored). The last king (Beham- 
zin) deported to island of Martinique. 

ABORIG'INES; the primitive inhabitants of a 
country. 

AB'OUKIR; a town of lower Egypt; Battle of, 
1799; Bonaparte victorious over the Turcs. 

ABOUT, Edmond; Fr. novelist, 1828-85. 

A’BP.; Archbishop. 

A'BRAHAM; the progenitor of the Hebrew na¬ 
tion, 1996-1821 B. C. [1000 B. C. 

AB'SALOM; third son of David, slain by Joab 

ABSENTEE'; one who absents himself from 
duty; especially said of Irish landlords who 
keep away from their estates and have rents 
collected by bailiffs. 

ABSINTHE; liquor made from alcohol and 
wormwood; specially drunk in France. 


( 7 ) 




Abyssinia 8 Actuary 

ABYSSIN’IA; a country of Africa, S. W. of the 
Red Sea; area 150,000 sq. m.; pop. 3,500,000 ; 
ruler Negus Menelek II. 

A. C.; Before Christ. B. C. more frequentl used. 

ACA'DIA; the former name of Nova Scotia. 

ACAPUL'CO; a seaport of Mexico. 

ACELDA'MA; the field of blood; potter’s field. 

ACHILLES; the most valiant of the Greek heroes 
in the Trojan war; son of Peleus, king of Thes¬ 
saly; his mother, Thetis, plunged him, when an 
infant, into the Stygian pool, which made him 
invulnerable, but the heel by which he was held 
was not wetted; he was shot with an arrow in 
the heel by Paris, at the siege of Troy, and died 
of his wound. 

ACTORS, AMERICAN; birthplace and date of birth. 

Adams, Maude—Salt Lake City. 1872 

Allen, Viola—Mobile, Ala. 1867 

Barrymore, Ethel—Philadelphia, Pa. 1880 

Bates, Blanche—Portland, Ore. . .. 1873 


Bingham, Amelia—Hicksville, O. 1869 

Bispham, David—Philadelphia, Pa.1857 

Bloodgood, Clara—Long Branch. 1870 


v/iw iv» y ni* a, juvoiio ton, jvj.. • • — 

Claxton, Kate—NewYorkCity. 1848 

Crossman, Henrietta—Wheeling, Va. 1866 

Daly, Dan—Boston, Mass.. . 1863 

Daniels, Frank—Boston, Mass. 1860 

Davis, Jessie Bartlett—Morris, Ill. 1859 . 

De Wolfe, Elsie—NewYorkCity. 1865 

Drew, John—Philadelphia, Pa. 1853 

Elliott, Maxine—Rockland, Me. 1872 

Fields, Lewis M.—New York City. 1867 

Fiske, Minnie Maddern—New Orleans, La.. 1865 

Fox, Della—St. Louis, Mo. .1871 

Frohman, Charles—Sandusky, 0.1858 

Frohman, Daniel—Sandusky, 0. 1850 

Gilbert, Mrs. G. H.—Rochdale, Eng. 1820,d. 1904 

Gillette, William—Hartford, Conn.; 1853 

Glaser, Lulu—Allegheny City, Pa. 1874 

Goodwin, Nat. C.—Boston, Mass.1857 

Harned, Virginia—Bosson, Mass. 1868 

Hopper, De Wolf— New York City. 1862 

James, Louis—Tremont,Ill. 1842 

Jefferson, Joseph—Philadelphia, Pa. 1829 

Lackaye, Wilton—Loudon County, Va. 1862 

Mitchell, Maggie—New York City. 1832 

Mordaunt, Frank—Burlington, Vt. 1841 

Neilsen, Sarah A.—Nashville, Tenn.1875 

Nordica, Lilian—Farmington, Me.,.1858 

Olcott, Chauncy—Buffalo, N. Y. 1860 

Pastor, Tony—New York City.1837 

Powers, James T.—New York City. 1862 

Robson, Stuart—Annapolis, Md , 1836, d. 1904 

Russell, Lillian—Clinton, Iowa. 1860 

Sousa, John Philip—Washington, D. C. 1854 

Templeton, Fay—Savannah, Ga. 1861 

Thompson, Denman—Girard, Pa.- 1833 

Walsh, Blanche—New York City.. 1873 

Weber, Joseph M.—New York City. 1867 

Wilson, Francis—Philadelphia, Pa. 1865 

AC'TUARY; a computing officer of an insurance 
company- 









































Acupuncture 9 Aeneas 

ACUPUNC'TURE; a pricking with needles. 

A. D.; in the year of our Lord. 

AD'AGE; an old saying or maxim. 

ADA'GIO; in slow time. [tremely hard. 

AD'AMANT; a name given to anything ex- 
ADAM’S APPLE; the projection under the 
chin. . [man, 1807-86. 

AD'AMS, Charles Francis; American states- 
AD'AMS, John (see Presidents). 

AD'AMS, John Quincy (see Presidents). 
ADDEN'DUM OR ADDENDA; thing or things 
to be added. [discoloration of the skin. 

ADDISON’S DISEASE; a peculiar brownish 
AD'DISON, Joseph; Eng. author, 1672-1719. 
A'DEN; an Eng. seaport on the S. coast 0 % 
Arabia. 

ADIEU'; a long good-bye; farewell. 

AD INFINI'TUM; without limit. 

AD IN'TERIM; meanwhile; in the meantime. 
ADIRON'DACK MTS.; a chain of mountains in 
N. Y., West of Lake Champlain. 

AD'IT; an inclined passage to a mine. 

ADJT.; adjutant; a colonel’s assistant. 

ADJT. GEN.; adjutant general; the command¬ 
er’s chief of staff. 

ADLIB'ITUM; at pleasure; can be omitted. 
AD LI'TEM; for the law suit. 

AD'MIRAL; a naval officer of highest rank. 
AD'MIRALTY; the British board in charge of 
navigation. [Guinea; also another in Alaska. 
AD'MIRALTY ISLANDS; a group N. E. of New 
ADNAU'SEAM; to disgust or sicken. 

AD'OBE HOUSES; those built of sun-dried 
bricks, mostly used in Mexico, Central and 
South America. 

ADONIS (Myth); the beautiful attendant of 
Venus, who he’d her train; he was killed 
by a boar, and turned by Venus into an 
anemone. 

AD'OWA; a N. E. town of Abyssinia. 
ADRIANO'PLE; a Turkish city N. W. of Con¬ 
stantinople; near there, in 1878, peace was 
signed between Russia and Turkey. [Italy. 
ADRIATIC SEA; the Gulf of Venice, S. E. of 
ADVALO'REM; according to value. 
AD'VENTIST; one who believes that Christ 
will soon return. [mas. 

ADVENT SUNDAY; the fourth before Christ- 
AE'DILE; a Roman supervisor of buildings, 
streets, etc. [Athens. 

AEGE'AN SEA; a gulf of Greece, S. W. of 
AENE'AS (Myth.); the son of Anchises and 
Venus; was one of the few captains who es¬ 
caped the destruction of Troy; behaved with 
great valor during the siege, encountering 
Achilles himself; when the Grecians had set 
the city on fire, Aeneas took his aged fa¬ 
ther, Anchises, on his shoulders, whflst his 
son, Ascanius, and his wife, Creusa, clung 
to his garments; after wandering about for 
several years, encountering numerous diffi¬ 
culties (his love affair with Dido the most 
famous of all), he reached Italy, where he 


Aeneid 10 Agamemnon 

was hospitably received by the king of the 
Latins, and after his death became their 
king. [hero. 

AE'NEID; a poem by Virgil, with Aeneas as the 

AEO'LIAN; a harp played upon by currents or 
wind. 

AEOL'IPYLE; first steam engine, said to have 
been invented by Hero, 200 B. C. 

AE'OLUS (Myth.); the god of the winds; Ju¬ 
piter his reputed father; Aeolus is repre¬ 
sented as having the power of holding the 
winds confined in a cavern, and occasionally 
giving them liberty to blow over the world; 
when Ulysses visited him on his return,from 
Troy, he gave him, tied up in a bag, all the 
winds that could prevent his voyage from 
being prosperous; the companions of Ulysses, 
fancying that the bag contained treasure, 
cut it open, just as they came in sight of 
Ithaca, the port they were making for, and 
the contrary winds rushing out, drove back 
the ship many leagues. 

AE'ON; immeasurable space of time. 

A'EROLITE; a stone fallen from space. 

A'ERONAUT; a balloonist. 

A'EROPLANE; a flat supported surface, slightly 
inclined, for air ships. 

AES'CHYLUS; Greek dramatist 525-456 B. C. 

AESCULA'PIUS; the god of physic; a son of 
Apollo, and physician to the Argonauts 
in their famous expedition; he became 
so noted for his cures that Pluto became 
Jealous of him, and requested Jhpiter to kill 
him with a thunder-bolt; to revenge his 
son’s death, Apollo slew the Cyclops who 
had forged the thunder-belt; he had Hygela, 
the goddess of health, as a daughter; many 
temples were erected in his honor, and vo¬ 
tive tablets hung therein by people who had 
been healed; but his most famous shrine 
was at Epidaurus, where, every five years, 
games were held in his honor; he is repre¬ 
sented with a knotty stick in one hand and 
a staff entwined with a serpent in the other 
while a dog lies at his feet. [B. c! 

AESOP; a Greek fabulist and slave, 620-564 

AESTHET'IC; having a taste for the beau- 

• tiful. 

AFFECT; “He could not affect an entrance’’ 
should be “He could not effect an entrance;” 
“The scene was very effecting’’ should be 
“The scene was very affecting.” 

AFFI'ANT; one who makes an affidavit 

AFGHANISTAN’; a country of Asia, E. of Per¬ 
sia; area 215,400 sq. m.; pop. 4,000,000; ruler, 
Habibrlllah Kahn; b. 1872; cap. Cabool. 

A FOR'TIORI; with stronger reason. 

AGA; a chief officer or functionary of Turkey; 
next comes the bey, next the pasha. 

AGAMEM'NON, brother of Menelaus; he was 
king of Argives; his brother’s wife was the 
famous Helen, daughter of Tyndarus, king of 


Agassiz 11 Africa 

Sparta, and -when she eloped with Paris, 
Agamemnon was appointed leader of the 
Greeks in their expedition against Troy. 
AG'ASSIZ, L. J. R.; Amer. naturalist, 1807-73. 

AFRICA—Light and Dark. 


Divided Between 

Area. 
Sq. Miles. 

Popula¬ 

tion. 

British Africa; Basuto¬ 
land, Bechuanaland Pro¬ 
tectorate, Cape Colony, 
Central Africa, East Afri¬ 
ca Protectorate, Uganda 
Protectorate, Zanzibar 
Protectorate, Mauritius, 
Natal, Niger Coast Pro¬ 
tectorate, Territory of 
the R. Niger Company, 
South Africa, West Afri¬ 
ca, Zululand and Islands* 

2,587,755 

41,133,953 

French Africa: Algeria, 
Tunis,Senegal, Fr. Soudan 
and the Niger, Gaboon 
and Guinea Coast, Congo 
Region, Somali, Madagas¬ 
car and Islands!.. 

1,232,454 

18,073,890 

German Africa : Togoland, 
Cameroons, South West 
Africa, East Africa. 

920,920 

10,200,000 

Italian Africa : Eritrea, 
Somaliland. 

278,500 

850,000 

Portuguese Africa : An¬ 
gola, the Congo, Guinea, 
East Africa and Islandst. 

735,304 

4,431,970 

Spanish Africa: Rio de 
Oro, Adrar, Fernando Po 
and Islands. 

243,877 

136,000 

Turkish Africa: Tripoli 
and the Mediterranean 
Coast, Egypt*. 

798,738 

8,117,265 

Congo Independent State. 
(Under the sovereignty 
of the King of the Bel¬ 
gians) . 

900,000 

30,000,000 

Total. 

7,697,548 

113,243,070 


♦Egypt and the Egyptian Soudan, although nom¬ 
inally under the sovereignty of Turkey, are 
really controlled by Great Britain; adding 
Egypt and the Soudan to the Empire would 
increase the figures above given to 2,987,- 
755 square miles and 47,951,218 population. 

^Negotiations have been concluded between 
Great Britain and Germany on the one part 
and Portugal on the other, by which the lat¬ 
ter sells and disposes of all her African pos¬ 
sessions to the two former, which divide the 
purchases between them; Great Britain gets 
Delagoa Bay, thus hemming in the South 
African Republic from the sea, save through 
















Agata 12 A. H. 

British territory; the remaining territory 
of Africa unoccupied is a part of the great 
Desert of Sahara and the Independent States 
of Abyssinia and Liberia; even this terri¬ 
tory, except the last, is destined to pass un¬ 
der the power of the Europeans ;Egyptian 
(British) and French territory in the Soudan, 
according to British claims, touch along the 
line of the 27th degree of latitude; prior to 
the revolt of the Mahdi in 1882 Egypt claim¬ 
ed Darfur, Kordofan, Senaar, Taka, the Equa¬ 
torial Province, and the Bahr-el-Ghazal 
Province; though authority over these was 
lost by the success of the Mahdi, Egypt did 
not relinquish her claim, and her full author¬ 
ity was resumed by the victories of General 
Kitchener in 1898; the French were disposed 
to dispute these claims and assert a right to 
territory as far east as the banks of the Nile, 
thus covering the Bahr-el-Ghazal Province; 
hence the appearance of the heroic Major 
Marchand at Fashoda on the Nile, many 
miles south of Khartoum; but this position 
the French government has abandoned, to 
the great indignation of the best elements 
of that nation. 

During the year 1900, in accordance with the 
Convention of Berlin, the Belgian government 

decided that it would maintain control of 
the Congo Independent Free -State ; it is 
believed that Belgium will eventually let go 
her hold on that colony, too heavy for her 
small military resources; In that case, France 
falls heir to that enormous territory, raising 
her African possessions to 2.132,454 square 
miles with a population of 48,073,890. 

AG'ATE; a peculiar quartz with bands in it. 

AGA’VE; the American aloe. 

AGE (Myth.); Golden under Saturn, Silver 
under Jupiter, Brazen under Neptune, Iron 
under Pluto. 

AGIN COURT', France; battle between Eng¬ 
lish and French, 1415, English victorious. 

AGNOS'TIC; one who believes that the exis¬ 
tence of a Deity can neither be proved nor 

AGNUS DEI; lamb of God. [disproved. 

AG'RA; a N. W. province of British India. 

AGRICUL'TURAL DEPARTMENT; the sec. 
has an asst, sec., chief clerk, statistician, 
chief of forestry, entomologist, chemist, orni¬ 
thologist, botanist, pomologist, microscopist, 
agrostologist, chiefs of weather bureau, ant« 
mal industries, soils, vegetable physiology, 
special agent of road Inquiry, and minor 
clerks. 

A. G. S.; American Geographical Society. 

A'GUE; a shaking chill, usually followed bv 
feve y- [of Africa 

AGUL'HAS; a cape on the southernmost coast 

A. H.; in the year of the Hegira, 622 (th« 


Ahab 13 Alaska 

Mohammedan era). [918-897 B. G. 

AHAB; King of Israel, husband of Jezebel, 

AIR BRAKE; one operated by compressed air; 
invented by Westinghouse, 1874. 

AIR LOCK; an air-tight room at the en¬ 
trance to a tunnel; when the outer door is 
closed and the air raised to the same com¬ 
pression as that within, one can enter the 
tunnel; the process is reversed in coming 
out. 

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE; a city of N. W. Ger¬ 
many ; the capital of Charlemagne, his tomb 
is there. 

AJACCIO; cap, of Corsica; birthplace of Na¬ 
poleon I. 

AJAX. (Semi-Hist.) One of the bravest of 
the Greek warriors in the Trojan war. 
Writers aver that he was slain by Paris. 

AK'RON; a city of Ohio; pop. 27,601. 

ALABAMA. From the Choctaw, meaning “vegeta¬ 
ble gatherers;” area 52,250 sq. m ; pop. 1910, 
2,138,093. Originally part of Georgia. Became 
part of Mississippi Territory in 1812. Admitted 
to the Union 1819 as separate state. Third 
State in production of pig-iron in 1908. Ranks 
second in U. S. in production of coke, and third 
in cotton. In 1901 68 cotton mills were in oper¬ 
ation or process of erection. New constitution 
adopted Nov. 11, 1901. Illiterate negro voters 
in 1900, 59.5 per cent. Property, educational 
and lawful occupation clauses were adopted as 
qualifications for suffrage. Temperature 5 to 
1U7 degrees. Electors 12; Representatives 10. 
Democratic since 1876. Governor elected for 
two years; salary $3,000. Cap. Montgomery. 

ALABAMA CLAIMS, made by the U. S. against 
England for property destroyed by vessels 
built in England for the Confederate State*. 
The award of $15,500,000 was paid in 1874., 
and is sometimes called the Geneva Award 
(where the conference was held). 

A LA CARTE; from the bill of fare, or menu. 

ALADDIN’S LAMP; a magic lamp in the 
Arabian Nights. 

AL'AMO; a mission house in San Antonio, 
Texas, used as a fort; all the garrison, 172 
men, were killed, in 1836, by Mexicans un¬ 
der Santa Anna and cremated. 

A LA MODE; in style; cooked beef. 

AL'ARIC; King of the Visigoths, 376-410. 

ALASKA. Area 599,446 sq. m.; pop. 1910, 64.356, 
natives 25,536- Settled at Kadiak in 1801 ‘by 
the Russians. Purchased by the U. S. from Rus¬ 
sia, 1867, for $7,200,000. A judicial district 
like that of Dist. of Columbia. It has three 
courts, a Governor, but no Legislature or dele¬ 
gates in Congress. Since its purchase it has 
brought *he government $9,000,000,000 in 
revenue. Gold output in Nome region during 
season of 1901-2 estimated at $13,000,000. 
Silver, platinum, copper and iron have been 
found in paying quantities. Said to contain 
immense quantities of coal and oil and other 


Albania 14 Algebra 

valuable minerals. Vegetables, cereals and some 
fruits do well in southern part. 

ALBAN'IA; a W. province of European Turkey. 
ALBEMARLE SOUND; on the N. E. coast of 
N. Carolina. 

ALBERT NYANZA LAKE; source of Nile in E. 

Africa discovered by Livingstone. [1280. 

ALBER'TUS MAG'NUS; German scientist, 1193- 
ALBIGEN'SES; French R. C. reformers of the 
12th century. 

AL'BION; the former name of England. 
ALCAL'DE; a Spanish magistrate or judge. 
ALCA'ZAR; the Spanish (Moorish) name for 
castle. 

AL'CHEMY; a so-called science, much in vogue 
in the Middle-Ages, and aiming at the 
change of base metals into gold. [B. C. 

ALCIBI'ADES; an Athenian statesman, 450-404 
AL'COHOL; highly rectified spirits. 

ALCOHOL HABIT, TO CURE. Take concen¬ 
trated tincture of avena sativa from 15 to 30 
drops in hot water every 3 hours. 

Alcohol, Percentage of, in Various 
Liquors, 


Scotch Whisky ....54.53 

Irish Whisky.53.9 

hum.,.53.68 

Pin.51.6 

Brandy.53.39 

Burgundy.14.57 

Cape Muscat.18.25 

Champagne (still). 13.80 
“ (sparkling).12.61 

Cider.5.2 to 9.8 

Constantia..19.75 

Gooseberry Wine..11.48 


Currant Wlue.20.50 

Port. .22.90 

Madeira.22.27 

Teneriffe.19.79 

Sherry ..19.17 

Claret.15.1 

Elder. 8.79 

Ale. 6.87 

Porter.. 4.02 

Malaga.19.26 

Rhenish.12.8 

Small Beer.... 1.28 


AL'COTT, LOUISA; Amer. authoress, 1832-1888. 
AL'DERNEY; an Eng. island N. W. of France; 

famous for its cattle and dairy products. 
ALDINE; series of classics printed by Aldus- 
Manutius and family in Venice, the inventor of 
italics, about 1490. 


ALEC'TO. One of the three Furies; depicted 
with serpents instead of hair, and supposed 
to breed pestilence. 

ALENCON; famous and expensive Fr. point 
lace made in the vicinity of the Norman city 
of that name. 

ALEP'PO; a city of Syria; pop. 100,000. [chase. 

ALEUTIAN ISLANDS; part of the Alaska pur- 

ALEXAN'DER THE GREAT; King of Macedon. 
356-323 B. C. [319,766 . 

ALEXAN'DRIA; a city of Lower Egypt;' pop. 

ALEXANDRIAN CODEX; a Biblical manu¬ 
script of the 6th century. 

ALEXANDRIAN LIBRARY; founded 484 B. C.; 
contained 700,000 volumes, partially destroyed 
301 A. D., and entirely by Mohammedans in 
640. 


ALFAL'FA; foliage plant similar to clover. 

AL FRES'CO; in the open air. [mathematics. 
AL'GEBRA; the use of letters and symbols in 























Algeria 15 Amazon 
ALGJE'RIA; a North African Fr. colony on the 
Mediterranean Sea; area 184,474 sq. m. r pop. 
4,774,042; cap. Algiers. 

ALGUAZIL'; a Spanish constable. 
ALHAM'BRA; a beautiful palace In Grenada, 

. Spain; built by the Moors, 1248-1314. 

AL'IBI; proving presence elsewhere. 

AL'IEN; one not a citizen. [mouth to anus. 
ALIMENT'ARY CANAL; passage of food from 
AL'LAH; the Mahometan name of God. 175,- 
ALLAHA'BAD; a city of N. W. India; pop.[248. 
ALLEGHA'NY MTS.; extend from Maine to 
Georgia. 

ALLEN, ETHAN; American soldier, 1737-1789. 
ALLENTOWN; a city of Penn.; pop. 25,228. 
ALL HALLOW E’EN; evening before Nov. 1. 
ALLOP'ATHY; a system in medicine that de¬ 
pends on counter effects. 

ALLOY’; a mixture of metals. [Nov. 8. 

ALL SAINTS’ DAY, Nov. 1; All Souls’ Day, 
ALL'SPICE or Pimento; Jamaica pepper. 
ALLU'VIAL; relating to deposits by water. 
AL'MA MA'TER; a college or school one gradu- 
ALMIGH'TY; all powerful; God. [ates from. 
“ALMIGHTY DOLLAR;’’ introduced for the 
first time by Washington Irving in “Creole 
Village.” [tain climbing. 

AL'PENSTOCK; an iron-pointed staff for moun- 
AL'PHA AND OMEGA; the first and last let- 
ters of the Greek alphabet. [tains. 

ALPS; the Central European chain of moun- 
ALSACE'-LORRAINE'; German provinces since 
1871; pop. 1,719,470; ar. 5,604 sq.m. [Siberia. 
ALTAI MTS.; in N. Asia, between China and 
AL'TAR; a structure on which a sacrifice is 
offered. Earliest altars were merely heaps 
of earth or of rough stones, but as the 
mode of sacrificing became more ceremonious, 
grander altars were built. Some were solid; 
others were made hollow to retain the blood 
of the victims. Some were provided with a 
dish, into which frankincense was burned 
to overpower the smell of burning fat; this 
was the origin of the custom of burning in¬ 
cense at the altar. 

AL'TRUTSM; regard for the Interest of others. 
ALU'MINUM; a white metal produced fronj 
clay. 

AM FOR ARE. “Either you or I are to go 
there” should be “Either you or I am” etc. 
A. M.; before noon; Master of Arts. 
AMAL'EKITES; Bedouin tribes of ancient 
Palestine, exterminated 725 B. C. [metal, 
AMAL'GAM; mercury combined with another 
AMANUEN'SIS; a copyist or writer from dicta¬ 
tion. [1569-1526 B. C. 

AM'ASIS I and II; Egyptian Kings; 1525-1499, 
AM'ATEUR, one who cultivates art for pleas¬ 
ure ; a beginner. [retina and optic nerve. 

AMAURO'SfS; a paralytic affection of the 
AM'AZON; a river of S. America, longest In 
the world about 3,750 miles. 


Amazons 16 Anam 


AM'AZONS (Myth.); a nation of women-soldiers 
who lived in Scythia. Hercules totally de¬ 
feated them, and gave Hippolyte, their 
queen, to Theseus for a wife. The race 
seems to have been exterminated after this 
battle. Also Dahomeyan female warriors (see 
Abomey). 

AM'BER; a yellow, natural resinous substance. 

AM'BERGRIS; a whitish, waxy, aromatic, sub¬ 
stance from whales. [well. 

AMBIDEX'TER; using both hands equally 

AMBRO'SIA; fabled food of the gods. [340-97. 

AM'BROSE, St.; father of the Latin church, 

AMEER ; a ruler of Afghanistan. 

AMEN'; so be it. 

AMENDE HONORABLE satisfactory apology. 

A MENSA E THO'RO; from bed and board. 

AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION; or- 
ganized Sept. 16-17, 1887, to maintain the 
supremacy of American-born citizens. 

AMERICA’S CUP; won from England by 
yacht America in 1851; up to publication of 
this book had never been won back by the 
English, although twelve times they have sent 
over their best yachts. 

AMERI'GO VESPUCC'I; Italian navigator, 1451- 
1512; hence the name, America. [1808. 

AMES, FISHER; American statesman, 1758- 

AMIENS; a city of France; pop. 64,000. 
Treaty of 1802 with England. 

AMMO'NIA; a pungent liquid now made from 
waste gas liquor. 

AM'NESTY; a pardon of political offenders. 

AMOOR' RIVER; E. boundary between Siberia 
and China. 

AMOUR PROPRE; Fr. self-love; esteem. 

AMOY; a city of S. E. China; pop. 250,000. 

AMPERE'; the unit of current strength In 
electricity. 

AMPERE', A. M.; a French professor of 
physics, 1775-1836. Great electrical dis¬ 
coverer. 


AM'PHION (Myth.); a son of Jupiter greatly 
skilled in music; at the sound of his lute 
the stones arranged themselves so regularly 
as to make the walls of the city of Thebes.’ 

AMPHITRI TE (Myth.); the wife of Neptune 
and a daughter of Oceanus and Terra; the 
mother of Triton, a sea god. 

AMSTERDAM; a city of Holland; pop. 520,602. 

AN is generally used before the following 
words, though beginning with h: harangue, 
heroic, historical, historian, hypothesis, her¬ 
aldic, herbaceous. [tism. 

ANABAP'TIST; a disbeliever in infant bap- 

ANE'MIA; a deficiency of blood. 


ANAESTHET'IC; applied to drugs capable of 
rendering insensible. 

A ^o^’An S • 0f China 5 J P°P- 1901, 6.124,000; area 
o2,100 sq. m.; under French virtual ownership. 


Anarchist 17 Am. Exports 

AN'ARCHIST; one who aims at overthrowing all 
established government. 

ANDALU’SIA; the southermost district of Spain. 




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Andaman 18 Antinomian 

AN'DAMAN ISLANDS; in Bay of Bengal, E. 
of Madras; penal colony of Great Britain. 

AN'DERSEN, HANS; Danish author, play¬ 
wright and actor, 1805-75. [itary prison. 

AN'DERSONVILLE, GA.; a Confederate mil- 

AN'DES MTS.; extend the entire W. coast of 
S. America. 

ANDOR'RA; an independent republic lying be¬ 
tween France and Spain; area, 175 sq. m.; 
pop. 6,0.00. [schools; pop. 6,154. 

AN'DOVER; a town of Mass., noted for its 

AN'DRE, JOHN; British spy, 1751-80. [ment. 

ANDREE, a Swedish Arctic explorer. Left in 
a balloon (1897), heard from by pigeon (1899). 

ANEMOM'ETER; a wind-measuring instru¬ 
ment. 

AN'EROID; a dry, circular box barometer. 

AN'EURISM; a swelling causing the bursting 
of an artery. [B. Millet of France. 

AN'GELUS; a R. C. service; a painting by J. 

ANGLE'SIA; an island N. W. of Wales. 

ANGLOMA'NIAC; one who affects English cus- 

ANGLOPHO'BIA; a hatred of England, [toms. 

ANGO'LA; a Portugese colony in S. W. Africa. 

ANGO'RA; a Turkish city and province of N. 
W. Asia Minor; a species of cats. 

AN'ILINE; dyes distilled from coal tar. 

ANIMAL'CULES; very minute animals. 

AN'IMUS; animating spirit; temper. 

ANJOU; an old province of N. W. France. 

ANNAP'OLIS, MD.; seat of U. S. Naval Acad¬ 
emy since 1845; pop. 8,525. 

ANN ARBOR, MICH.; city; pop. 14,509; seat 
of Mich. State University. 

ANNUNCIA'TION; an announcement, [battery. 

AN'ODE; the positive or entering pole of a 

AN'ODYNE; anything used to allay pain. 

ANTAE'US (Myth.); a giant vanquished by 
Hercules. Each time that Hercules threw 
him the giant gained fresh strength from 
touching the earth, so Hercules lifted him 
ofT the ground and squeezed him to death. 

ANTARC'TIC; relating to the South pole. 

ANTE BEL'LUM; before the war. [very old. 

ANTEDILU'VIAN; living before the Flood; 

ANTE MOR'TEM; before death. 

ANTEN'NA; the feelers or horns of insects. 

ANTEPE'NULT; the last syllable but two. 

AN'THEM; a hymn of praise. [1820. 

AN'THONY, SUSAN B.; social reformer, b. 

AN'THRACITE; hard coal 95 per cent carbon. 

AN'THRAX; a hard, boil-like tubercle caused 
by malaria. 

ANTHROPOL'OGY; the science of man. 

AN'TI; against; Anti-Christ, an opponent of 
Christ. N [Gulf. 

ANTICOS'TI; an island in the St. Lawrence 

ANTIE'TAM, MD.; Battle of, Sept. 16 and 17. 
’62, the Federals victorious. 

ANTIL'LES; West India islands. 

AN'TIMONY; a native, bluish-white metal. 

ANTINO'MIAN; one who believes the law is 


Antioch 19 Apropos 

superseded by the gospels. [pop. 18,000. 

AN'TIOCH; a Turkish city in N. W. Syria; 

ANTIP'ODES; those on opposite side of the 
earth. [cure grippe, neuralgia, etc. 

ANTI-PY'RINE; an artificial alkali used to 

ANTISCORBU'TIC; a remedy for scurvy. 

ANTISEP'TIC; a preventive of putrefaction. 

ANTI-SPASMOD'IC; a medicine preventing 
fits. [600. 

ANTWERP; largest port of Belgium; pop. 285,- 

A. O. F.; Ancient Order of Foresters; founded 
1745. 928.036 members in 1903. Assets, $75,- 
000,000; disbursed since 1836, $103,500,000 
in benefits. 

A. O. H.; Ancient Order of Hibernians; founded 
1836. Membership in 1903, 107,577. 

A. O. U. W.; Ancient Order of United Workmen; 
founded 1868. Membership in 1903, 437,499. 
Benefits paid, $119,037,800. 

A. P.; Associated Press; A. P. A.; American 
Protective Association, q. v. 

APACH'ES; the most cruel of N. A. Indians. 

AP'ENNINE MTS.; a chain in Central Italy. 

A'PIS (Myth.); also called Serapis, the greatest 
god of the Egyptians, worshipped under the 
form of an ox. 

APOC'ALYPSE; the Revelation of St. John. 

APOC'RYPHA; doubtful books of the Old Tes¬ 
tament, not included in the canon. 

APOL'LO (Myth.); the son of Jupiter and 
Latona; also called Sol (the sun); also 
Delphicus from his connection with his 
splendid temple at Delphi, where he uttered 
the famous oracles. It is recorded that this 
oracle became dumb when Jesus Christ was 
born. Apollo is usually represented as a hand¬ 
some young man without beard, crowned with 
laurel, and having in one hand a bow and in 
the other a lyre. 

APOS'TLE; one sent forth to preach; of Christ’s 
Apostles, John alone escaped martyrdom. 

APOSTLES, HOW THEY DIED : Matthew was put to 
death by the sword, at Ethiopia; Mark was 
dragged through the streets of Alexandria until 
he expired; Luke was hanged upon an olive tree, 
in Greece; John was put in a cauldron of boiling 
oil, in Rome, and escaped death; James the Great 
was beheaded at Jerusalem; James the Less was 
thrown from the wing of a temple and was 
beaten to death with a club; Philip was hanged 
against a pillar, in Asia Minor; Bartholomew 
was flayed alive by command of a barbarous 
King; Andrew was bound to a cross, when 
he preached to the people till he expired; 
Thomas was run through the body by a lance, 
near the East Indies; Jude was shot to death by 
arrows; Simon Zeolotes was crucified in Persia; 
Matthias was stoned and then beheaded; Peter 
was crucified with his head downwards; Paul 
died a death of violence. 

APROPOS; to the point. 


Aqua 20 Argentine 

AQUA; water; AQUA FORTIS; nitric acid. 

AQUA TOFANA; a secret poison of the 17th 
century. 

AQUA VITAE; brandy; water of life. 

AQUARELLE'; a painting in water colors. [74. 

AQUI'NAS, ST. THOMAS; Italian divine, 1225- 

AR'AB; a native of Arabia; a street urchin. 

ARA'BIA; a country of S. W. Asia; area 1,000,- 
000 sq. m.; pop. 12,000,000. 

ARACH'NE (Myth.); a Lydian princess, who 
challenged Minerva to a spinning contest, 
but Minerva struck her on the head with a 
spindle, and turned her into a spider. 

ARACH'NIDA; pertaining to spiders, scorpions, 

ITiit.6S 0t(j, 

AR'AGON; a N. E. province of Spain. [Khiva. 

A'RAL; an inland sea of Turkestan, near 

A'RAM, EUGENE; Eng. school-teacher, b. 1704. 
hanged ’59; famous novel by Bulwer. [high. 

AR'ARAT MT.; in N. E. Asia Minor, 14,320 ft. 

ARBOR DAY; a holiday in many States for 
planting trees. 

ARBOR VITAE; the evergreen tree. 

ARBU'TUS; the New England Mayflower. 

ARC; a part of a curve; electric arc light forms 
bet. carbon points. [of antiquities. 

ARCHAEOL'OGIST; one versed in the science 

ARCHAN'GEL; the most Northern province ot 
Russia; an angel of the highest order. 

ARCHDUKE'; Austrian-Hungarian Prince of 
the Blood. 

ARCHIME'DES; Greek engineer, 287-212 B. C. 

ARCHIPEL'AGO; a group of islands; Is pro¬ 
nounced ark-e-pel'-a-go, not arch-e-pel-a-go. 

ARC'TIC; relating to the North or North pole. 

AREOP'AGUS; the hill at Athenswhere Mars 
was tried for murder before twelve of the 
gods; also the Supreme Court and governing 
body of the Athenian Republic. 

AREQUI'PA; a South, province of Peru. 

ARETHUSA (Myth.); one of the nympfis of 
Diana. She fled from Alpheus, a river god, 
and escaped him by being turned by Diana 
into a rivulet which ran underground. She 
was as \vlrtuous as she was beautiful. 

ARGENTINE (THE) AS A WHEAT EXPORT¬ 
ER. The largest crop ever raised was 104,977,- 
000 bushels. As the Argentine is spoken of as 
our great competitor in supplying grain to the 
world, these figures are interesting reading, and, 
so far, are not alarming. 


Years. Crops. 

1904 . 129.672,000 

1905 . 150,745,000 

1906 . 134,931,000 

1907 . 155,993,000 

1908 . 192,489,000 

1909 . 161,672,000 


ARGENTINE REPUBLIC; composed of 14 South 
American provinces governed somewhat like 
the U. S.; area 1,113,849 sq. m.; pop. 794,149; 
capital Buenos Ayres. President, Saenz Pena. 








Argand Lamp 21 Ark 

AR'GAND LAMP; invented 1782 by A. Argand, 
Geneva, Switzerland. 

AR'GONAUTS (Myth.); the fifty heroes who 
sailed to Colchis in the ship Argo under the 
command of Jason, to fetch the Golden 
Fleece. The name w r as given, recently, to the 
courageous pioneers to California, in 1849. 

AR'GUS (Myth.); a god with a hundred eyes 
that slept and watched by turns; charged by 
Juno to watch her rival Io, but being slain 
by Mgrcury, Jupiter’s messenger, was changed 
by Juno into a peacock. 

ARIAD'NE (Myth.); daughter of Minos, King 
of Crete. After enabling These'us to get out 
of the Labyrinth by means of a ball of 
thread, she fled with him to Naxos, where he 
ungratefully deserted her. 

A'RIANS; a sect who denied the absolute di¬ 
vinity of Christ, the forerunners of the Uni¬ 
tarians of to-day. 

ARIC'A; seaport of Peru; great earthquake 1868. 

AR'ION (Myth.); a famous lyric poet of the 
Island of Lesbos, where he gained riches by 
his art. When travelling, his companions 
robbed him, and proposed to throw him into 
the sea. He entreated the seamen to let 
him play upon his harp before they threw 
him overboard, and he played so sweetly 
that the dolphins flocked round the vessel. 
He then threw himself into the sea, and one 
of the dolphins took him up and carried him 
to Corinth. For this act the Dolphin was 
raised to heaven as a constellation. 

ARISTOPH'ANES; Greek dramatist, 444-380B.C. 

.-iic ib i vj i LiCj ; ureek philosopher, 384-322 B. G. 
This famous philosopher founded the Peripatetic 
school. ^Ie was a pupil of Plato with whom he 
was associated for 20 years. He was the instruc¬ 
tor of Alexander the Great, at court of Mace- 
don, and taught in the Lyceum at Athens. His 
writings cover all the branches of science known 
at that period. His influence upon the develop¬ 
ment of philosophy has been untold. 

ARIZO'NA; an Indian word meaning “sand hills”; 
area 113,870 sq. m.; pop. 1910, 204, 354. Ex¬ 
plored by Spaniards in 16th century; acquired 
from Mexico in 1848, and additional part by the 
Gadsden purchase in 1853. Ornanized as Terri¬ 
tory in 1863. Admitted as a State, Aug. 1912 . 
In 1901 4,210 farms were under irrigation, 
aggregating 558,821 acres. With the new govern¬ 
ment irrigation act in force, Arizona and other 
western states in the irrigation zone will be a 
vast garden, more fertile than the Nile valley. 
Staple crops, cereals, roots and vegetables; stock 
raising quite extensive. Arizona claims one of 
the best school system In the U. S. Electors 3, 
Representatives 1. Governor elected for 2 years; 
salary $4,000. Cap. Prescott. 

ARK; the boat of Noah, 2300 B. C., 450 ft. long, 
75 wide and 45 ft. high. 


Ark of Covenant 22 Arnica 

ARK OF THE COVENANT; a box lined and cov¬ 
ered with gold, which contained the Tables of the 
Law; destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, 686 B. C. 

ARKANSAS; ARK.; from the French and Indian, 
meaning “bow of smoky waters” ; nickname 
“Bear State.” Area 53,228 sq.m.; pop. 1910, 
1,574,449. Colonized by the French in the 17th 
century. In 1763 territory reverted to Spain; 
1800 returned to France; 1803 became part of 
Louisiana purchase. Organized as Territory 
1819; admitted as a State June 15, 1836. Tem¬ 
perature 7.5 to 98 degrees. Principal industries: 
flour milling, cotton seed oil and coke industries 
and railway repair manufacturing. State main¬ 
tains confederate pension system and a collateral 
inheritance tax. The State is noted for its hot 
springs at a town of that name. The rich min¬ 
eral wealth of iron, zinc and coal is almost 
entirely undeveloped. Electoral vote 9. Demo¬ 
cratic since 1876. Representatives 7. Governor 
elected for two years; salary $4,000. Capital, 
Little Rock. 

ARK'RIGHT, SIR R.; inventor of spinning ma¬ 
chinery, 1732-92. [1688. 

ARMA'DA; a Spanish fleet destroyed by England, 

Armaments of the Leading Nations. 


ARMIES. 


Japan. 

Russia. 

China. 

In peace. 

. 1,200,000 

. 211,500 

In war. 
800,000 
4,500,000 

Germany. 


3,260.000 

Austria-Hungary .., 

. 397,000 

2,000,000 

France . 


1,300,000 

Great Britain. 


800,000 

Italy.. 


2,000.000 

Norway. 


• 110,000 

Sweden . 


350,000 

Spain. . 


250,000 

Turkey. 


905,000 

United States. 


Authorized 

NAVIES. 

Total No. Ships. 

Men. 

Japan. 


36,080 

Russia.. 


60,000 

China. 



Germany. 

. 255 

33,500 

Austria-Hungary. . 

. 106 

14.888 

France. 


25,500 

Great Britain. 

. 528 

131,000 

Italy... 


30,398 

Norway. 


1,280 

Sweden. 


4,923 

Spain. 



Turkey.. 


39,929 

United States. 


57,483 


ARME'NIA; a province in Turkey, Russia and 
Persia; pop. 3,000,000. 

AR'MISTIOE; an agreement to suspend hostilities. 
AR'NICA; tincture made from the roots of moun¬ 
tain tobacco. 































Arnold 23 Asia 

AR'NOLD, BENEDICT; an American traitor, 
1741-1801. 

AR'NOLD, SIR EDWIN; English poet, b. 1832. 

AR'NOLD, MATTHEW; English author, poet 
and critic, 1822-1888. 

AROUND THE WORLD, Quickest Time.— 
Prince Hilkoff, Russian Minister of Com¬ 
munications, who spent much time in Amer¬ 
ica in 1898 in examining railways, announced 
Mar. 4, 1899, that with the early completion 
of the Trans-Siberian road the trip around 
the world will be reduced to thirty-three 
days. He gives the following route: Bremen 
to St. Petersburg, one and one-half days; to 
Vladivostock in ten days, traveling by rail at 
the rate of thirty-two miles an hour; across 
the Pacific to San Francisco, ten days; from 
San Francisco to New York, four and one- 
half days; New York to Bremen, seven days. 
This is a conservative estimate. The quick¬ 
est trip possible to-day (1898) is via Suez 
Canal to Yokohama, and requires sixty-six 
days. 

AR'SENIC; a metal of steel-gray color; a 
poison. [kings. 

ARTAXERX'ES; the name of three Persian 

AR'TERY; a blood vessel leading from the 
heart 

ARTE'SIAN WELL; a deep flowing well. 

AR'THUR, CHESTER A.; (see Presidents.) 

ARTHUR’S ROUND TABLE, KING; the en¬ 
chanted table of a mythical Eng. king of 
the 5th century. [film. 

AR'TOTYPE; a picture printed from a gelatine 

A. R. U.; an organ of R. R. employes, organ. 
1893; was at the head of the great Debs 
strike of 1894. 

ARUN'DEL MARBLES; marble statues, busts, 
etc., collected by Lord Arundel, 1592-1643; 
now in the British Museum. 

AR'YANS; a race formerly Inhabiting S. W. 
Asia, ancestors of most of the European peo¬ 
ples. 

ASAFOET'IDA; a fetid gum from a Persian 
plant. [by fire. 

ASBES'TOS; a white mineral fiber unaffected 

A. S. C. E.; American Society of Civil Engi¬ 
neers. 

ASCEN'SION DAY; see Feasts Movable. 

ASCEN'SION ISLAND; N. W. of St. Helena in 
S. Atlantic. 

ASHANTEE'; a savage kingdom in the W. of 
Africa, subdued by the English after great 
losses, 1874. 

ASH'BURTON TREATY; between U. S. and 
Great Britain, Aug. 9, 1842, settled the United 
States’ N. W. boundary. 

ASHTABU'LA, O.; great R. R. disaster at 
Dec. 29, ’76. [Movable. 

ASH WEDNESDAY; instituted 487; see Feaata 

A'SIA; the largest of the five great divisions of the 
earth; a. 17,255,890 sq. m.; pop. 825.954,000 


Asia Minor 24 Athens 

V'SIA MI'NOR; the S. W. portion of Asiatic 
Turkey. 

ASPAR'AGUS is vulgarly pronounced sparrow- 
grass, as in the following riddle by a coster¬ 
monger: 

“My fust’s a little thing vot hops, 

My second brings us good hay-crops, 

My whole I eats with mutton chops.” 

ASPHAL'TUM; a mineral pitch resembling tar. 

AS'PINWALL, W. H.; American merchant, 1807- 
75; founder of the Pacific Mail S. S. Co.; city 
on Panama isthmus named after him (see 

AS'SAGAI; a light S. African spear. [Colon). 

ASSAM'; a province in N. E. Brit. India; 
pop. 476,833; area 49,004 sq. m. 

AS'SIGNAT; French paper-money secured by 
public land, created in 1793, repudiated soon; 
had become valueless. 

ASSO'CIATED PRESS; a syndicate -of U. S. 
papers for obtaining news. [cataract. 

AS'SUAN; a town on the Nile, near the 4ih 

ASSUMP'SIT; an action on a verbal promise. 

ASSYR'IA; an ancient country in N. E. 
Asiatic Turkey. [writing. (*) 

AS'TERISK; a star; a reference used in 

ASTIG'MATISM; a defect of the eye. 

ASTOR, J. J.; fur dealer in the N. W. 1763- 
1848; William Waldorf Astor, his great-grand¬ 
son naturalized a British citizen, 1899, after 
having been U. S. minister to Italy. 

ASTO'RIA, ORE.; a city S. W. of Portland, 
founded by J. J. Astor as a fur depot in 1811; 
pop. 7,071. 

ASTRAKHAN'; a government of S. E. Russia. 

ASTROL'OGY; foretelling events by the stars. 

ASTRON'OMY; a science which treats of the 
heavenly bodies. 

ASUNCION; cap. of Paraguay; pop. 50,000. 

ATALANTA (Myth.); daughter of Caeneus. An 
oracle told her that marriage would be fatal 
to her, but, being very beautiful, she had 
many suitors. She was a very swift runner, 
and to get rid of her admirers, she promised 
to marry any one of them w r ho should out¬ 
strip her in a race, but that all who were 
defeated should be slain. Hippomenes, with 
the aid of Venus, was successful. That 
goddess gave him three golden apples, one of 
which he dropped whenever Atalanta caught 
up to him in the race. She stopped to pick 
them up, and so he married her. 

AT'AVISM; physical, mental or moral resem¬ 
blance of a child to ancestors. 

ATBA'RA; a tributary of the Nile above Berber 

ATE is the correct past tense of the verb 
to eat, and is pronouncet ett or ate. 

ATHABAS'CA; a lake and rive^ of Brit. N. A. 

ATHANA'SIUS; Bishop of Alexandria, 296-373. 

ATHANA'SIAN CREED; similar to the Con¬ 
gregational tenets of to-day. 

A'THEIST; one who does not believe in God. 

ATH'ENS; cap. of Greece; pop. 90,000. 


Atlanta 25 Aurora 

ATLAN'TA; cap. of Ga.; Battles of, July 22nd 
and Aug. 10; evacuated by Confederates Sept. 
2, 1864; pop. 1900, 89,872. 

ATLANTIC CABLE; Inaugurated 1858 by 
Cyrus W. Field, of N. Y. city; broke soon 

after; in running order since 1865. See 

Cables. 

AT'LAS (Myth.); King of Mauritania, now 

Morocco, in Africa, and a great astronomer; 
depicted with the globe on his back, his 
name signifying great toil or labor. For his 
inhospitality to a god, he was changed into 
the chain of mountains in Northern Africa 
that, to this day, is called after him; so is 
the Atlantic Ocean. 

AT'REUS (Myth.); the type of fraternal hatred. 
He killed and roasted his nephews, and in¬ 
viting his brother (their father) to a feast, 
made him partake of his children’s flesh. 

A'TRIUM; a central room; a court of entrance. 

AT'ROPINE; the extract of belladonna, a vio¬ 
lent poison. [condemned person. 

ATTAIN'DER; forfeiture of property of a 

AT'TAR OF ROSES; essential oil from rose 
petals. [classical; refined. 

AT'TIC; from Attica, a province of Greece; 

AT'TILA; King of the Huns, 412-453, called 
"The Scourge of God.” 

ATTOR'NEY-GENERAL OF THE U. S.; has 1 
solicitor-general, 6 asst, atty.-gens., 1 chiet 
clerk, 4 solicitors of Internal Revenue, State 
Dept, and Treasury Dept., 1 law clerk, 1 
appointment clerk, and minor clerks. 

AUCK'LAND; city; New Zealand; pop. 34.213. 

AU'DUBON, J. J.; Amer. naturalist and a 
great student of birds, 1780-1851. 

AU FAIT'; expert, skillful, well posted. 

AUGE'AS (Myth.); a king of Elis, the owner 
of the stable which Hercules cleansed after 
three thousand oxen had been kept in It fot 
thirty years. It was cleansed by running the 
river Alpheus through it. Augaeas promised 
to give Hercules a tenth part of his cattle 
for his trouble, but, neglecting to keep his 
promise, Hercules killed him. 

AUGS'BURG; a city of Germany; pop. 65,000. 

AUGS'BURG CONFESSION; standard of Lu¬ 
theran Protestant faith, 1530. 

AU'GUST; 8th month, from Augustus Caesar. 

AU'GUSTAN AGE; 31 B. C. to 14 A. D.; 
takes its name from Augustus, the first of the 
Roman Emperors. [354-430. 

AUGUS'TINE, ST.; a doctor in Latin Church, 

AUGUS'TUS, CAIUS OCTAVUS; 1st Roman 
Emperor, 63 D. C. to 14 A. D. 

AURE'LIAN, L. D.; Roman Emperor, 212-275. 

AU REVOIR; farewell until we meet again. 

AURORA (Myth.); the goddess of dawn, 
"Whose rosy fingers ope the gates of day.” 
The daughter of Sol, the sun, and mother of 
the stars and winds; represented as riding in 
a splendid golden chariot drawn by white 


26 


Bacchus 


Aurora 


horses. [play* 

AURO'RA BOREA'liIS; a natural electrical dis- 
AUS'TERLITZ; in N. Austria; Battle of, Dec. 
2, 1805, in which Napoleon defeated the 

armies of Russia and Austria. [islands. 

AUSTRALA'SIA; Australia and neighboring 
AUSTRA'LIA; _ an .Eng. island in the S. 

Pacific; area 2,972.573; pop. 1901,3,767,443. 
AUSTRIA; since 1570 a country of Cent. Europe; 
area 115,903 sq. m.; pop. 26,150,710; army 
301,545, war footing 2,580,000 men; navy, 
battleships and cruisers, 20; torpedo and T. gun¬ 
boats, 10. Cap. Vienna. Emperor-King, Fran* 
oJoseph; b. 1830. 

AU'TO DA FE; a judgment of the Spanish 
Inquisition; a public solemnity at the burn¬ 
ing of heretics—the last in 1783. 
AUTOMOBILE; vehicle containing its own 
means of propulsion. Cap. Cugnot (Fr. Ar¬ 
tillery) said to have built the first, in 1721. 
Automobile bldg, industry growing rapidly, 
especially in P’rance, U. S. and Germany. 
Steam, gasoline, compressed air, stored 
electricity used as motive powers. 

AVE MARIA; a prayer to the Virgin Mary. 
AVIGNON; town S. E. of France; the Papal 
See 1309-76 

A VIN'CULO MATRIMONII; from the bonds 
of matrimony. [oz. to the pound. 

AVOIRDUPOIS; English system of weights; 16 
AZOR'ES; 6 islands 800 m. W. of Portugal, to 
which they belong; pop. 256,474; principal 
island, Fayal; cap. Horta. 

AZ'OV; an inland sea of S. Russia. 

AZ'TECS; the rulers of Mexico before the 
v Spanish invasion, 1519. 


B 


B. A.; Bachelor of Arts. 

BAAL; a god of the Phoenicians. 

BAB'BAGE, C.; Eng. mathematician, 1792-1871. 

BA'BEL; a confusion of tongues; tower of, 
Gen. xi., 4-9. [and Gulf of Aden. 

BA'BEL MAN'DEB; straits connecting Red Sea 

BAB'YLON; an ancient city of E. Asiatic 
Turkey. [Babylon, 605-536 B. C. 

BABYLO'NIAN CAPTIVITY; Jews detained in 

BAC'CALAU'REATE; the lowest Academic de¬ 
gree conferred. 

BAC'CARAT; a French game of cards. 

BACCHAN'TES; the priestesses of Bacchus. 

BACCH'US; the god of wine, and a son of Ju¬ 
piter; said to have married Ariadne, after 
she was deserted by Theseus; one of their 
children was Hymen, the god of marriage; is 
usually represented as crowned with vine and 
ivy leaves; in his l%fthand is a thyrsus, a kind 
of javelin, having a fir cone for its head, 
and encircled with ivy or vine; his chariot 
is drawn by lions, tigers or panthers. 


Bacillus 27 Bannockburn 

BACIL'LUS; small disease-breeding vegetable 
germ. [only used by Orientals. 

BACK'SHEESH; a present of money, a tip; 
BA'CON, LORD FRANCIS; an Eng. chan- 
celor and philosopher, 1561-1626. [1214-1294. 

BA'CON, ROGER; an Eng. scholar and monk, 
BACTE'RIA; small living organisms. 
BA'DEN-BA'DEN; celebrated German water¬ 
ing-place. [60,000 sq. miles. 

BAD LANDS; in Dak., Wyo. and N. W. Neb.; 
BAF'FIN’S BAY; it lies W. of Greenland. 
BAGASSE'; the refuse of sugar-cane. 
BAGDAD'; a city of S. E. Asiatic Turkey; pop. 

145,000. [cap. Nassua* 

BAHA'MAS; 600 Eng. islands E. of Florida; 
BAHI'A; city of E. Brazil; pop. 174,412. 
BAI'KAL; lake and mts. of S. Siberia. 
BAILEE'; one having goods in trust. 
BAIN'BRIDGE, W.; distinguished American 
naval officer, 1774-1833. 

BA'KER, SIR SAMUEL; Eng. explorer through 
Dark Africa, 1821-93. [cents. 

BA'KER’S DOZEN; 13 penny rolls sold for 12 
BAKU'; a city and province of S. E. Russia. 
BA'LAAM’S ASS; a speaking ass; 2 Peter, 
11-16. 

BALAKLA'VA; a Russian town of the Crimea, 
where occurred the charge and slaughter of 
Lord Cardigan’s famous Light Brigade of 600, 
led by Capt. Nolan, Oct. 25, 1854, against the 
Russians; a few were saved by the onslaught 
of the French troops. [way. 

BAL'ANCE OF POWER; power to decide either 
BAL'ANCE OF TRADE; when exports equal 
imports. [an acct. 

BAL'ANCE SHEET; one showing the state of 
BALASORE'; a city of N. E. India; pop. 11,000. 
BALBRIG'GAN; a town of E. Ireland; goods 
woven. [Spain to which they belong. 

BALEAR'IC ISLANDS; in Mediterranean, E. of 
BALIZE; seaport of E. Honduras; pop. 15,000. 
BALKAN' MTS.; bet. Turkey and Bulgaria. 
BALKAN' PRINCIPALITIES; Roumania, Bul¬ 
garia, Servia, and Montenegro. 

BALLOON; for aerial navigation, first invented 
by the Frenchman Montgolfier, 1783. [ballots. 
BAL'LOT-BOX STUFFING; depositing illegal 
BALL’S BLUFF, VA.; Battle of, Oct. 21, 1861. 
BALMO'RAL; the Queen’s residence in the 
Scottish Highlands. 

BAL'TIC PROVINCES; the three in W. Russia 
on the Baltic Sea: Esthonia, Livonia and 
Courland. pop. 1900, 

BAL'TIMORE; a city of Maryland; [508,957. 
BALZAC', HONORE DE; greatest French nov¬ 
elist, 1799-1850. 

BAN'CROFT, GEO.; Amer. historian, 1800-91. 
BANKOK'; cap. of Siam; pop. 600,000. 
BANKS; first European bank est. in Venice 
1171, B. of Eng. est. 1694. 

BANKS, N. P.; Amer. General, 1816-1894. 
BANNOCKBURN'; Scotland. Battle of, 1314. 


I 


Banshee 2£ Battersea 

BAN'SHEE;an apparition thatforetells trouble. 
BAN'QUO’S GHOST; that kept reappearing, 
in Shakespeare’s play of Macbeth. 
BARATA'RIA; a bay in the S. E. of Louisiana. 
BAR'BADOES; island in the Windward group 
of the W. Indies. [once pirates. 

BARBARY STATBS; those in N. of Africa, 
BARCELO'NA; seaport of N. E. Spain, pop. 
509,589. [Cromwell’s Parliament. 

BARE'BONES, PRAISE GOD; a member of 
BAR LE DUC; a town in French Lorraine, 
noted for preserves. [Jesus. 

BAR'NABAS, ST.; one of the disciples of 
BAR'NARD, F. A. P.; Amer. educator, pres¬ 
ident of Columbia College, 1809-89. 
BARNEGAT'; a town and bay of N. J. [91. 
BAR'NUM, P. T.; the king of showmen, 1810- 
BARO'DA; a city of E. India, pop. 103,782. 
BAROM'ETER. MERCURIAL; invented by 
Toricelli, Italy, 1645. 

BAR'RATRY; encouragement of lawsuits; 

frauds by a ship's captain. [of India. 

BARREN ISLAND; in Bay of Bengal, S. E. 
BAR'RETT, LAWRENCE; Amer. actor, 1838-91. 
BAR'RON, JAMES; an American naval officer, 
1768-1851. 

BART.; Baronet. 

BAR'TELOT, MAJ.; with Stanley Relief Expe¬ 
dition, shot by natives, Aug. 27, 1888. 
BARTHOLDI’S STATUE OF LIBERTY, unveil¬ 
ed on Bedloe’s Island, N. Y., 1886. 
BARTHOL'OMEW, ST., MASSACRE OF; mas¬ 
sacre of French Protestants by order of King 
Charles IX., Aug. 24, 1572. [1830. 

BAR'TON, CLARA; Amer. philanthropist, b. 
BASALT'; a hard black or dark brown rock. 
BASE BALL; an Amer. game, played by 18 
persons, 9 on each side. 

BASEL; a city in N. W. Switzerland, population 
75,114. 

BASH'AN; a hilly district E. of the Jordan. 

BASHI BAZOUKS'; an irregular Turkish cavalry¬ 
men. [sonous. 

BAS'ILISK; a lizard, once supposed to be poi- 
BASQUE PROVINCES; on the S. E. of the Bay 
of Biscay; the center of Carlist revolutionary 
movements. [mania. 

BASS' STRAITS; separate Australia from Tas- 
BASTILE; a citadel and prison of Paris; de¬ 
stroyed by the people, July 14, 1789; the day 
is now the national holiday of the French Re¬ 
public. 

BASTINA'DO; a beating with a stick. 

BASU'TO; an Eng. protectorate in S. Africa. 
BATAV'IA; a seaport and cap. of Java, pop. 

75,000. [Brit. N. A. 

BATH'URST INLET; an arm of the Arctic in 
BAT'ON ROUGE; cap. of La., pop. 16,269; Bat¬ 
tles of, May 10, Aug. 6, 1862; Federal victories. 
BATOUM'; a Russian port on E. coast of Black 
Sea. [of London. 

BAT'TERSEA; a town and parish 4 m. S. W. 


Battles 29 Belligerent 

BATTLES, FAMOUS MODERN. 


Men engaged. Loss. 
Waterloo, June 18, 1815... 19(3,000 57.000 

Sedan, Sept. 1, 1870. 400,000 28,000 

Plevna,July 30-Sept.7,1877, 225,000 70,000 

Chancellorsville, May 2-4, 

1863. 197,000 30,000 

Chattanooga. Nov. 23-5, 

1863 ..... 110,000 15,000 

Gettysburg, July 1-3.1863) 145,000 55,190 

Wilderness, May 5-6, 1864 168,000 50,000 

Koniggratz, July 1-3, 1866 510,000 53,000 

Shakhe River, Oct.22,1904, 496,000 60,000 

Liaoyang, Aug. 27 to Sept. 

4,1904 . 360,000 40,000 


Modern Wars, Total number killed .—Following i8 
estimated number killed in wars of past century. 


Wars. Number killed. 

American Civil, 1861-1865. 500,000 

Crimean, 1853-1856. 300,000 

Franco-German, 1870-1871. 800,000 

Italian,... 300.000 

Napoleonic, 1796-1815.8,000,000 

Russo-Turkish, 1806-1878. 400,000 

South-American. 500,000 

Colonial expeditions: India, Mexico, 

Tonquin, South Africa, etc... .3,000,000 


Total.....13,800,000 

BAVA'RIA; small kingdom in the S. of Germany; 
area 28.870 sq. miles; pop. 5,500,000; capital, 
Munich; King Otho, born 1848. 

BAYREUTH'; a city of Bavaria, where noted per* 
formance of Wagner’s operas are given yearly. 

BAZAINE. F. A.; French marshal, 1811-88; juslly 
sentenced to degradation for betraying his coun¬ 
try by surrendering his army and the fortress of 
Metz, Oct. 27,1870. 

BEE'THOVEN, LUDWIG YON; greatest of Ger. 
composers, 1770-1827. 

BEG LEAVE; we commonly see correspondence 
beginning with the words, “I beg to acknowl¬ 
edge the receipt of your letter,” but that is 
wrong; we should say ‘‘I beg leave to ac¬ 
knowledge,” etc. 

BEH'RING’S STRAIT AND SEA; bet. Asia 
and N. America. 348,- 

BEL'FAST; a city of N. W. Ireland, pop. [876, 

BEL'GIUM; an independent monarchy of Cen. 
tral Europe since 1830; area 11,373 sq. m.; 
pop.6,693,550; army 44,642; cap. Brussels; 
ruler, Leopold II., b. 1835. 

BELGRADE'; cap. of Servia, pop. 69,097. 

BELIZE'; cap. of Brit. Honduras; seaport on 
the Gulf of Honduras; pop. 5,000. 

BELL, ALEXANDER G.; inventor of the tele¬ 
phone, b. 1847 (see Telephone). 

BELLADON'NA; the deadly night shade; an¬ 
tidote, vinegar. [foundland. 

BELLE ISLE: straits bet. Labrador and New- 

BELLE'VILLE; a city of Ill., pop. 17,484. 

BHLLIG'ERENT; carrying on war. 















Bellini 30 Bethlehem 

BELLI'NI, V.; Italian composer, 1802-35. [tin. 
BELL MET'AL; 80 parts copper and 20 parts 
BELLO'NA (Myth.); the goddess of war, and 
wife of Mars; the 24th March was called by 
the Romans Bellona’s Day, when her votaries 
cut themselves with knives and drank the 
blood of the sacrifices. 

BELLS; on shipboard each watch has 4 hours, 
and the bell is struck every half hour, 8 
in all. 

BELOOCHISTAN' or BALUCHISTAN. A country 
of Asia, S. of Afghanistan; area 130,000 sq. 
m.; pop. 445,000; cap. Kilet. [B. C. 

BELSHAZ'ZAR; last king of Babylon, 590-539 
BELZO'NI, G. B.; famous Italian traveler, 
1778-1823. 

BENA'RES; city of N. W. India, pop. 203,095. 
BENEDIC'TINES; a R. C. order of monks, 
founded 525. 

BEN'EFIT OF CLERGY; exemption of clergy¬ 
men from trial by secular judges, now obso¬ 
lete. [987. 

BENGAL';a province of E. India, pop. 71,346,- 
BENGAL', BAY OF; S. of E. Brit. India. 
BENIN', BIGHT OF; on the N. W. of Africa. 
BEN., BENJAMIN; (son of my sorrow), young¬ 
est son of Jacob. [land. 

BEN LOMOND; a mountain in Central Scot- 
BEN'NET, JAMES GORDON; founder of N. Y. 

Herald, 1835; b. Sept. 1, 1795, d. June 1. 1872. 
BEN'TON, T. H.; Amer. statesman, 1782-1858. 
BEN'TONVILLE, N. C.; Battles of, March 
18-21, 1865; Federals victorious. 

BEN'ZIN; a liquid obtained from petroleum. 
BER'BER; a town on the Nile above the 5th 
cataract. [1823-88. 

BERGH, HENRY; founder of S. P. C. A., 
BERK'SHIRE HILLS; in Berkshire Co., W. 
Mass. 

BER'LIN; cap. of Germany; pop. 1,888,326. 
BER'LIN, TREATY OF; to settle Turkish af¬ 
fairs, 1878. [York. 

BERMU'DAS; 365 islands 700 m. S. E. of New 
BERNADOTTE', J. B. J.; marshal of France, 
1764-1844; became King of Sweden as Charles 
XVI, 1818. 

BERNE; cap. of Switzerland, pop. 45,000. 
BERN'HARDT, SARAH; a Jewish Fr. actress, 
b. 1844. 

BESANT',ANNIE; leader of theosophy, b. 1846. 
BESANT', SIR WALTER; English novelist, b. 

1838. (All Sorts and Conditions of Men.) 
BESS'EMER STEEL; cast iron converted into 
steel by the process of Sir Henry Bessemer, 
b. 1813. [salem. 

BETH'ANY; a village 2 m. E. S. E. of Jeru- 
BE'TEL NUT; a palm-tree nut the size of a 
BETE' NOIRE; an object of aversion, [cherry. 
BETHES'DA; a mineral spring or pool in 
Jerusalem. 

BETH'LEHEM; a city 6 m. S. of Jerusalem, 


Bethsaida 31 Bingen 

birthplace of Christ; pop. 2,500. [Galilee. 

BETHSAI'DA; a town on the W. coast of 

BETWEEN TWO; do not say “The money was 
divided among two,” but “between two.” 

BEYROUT'; chief seaport of Syria; pop. 70,000. 

BI'BLE; the first translation of the Bible was 
the Old Testament, called The Septuagint, 
285 B. C.; the first English translation of 
the Bible was by Wickliffe, in 1380, and was 
first printed at Metz, 1462; in the U. S. in 
1752. It was first divided into chapters about 
1236; the Protestants use the edition known 
as that of James I., the Roman Catholics 
that known as the Douay. 

The Old Testament contains 39 books, 929 
chapters, 29,314 verses, 593,493 words, 2,728,- 
100 letters. The middle verse is the 18th of 
the 20th chapter of Chronicles; the middle 
chapter is Job 29; the middle book is Prov¬ 
erbs; the shortest verse is the 25th of 1st 
chapter of Chronicles I. All the letters of the 
alphabet are in the 21st verse of the 7th 
chapter of Ezra, except the letter J. The 
19th chapter of Kings II. and 37th of Isaiah 
are alike. The book of Esther does not con¬ 
tain the word God or Lord. Chapters 2nd of 
Ezra and 7th of Nehemiah are alike. The 
word reverend. Psalms cxi, 9, and girl, Joel 
iii, 3, and reference to a future life, Daniel 
xii, 2, occur but once; prophecy of railroads 
Nahum ii, 4. 

New Testament—The middle verse is Acts 
17:17; the middle chapter is Romans 13. The 
middle book is 2nd Thessalonians; the short¬ 
est verse is John xi, 35. The word Jesus oc¬ 
curs 1,035 times; Jesus Christ but five 
times. There are 27 books, 260 chapters, 7,559 
verses, 181,253 words, 838,380 letters. 

Breeches Bible—Published at Geneva, 1560. 
Genesis, chap. 3, verse 7, reads: “And made 
themselves breeches.” 

Vinegar Bible—Published 1717; the commence¬ 
ment of Luke, chap. 20, reads: “Parable 
of the Vinegar.” 

Wicked Bible—Published by Barker & Lucas; 

“not” is left out of the 7th commandment. 

BIE'LA’S COMET; discovered by W. Biela, 
Feb. 27, 1826. 

BIER'STADT, A.; Ger.-Amer. painter, b. 1830. 

BIG BLACK BRIDGE, MISS.; battle of. May 
17, 1863; Federals victorious. 

BILLET-DOUX; a love-letter. 

BIL'LINGS, JOSH (H. W. Shaw); Amer. hu¬ 
morist, 1818-85. [bad language. 

BIL'LINGSGATE; a fish market of London; 

BILL OF LADING; a receipt for goods shipped. 

BILL OF RIGHTS; the first six amendments 
to the U. S. Constitution. [of currency. 

BI-MET'ALISM; a gold and silver standard 

BI-MONTH'LY; once in two months. 

BIN'GEN; a town of Germany on the Rhine, 


Bird of Paradise. 32 Blood Brother. 

pop. 7,059. [Guinea. 

BIRD OF PARADISE; a beautiful bird of New 
BIRDS; rates of speed per hour at which they fly: 

Hawks....; 150 miles. Falcon.74 miles. 

Sparrows 92 “ Crows. 25 “ 

Ducks... 90 “ 

Fair winds make their flight much more rapid. 
BIS'MARCK-SCHOENHAUSEN, PRINCE; Ger. 
statesman, 1815-98. 

BIS'MUTH; a reddish white metal. [Africa. 
BISSA'GOS ISLANDS; (Portugal,) off W. coast 
BITU'MEN; a mineral pitch, asphaltum. 
BITU'MINOUS COAL; one that burns with a 
smoky flame. 

BIV'OUAC; to camp for the night; guard. 
BJORNSON, BJORNSTJERNE ;Norwegianauthor, 
b. 1832. 

BLACK'BALL; to denote opposition in voting. 
BLACK' BOOK; an entry book of secrets. 
BLACK' DEATH; the plague of 1348-9, which 
caused the death of 25,000,000 people in Eu¬ 
rope. 

BLACK' FOREST; mountain forests in Baden. 
BLACK' FRIDAY; corner in gold and stocks, 
engineered by Jim Fisk and Jay Gould, on 
the New York market. Sept. 24, 1869. 
BLACK' HAWK; celebrated Indian chief. 1767- 
1838. [kota. 

BLACK' HILLS; mts. in the S. W. of S. Da- 
BLACK' HOLE; a room in Calcutta, India, 24 
ft. sq., into which were thrown by the Sepoy 
rebels, 1756, 146 English, of whom only 24 
were alive the next morning. [1330-76. 

BLACK' PRINCE; Edward, Prince of Wales, 
BLACK' SEA; bet. S. Russia and Turkey in 
Asia. [1723-80. 

BLACK'STONE, SIR W.; Eng. legal writer, 
BLACK VOM'IT; a symptom of yellow fever. 
BLACK'WELL’S ISLAND; in East River, N. Y. 
harbor; prison. 

BLAINE, JAMES G.; Amer. statesman, Sec. 

of State under Garfield and Harrison, 1830-93. 
BLANK CARTRIDGE; one having no ball. 
BLANK VERSE; poetry without rhyme. 
BLAR'NEY STONE; in Blarney Castle, 4 m. 
from Cork, Ireland; the kissing of that stone 
is supposed to make one a flatterer for life. 
BLAST' FURNACE; having a forced draft for 
smelting. 

BLAVATS'KY, HELEN P.; Russian founder of 
theosophism, 1831-91. [Island. 

BLOCK ISLAND; 15 miles due S. of Rhode 
BLOCK SYSTEM; a division of R. R. tracks 
into sections on which one train is not allow¬ 
ed to enter until the other has departed. 
BLOOD; circulation discovered by Harvey, 1619. 
BLOOD HEAT; 98 deg. Fahr. in health. 
BLOOD, COUNSEL OF; under Duke of Alva, 
Spanish viceroy of the Netherlands, 5,000 
heretics were condemned to death in 1568. 
BLOOD BROTHER; in Africa the explorer 







Bloody Shirt 33 Blue B»ws 

punctures his arm, as does the king, and the 
arms are then rubbed together, and the men 

become blood brothers. 

BLOOD'Y SHIRT; a revival of issues of the 
war of the secession. 

BLOOM'ER; a dress with wide trousers first 
worn by women in 1849. 

BLUE'CHER, L. VON; a Prussian general who 
saved Wellington from defeat at Waterloo, 
1742-1819. 

BLUE'BEARD; a tale by Charles Perrault, 
(1697), founded upon the crimes of Gilles de 
Retz, (1396-1640). 

BLUE BOOK; formerly reports of the Brit, 
government; now used in the U. S. to give 
the names of prominent persons in a city. 

BLUE'FIELDS; a town and river on the S. E. 
coast of Nicaragua. 

BLUE GRASS REGION, KY.; a strip extending 
from Jefferson Co. across through Mason Co. 

BLU'ING, WASHING; 1 oz. soft Prussian blue 
to 1 qt, rain water and 1-4 oz. oxalic acid; 
use teaspoonful for large washing. 

BLUE LAWS; these laws, enacted by the peo¬ 
ple of the “Dominion of New Haven,’’ be¬ 
came known as the blue laws because they 
were printed on blue paper. They were as 
follows: “The governor and magistrates con¬ 
vened in general assembly are the supreme 
power, under God, of the independent domin¬ 
ion. From the determination of the assem¬ 
bly no appeal shall be made. No one shall 
be a freeman or have a vote unless he is 
converted and a member of one of the 
churches allowed in the dominion. Each 
freeman shall swear by the blessed God to 
bear true allegiance to this dominion and 
that Jesus is the only king. No dissenter 
from the essential worship of this dominion 
shall be allowed to give a vote for electing 
of magistrates or any officer. No food or 
lodging shall be offered to a heretic. No 
one shall cross a river on the Sabbath but 
authorized clergymen. No one shall travel, 
cook victuals, make beds, sweep houses, cut 
hair or shave on the Sabbath Day. No one 
shall kiss his or her children on the Sab¬ 
bath or feasting days. The Sabbath Day shall 
begin at sunset Saturday. Whoever wears 
clothes trimmed with gold, silver or bone 
lace above one shilling per yard shall be pre¬ 
sented by the grand jurors and the select¬ 
men shall tax the estate £300. Whoever 
brings cards or dice into the dominion shall 
pay a fine of £5. No one shall eat mince 
pies, dance, play cards or play any instru¬ 
ment of music except the drum, trumpet, 
or jewsharp. No gospel minister shall join 
people in marriage. The magistrate may 
join them, as he may do it with less scandal 
to Christ’s church. When parents refuse 
their children convenient marriages, the mag- 

2 


Blue Mass 34 Bon Mot 


Istrate shall determine the point. A man 
who strikes his wife shall be fined £10. A 
woman who strikes her husband shall be 
punished as the law directs. No man shall 
court a maid in person or by letter without 
obtaining the consent of her parents; £5 
penalty for the first offense, £10 for the 
second, and for the third imprisonment dur¬ 
ing the pleasure of the court. [of roses. 

BIiUE MASS; a pill of mercury and conserve 

BLUE MTS.; a range in N. E. Oregon. 

BLUE NOSE; nickname of a native of Nova 
Scotia. 

BLUE STOCKING; a literary woman. 

B'NAI B'RITH; a Jewish beneficial society, 
founded 1843; membership (1898) 31,750; bene¬ 
fits distributed, $39,250,000. 

B. O.; buyers’ option; Baltimore & Ohio R. R. 

BOARD OF TRADE; a combination of mer¬ 
chants and others to promote the interest 
and industrial advancement of a city; often 
an exchange for the transaction of business. 

BO'AZ; a wealthy citizen of Bethlehem, Matt, 
i., 5. [1313-1375. 

BOCCACCTO, G.; Italian author, (Decameron), 

BOCCHET'TA; a celebrated Alpine Pass to 


Genoa. 

BOD'LEIAN LIBRARY; one of the largest in 
the world, founded by Sir Thomas Bodley, 
at Oxford University (1597-1602). 

BOERS; the original Dutch colonists of Cape 
of Good Hope, now principally found in the 
Orange Free State and the South African Re¬ 
public (Transvaal). 

BEO'TIA; a territory of E. Greece. 

BOGOTA'; cap. U. S. Columbia; pop. 120,000. 

BO'GUS; counterfeit; spurious. 

BOHE'MIA; a province of N. W. Austria-Hun¬ 
gary; area 20,285 sq. m.; pop. 5,361,506; cap. 
Prague. 

BOHE'MIAN; of unconventional habits. 

BOILING POINT of water, 212 degrees Far.; 
100 deg. centigrade; 80 deg. Reaumur. 

BOKHA'RA; a country of Central Asia; cap. 
Bokhara; pop. 160,000. [ghanistan, 55 m. long. 

BOLAN' PASS; between Beloochistan and Af- 

BOLE'RO; a Spanish dance; a short jacket. 

BOL'IVAR, SIMON; liberator of S. A., 1783- 
1830. 

BOLIV'IA; a S. Amer. Republic governed sim¬ 
ilar to the U. S.; area 734,390 sq. m., pop. 
1,800,000; cap. La Paz. 

BOLOGN'A; a walled city of Italy; pop. 118,- 
462; a large sausage of meat and herbs. 


BOMBAY'; a city on W. of India, pop.773,843. 
BO'NA FI'DE; in good faith. [profit. 

BONAN'ZA; anything productive of great 
BON'APARTE; (see Napoleon). [1828-99. 

BONHEUR', ROSA; French animal painter, b. 
BON'NIVARD, F.; Swiss author, 1496-1571; 

Prisoner of Chillon. 

BON MOT; a bright, witty saying. 


Bookmakers 35 Boycott 

BOOKMAKERS’ PERCENTAGES 

Per cent. Per cent 

to 10 is.91 2^ to 1 is.29 


to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 


2 to 
1 to 

3 to 
7 to 10 is 

4 to 5 is. 


9 
8 
7 
6 
5 

4 

3 is. 

5 is. 
2 is. 
5 is. 


.90 
.89 
.87 
.86 
.83 
.80 
.75 
.71 
.67 
.62 
.59 
. 56 


13 

14 
3 

16 

17 


to 

to 

to 

to 

to 


3J6 to 
18 to 

4 to 
4K to 

5 to 
t o 
to 
to 
to 
to 
to 
to 
to 


6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

12 

15 

20 

25 

30 

40 

50 

100 


to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 


1 is 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


..28 
. 26 
,.25 
,.24 
.23 
,.22 
..21 
..20 
,.18 
..17 
..15 
.14 
.12 
..11 
..10 
.. 9 


is..., 
is.... 
is... 
is..., 

U.... 
is.... 
is..., 
is..., 
is.... 

France, pop. 

Italian lady 


8 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 * 

2 

1 


9 to 10 is.53 

1 to 1 is.50 

11 to 10 is.48 

6 to 5 is.45 

13 to 10 is. 43 

7 to 5 is.42 

15 to 10 is.40 

8 to 5 is.38 

17 to 10 is.37 

9 to 5 is.36 

2 to 1 is.33 

11 to 5 is.31 

BORDEAUX; a seaport of S. W. of 
257,471; center of wine trade. 

BORGIA, LUCREZIA; a beautiful 
suspected of various crimes; 1480-1519. 

BOR'NEO; an island between Asia and Australia; 
area, 286,161 sq. m.; pop. 1,575,000. 

BOTH’NIA, GULF OF; between Sweden and Fin¬ 
land. [actor, 1822-90. 

BOUCICAULT, DION; Irish dramatist and 

BOUILLON, GODFREY DE; hero of the 1st 
Crusade; first Christian king of Jerusalem, 
1061-1100. 

BOULANGER', G. E. J. M.; French general 
and politician, sentenced to banishment as a 
violator of the constitution, 1837-91. [49,083, 

BOULOGNE,; a seaport of N. W. France, pop. 

BOUR'BONS; French kings from 1589 to 1792; 
again from 1815 to 1848; Spanish Bourbon 
kings began with Philip V., in 1700. 

BOURGEOISIE; the middle class of France. 

BOURRIENNE, DE; secretary of Napoleon 1., 
1769-1834. 


BOURSE; a business exchange. 

BOUT'WELL, G. S.; Amer. statesman, b. 1818. 
BOW'DOIN COLLEGE; founded at Brunswick, 
Me., 1802. 

BOW'ERY; the Dutch name for farm; the New 
York Bowery was the farm of Peter Stuyve- 
aant in 1680. [Bowie, 1823. 


BOW'IE; a long knife invented by Col. Jas. 

BOYAR; an old Russian and Roumanian title 
for landed lords. 

BOY'COTT (from Capt. Boycott, Ireland); to 
let alone; to refuse to work for, or do busi* 
ness with. 
















































Boyne 36 British Empire 

BOYNE; a river in Ireland near -where William 
of Orange defeated James II., July 12, 1690. 

BOZ.; nom de plume of Dickens. [1823. 

BOZZAR'IS, MARCO; a Greek patriot, 1789- 

BRAD'DON, MRS MARY E.; Eng. novelist, b. 
1837. 

BRAD'FORD; a city of England, pop. 229,72-1. 

BRAGAN'ZA; the reigning house of Portugal. 

BRAGG, BRAXTON; Confederate Gen., 1817-76. 

BRAHE, TYCHO; Danish astronomer, 1546-1601. 

BRAH'MA; the great Indian deity, represented 
with four heads looking to the four quarters 
of the globe. 

BRAN'DYWINE, PA.; Battle of, Sept. 11, 17<7; 
the English victorious over the Americans. 

BRANT, JOSEPH; celebrated Indian chief, 
1742-1807. 

BRAZIL'; a Republic of S. Amer. since 1889; 
area 3,048,711 sq. m.; pop. 14,333,915; army 
30.900; navy 10 armored vessels; cap. Rio de 
Janeiro. President Campos Salles. 

BRA'ZOS; river and county of Texas. 

BREAK'-BONE or DENGUE'; a rheumatic fever 
called also “dandy-fever,” W. Indies and So. 
States of America. [1821-75. 

BRECK'ENRIDGE, J. C.; Amer. politician, 

BREM'EN; Ger. port on the Weser, W. of 
Hamburg, pop. 103,418. [422,728 

BRES'LAU; a Ger. city S. E. of Berlin, pop. 

BREST; seaport of W. France, pop. 68,447. 

BRE'VIARY; R. C. daily service book. 

BRI'AN; a celebrated king of Ireland, 927-1014. 

BRIC'-A-BRAC; a collection of curios. 

BRIDE'WELL; an Eng. prison demolished in 
1862. [prison in Venice. 

BRIDGE OF SIGHS; across the Rialto to a 

BRIDG'ET, ST.; a native of Ire., b. in 5th 
century. 

BRIDGE'TON; a city of N. J., pop. 11,424. 

BRI'ENNE; a French town, once seat of a mili¬ 
tary school, where Napoleon Bonaparte was 
educated. 

BRIG.-GEN.; Brigadier-General; ranks next 
above colonel; plural: Brigadiers-general. 

BRIGHT, JOHN; Eng. statesman, 1811-89. 

BRIGH'TON; watering place, 47 m. S. of Lon¬ 
don. [neys. 

BRIGHT’S DISEASE; an affection of the kid- 

BRIN'DISI; a seaport of Italy, pop. 11,460. 

BRIS'TOE STATION, VA.; Battle of, Oct. 15 
1863; the Federals victorious. 

BRIS'TOL; a seaport of Eng., pop. 328,842. 

BRIT'ISH MUSEUM; a collection of antiqui¬ 
ties, founded 1753. 

BRITISH EMPIRE, The. The following brief table 
gives an abstract of the area and population of 
the British Empire throughout the world. The 
material greatness of the country exceeds that 
of any other empire ancient or modern. It is 
governed by settled law; every man’s person and 
property are protected. Religion is free. 


Bronchitis 37 Bull Run 


Name of Country. 

Area in 
sq. miles. 

Population. 

Great Britain and 

Ire- 


land. . 

.... 120,979 

41,605,323 

India . 

....1,640,695 

294,266,701 

Europe.. 

119 

211,139 

Asia. 

.... 27,315 

4,582,871 

Africa. 

.... 532,377 

6.860,325 

America. 

....3.359,104 

7.492,004 

Australia. 

.. ..2,972.673 

3,767.443 

Pacific. 


1,240,589 


8.856,013 

360.026,395 


Army in peace, 251,000 men; in war 800,000. 
Navy, 528 ships; men, 131,000. Great Britain’s 
navy ranks first of all nations. 


BRONCHI'TIS; inflammation of the bronchial 
tubes; remedy, hydriodic acid syrup, 1 tea¬ 
spoonful in water, three times a day. 

BROOK'LYN BRIDGE; 1870-83, length 3,475 ft.; 
height 135 ft.; cost $15,000,000. [1835-93. 

BROOKS, PHILLIPS; Amer. Episcopal bishop, 

BROTH'ER JON'ATHAN; Washington’s name 
for Jonathan Trumbull, afterwards applied 
to America. [1778-1868. 

BROUGHAM, LORD H.; English statesman, 

BROWN, C. F., (Artemus Ward); Amer. hu¬ 
morist, 1834-67. 

BROWN, JOHN; famous Abolitionist, 1800-59; 
raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859. 

BROWN'ING, ROBERT; Eng. poet, 1812-89. 

BRUCE. ROBERT; King of Scotland, 1274-1329. 

BRUGES; a city of Belgium, pop. 52,867. 

BRUMAIRE 18th; Nov. 9, 1799; the day when 
Napoleon took supreme power in his hands 
by a coup d’ etat. [1778-1840. 

BRUMMEL, G. B. (BEAU); an Eng. dude, 

BRUS'SA; a city of Turkey, pop. 115,620. 

BRUS'SELS; cap. of Belgium, pop. 561,782. 

BRUTUS, MARCUS J.; Roman general, 85-42 
B. C.; the slayer of Julius Caesar. [1794-1878. 

BRYANT, WTLLIAM CULLEN; Amer. poet, 

BUCHAN'AN, J. (see Presidents). 

BUCHAREST'; cap. of Roumania, pop. 282,071. 

BU'CHU; a S. Amer. medicinal shrub. 

BUCK'NER, S. B.; Confederate general, 1824. 

BU'DA-PESTH; cap. of Hungary, pop. 732,322. 

BUDDAH; a famous Hindoo saint, a precursor 
of the Christ preaching a doctrine of char¬ 
ity; founder of the Buddhist creed. 

BU'ELL, D. C.; Amer. general, b. 1818. 

BUENA-VIS'TA, MEXICO; Battle of, Feb. 23, 
1847; U. S. troopB victorious. 

BUENOS AYRES; cap. of Argentine Republic, 
pop. 836,381- [los. 

BUF'FALO;the plural is buffaloes, not buffa- 

BUF'FON, COUNT DE; French naturalist, 
1707-88. 

BULGA'RIA; a Principality N. of Turkey; 
area 37,860 sq. m.; pop. 3,744,280; ruler,Fer¬ 
dinand, b. 1861; cap. Sofia. 

BULL, JOHN; a sobriquet applied to England. 

BULL RUN, VA.; Battles of, July 21, 1861, Aug. 
29-30, 1862; the Confederates victorious. 














Bulls and Bears 38 Business Laws 


BULLS AND BEARS; bulls raise, bears de¬ 
press prices. 

BULWER-LYTTON* LORD E.; Eng. novelist. 


BUN'CO; a swindling game or lottery. 
BUN'DESRATH; a Ger. council of state repre¬ 
sentatives. 


BUN'GALOW; a Bengalese house of one story, 
surrounded by a verandah; DAK-BUNGALOW, 
one for travelers. 

BUNK'ER HILL; Charlestown, Mass.; Battle 
of, June 17, 1775; Brit, loss 1,050, Araer. 450; 
the monument erected in 1843 is 220 ft. Inch. 

BUN'YAN, JOHN; a dissipated Englishman 
who reformed in jail, where he wrote his 
Pilgrim’s Progress and Holy War, 1628-88. 

BUR'DETT-COUTTS, BARONESS; Eng. phil¬ 
anthropist, b. 1814. 


J?J^?P ET ^ E ’ ; Amer. humorist, b. 1844. 

BURGOYNE', JOHN; Eng. gen., 1722-92; sur¬ 
rendered to the Americans Oct. 17, 1777. 

BURKE, EDMUND; Irish statesman, 1730-97. 

BUR'MAH; a country of S. E. India, under 
English protectorate; area 168,550 sq- m.; pop. 
9,221,161. [1842-85. 

BUR'NABY, FRED.; Eng. war correspondent, 

BURNETT', FRANCIS H.; Amer. novelist, b. 
1849. 

BURNS, ROBERT; Scotch poet, 1759-96. 

BURN'SIDE, A. E.; Amer. general, 1824-81. 

BURR, AARON; Amer. politician, 1756-1836. 

BUR'RITT, ELIHU; a learned Amer. black¬ 
smith, 1811-79. 

BUR'TON, SIR R.; famous Eng. traveler, 
1821-90; the translator of the genuine "Thou¬ 
sand and One Nights." 

BURTON-ON-TRENT, ENG.; noted for its 
breweries. 


BUSINESS LAWS IN BRIEF. Ignorance of 
law excuses no one. It is a fraud to conceal 
a fraud. A note given by a minor is void. 
A note drawn on Sunday is void. A contract 
made with a minor is invalid. A contract 
made with a lunatic is void. The acts of 
one partner bind all the others. An agree¬ 
ment without consideration is void. Con¬ 
tracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced. 
The law compelB no one to do impossibilities 
Agents are responsible to their principals 
for errors. A receipt for money paid is not 
legally conclusive. Signatures made with 
lead pencil are good in law. Principals are 
responsible for the acts of their agents. A 
note given as a present is void for lack of 
consideration. It is not legally necessary to 
say on a note "for value received." If a 
note be lost or stolen, it does not release 
the maker; he must pay. A note obtained 
by fraud, or from a person in a state of 
intoxication, cannot be collected. Each indi¬ 
vidual in a partnership is responsible for 
the whole amount of the debts of the firm. 


Butler 39 California. 

The endorser of a note is exempt from lia¬ 
bility if not served with notice of its dis¬ 
honor within 24 hours after its non-payment. 

BUT'LER, BENJ. F.; Amer. lawyer and gen¬ 
eral, 1818-93. [1612-80. 

BUT'LER, SAMUEL; Eng. poet (Hudibras), 

BUT'TER; if bad, put the tub in hot water 
until the butter is melted, skim it off as 
clean as possible and work it over again in 
a churn, using salt and fine sugar, when it 
will be as good as ever. 

BUZ'ZARD’S BAY; on the S. coast of Mass; 
Mr. Cleveland’s sea-side cottage. 

B. V.; Blessed Virgin. 

BY'RON, LORD G. G.; Eng. poet, 1788-1824. 

BYZAN'TIUM; ancient name of Constantinople. 

C 

CAA'BA; a square house within the mosque 
at Mecca, containing the Sacred Black Stone 
said to have been given to Abraham by 
Gabriel. 

CAB'INET (see Presidential succession). 

CA'BLE ROADS; first constructed by Wm. 
Chapman in England, 1808; first in U. S. at 
San Francisco by A. S. Hallidie, 1873. 

CABLES, Submarine. Number 1,750; length 200,- 
000 miles; estimated cost $275,000,000; of 
these, six companies, with 38,585 miles of 
cables did business bet. Europe and N. 
America. 

CA'BOOL; cap. of Afghanistan, pop. 60,000. 

CAB'OT, JOHN; Eng., discovered American 
continent, 1497. 

CACHOU; a perfumed silvered pill. [land. 

CAC'TUS; a prickly plant growing in poor 

CA'DI; a Turkish judge. 

CADMUS (Myth.); one of the Greek demigods; 
the reputed inventor of letters; his alphabet 
consisted of sixteen letters; he slew the 
Boeotian dragon, and sowed its teeth in the 
ground, from each of which sprang up an 
armed man. 

CADUCEUS (Myth.); the rod carried by Mer¬ 
cury; it has two winged serpents entwined 
round the top end, supposed to have the 
power of producing sleep. 

CAESAR, JULIUS; a Roman statesman and 
general, 100-44 B. C. [135,000. 

CAFFRA'RIA; a country in S. E. Africa, pop. 

CAIRO; cap. of Egypt, pop, 570.062. 

CAL'AIS; a seaport of N. France, pop. 16,554. 

CALAVA'RAS; a central county and river of 
California. [river, pop-1,121.664- 

CALCUT'TA; cap of British India on Hoogly 

CALEDO'NIA; ancient name of Scotland. 

CAL'ENDS: first day of each month in old 
Roman calendar. [1850. 

CALHOUN', JOHN C.; Amer. statesman, m2- 

CALIFORNIA, CAL.; from the Spanish, meaning 
“hot furnace,” nickname “The Golden State 
area 158,233 sq. m.; pop. 1910, 2.377,549. 
Discovered by Cabrillo, who landed at Cape Men- 


Caligula 40 Calvin 

docino, in 1542. First settlement in 1769 at 
Alta and San Diego by the Franciscan Fathers. 
Gold was discovered at Coloma Jan. 19, 1848, 
by James W. Marshall. State constitution adopted 
Nov. 13, 1849; entered Union Sept. 1850. Max¬ 
imum gold production in 1853 $66,000,000; in 
1900 $15,730,000. Farm products 1900 $131.- 
690,606. Railroads, 8,162 m. Temperature, 56 
deg. Rainfall, 23 ins. Electoral votes 13. Re¬ 
publican since 1876, except in 1880 and in 1892 
and 1896, when the vote was divided. Repre¬ 
sentatives 11. Governor elected for four years; 
salary $10,000. Cap. Sacramento. 

CALIG'ULA; an insane Roman emperor. 12-41. 

CA'LIPH; a successor of Mahomet. 

CALISTHEN'ICS; exercise for gracefulness. 

CALLS, ETIQUETTE OF; In the matter of 
making calls it is the correct thing: For 
the caller who arrived first to leave first. 

To return a first call within a week and In 
person. 

To call promptly and in person after a 
first invitation. 

For the mother or chaperon to invite a 
gentleman to call. 

To call within a week after any entertain¬ 
ment to which one has been invited. 

To call upon an acquaintance who has re¬ 
cently returned from a prolonged absence. 

To make the first call upon people in a 
higher social position, if one is asked to 
do so. 

To call, after an engagement has been an¬ 
nounced, or a marriage has taken place, in 
the family. 

For the older residents in the city or street 
to call upon the newcomers to their neigh¬ 
borhood. 

After a removal from one part of the city 
to another, to send out cards with one’s new 
address upon them. 

To ascertain what are the prescribed hours 
for calling in the place where one is living, 
or making a visit, and to adhere to those 
hours. 

For a gentleman to ask for the lady of the 
house as well as the young ladies, and to 
leave cards for her as well as for the head 
of the family. 

CAL'LA; a long-bodied white lily. [16,000. 

CALLA'O; a seaport city of Central Peru, pop. 

CALLI'OPE (Myth.); the Muse presiding over 
epic poetry and rhetoric, generally depicted 
using a stylus and wax tablets. [and China. 

CAL'MUCKS; Mongolians inhabiting Russia 

CAL'OMEL; a chloride of mercury. [rusalem. 

CAL'VARY; the hill of crucifixion outside Je- 

CAL'VIN, JOHN; French religious reformer, 
1509-64; his doctrines are the base of the 
Huguenot and Presbyterian creeds. 


Canada 


41 


Canada 


CANADIAN CITIES AND TOWNS; pop. over 5,000. 


Brantford, Out.. 16,619 
Berlin, Ont. 9,747 


Brocltville, Ont. 

Barrie, Ont. 

Belleville, Ont... 
Brandon, Man... 
Charlottetown, 

P. Edw. Is. 
Chatham, Ont... 
Cornwall, Ont... 
Collingwood, Ont 
Dawson, Yukon. 
Fredericton, N. B 

Guelph, Ont. 11,496 

Galt, Ont. 7,866 

Glace Bay, N. S.. 6,945 

Hamilton, Ont... 

Halifax, N. S.... 

Hull, Quebec.... 
Kingston, Ont... 

London, Ont. 37,981 

Levis, Quebec... 7,783 

Lindsay, Ont.... 7,003 

Lachine, Quebec. 5,561 
Montreal, Que.. ..267,730 
Moncton, N. B... 9,026 

N. Westminster,B.C. 6,499 
Nanaimo, B. C... 6,130 

Nelson, B. C. 5,273 

Ottawa, Ont. 59,928 

Owen Sound, Ont 8,776 
Peterborough,O’t. 11,239 


8.940 

5,949 

9.117 
5,380 

12,080 

9,068 

6,704 

5,755 

9,142 

7.117 


52,634 

40,832 

13,993 

17,961 


Pembroke, Ont.. 5,166 
Quebec, Quebec.. 68,840 
Rossland.B. C... 6,159 
Rat-Portage, Ont 5,202 
St. Johns, N. B... 40,711 

St. Henri, Q.21,192 

St. Thomas, Ont. 11,485 
St. Louis du Mile 
End, Quebec... 10,933 
St. Catharines,Ont.9,946 
St. Hyacinthe, Q. 9,210 
Ste. Cun6gonde,Q.10,912 
Sherbrooke, Q... 11,765 
Stratford, Ont... 9,959 
Sydney, N. S.... 9,909 

Sarnia, Ont. 8,176 

Sault Ste.Marie,O. 7,169 

Sorel, Q. 7,057 

Springhill, N. S.. 5,178 

Smith’s Falls,Ont. 5,155 
Toronto, Ont....225,000 
Toronto June., O. 6,091 
Trois-Rivieres,Q. 9,981 

Truro, N. S. 5,993 

Vancouver, B. C. 26,133 
Valleyfleld, Q.... 11,055 
Victoria, B. C.... 20,816 
Winnipeg, Man.. 42,340 
Windsor, Ont.... 12,153 
Westmount, Q... 8,856 

Woodstock, Ont. 8,833 
Yarmouth, N. S.. 6,430 


CANADA; population, 5,371,315; area, 3,745,574 
sq. m.; Governor-General, appointed by Crown; 
assisted by cabinet, consisting of 14 heads of 
departments and one or more without office; 
Senate, 81 members appointed by Crown; pro¬ 
perty qualification required, age not less than 30; 
salary, $1,500, for session over 30 days; mil¬ 
eage 10c both ways; House of Commons, 213 
members, elected; no property qualification; age 
21; same salary as senators; Parliament, legal 
existence 5 yeai-s, unless sooner dissolved by Gov. 
General; meets once a year; Provinces, Lieut. 
Governor of each Province, appointed by Gov. 
General of Dominion, aided by the executive 
Council of eight members having seats in legis¬ 
lature: term Lieut. Governor 5 years; assembly 
meets annually. 

Members of Term 


Province 

Population 

Assembly 

Years 

Ontario. 

2,182,947 

98 

4 

New Brunswick.. 

331,120 

46 

5 

Prince E. Island . 

103,259 

30 

4 

Manitoba_,_ 

255,211 

40 

4 

Brit. Columbia... 

178,657 

38 

4 

Nova Scotia *.... 

459,574 

38 

5 

Quebec *. 

1,648,898 

74 

5 

N. W. Territories. 

211,649 

31 

4 


legislative council appointed by Lieut. Gov. of 
each Province in Council; speaker by Crown. 

The Alaskan boundary dispute between Canada 
and the United States was settled by arbitration 
















Caprera 42 Casgagnac 

Oct. 20, 1903. The principal territory claimed 
by U. S. was awarded to America, including the 
Pacific Coast line as far South as Portland Canal. 
The proposed projection of another transconti¬ 
nental line through Canada will bring with it 
marvelous developments. The Northwestern Ter¬ 
ritories are rapidly being settled and Winnipeg is 
already an important metropolis, the thriving 
gate city of the Great North-Wes®. 

CAPRE'RA; an island of Italy; former home of 
Garibaldi. 

CA'PRI; an island south of Naples. 

CAP'SICUM; red pepper. 

CAPUCHIN'; an Order of Franciscan monks. 

CARACAS; cap. of Venezuela; pop. 72,429. 

CAR'AT; a weight of four grains, used for 
diamonds and other precious stenes. 

CAR'AVEL; a small 16-century vessel. 

CARBIDE OF CALCIUM; serves to produce 
acetylene gas. [tar. 

CARBOL'IC ACID; an acid produced from coal 

CAR'BONDALE; a city of Penn.; pop. 13,536. 

CARBON'IC ACID; a combination of carbon 
and oxygen. [wicker. 

CAR'BOY; a large glass bottle covered with 

CAR'DIAC; pertaining to the heart, [the Pope. 

CAR'DINAL; a R. C. church official next to 

CAR'IBOU; the American reindeer. 

CARIES; rottenness of the bone. 

CAR'LISLE, J. G.; Secy. U. S. Treasury under 
Cleveland; b. 1835. 

CARLS'BAD; watering place in Bohemia, 68 m. W. 
of Prague, discovered by Charles IV. in 1347. 

CARLYLE', T.; English historian, 1795-1881. 

CAR'MELITE; a most strict Order of R. C. 
friars and nuns existing since 12th century. 

CAR'MEN SILVA; nom de plume of Queen 
Elizabeth of Roumania, b. 1843. [teries. 

CAROT'ID; pertaining to the great neck ar- 

CARPA'THIAN MTS.; in Austria-Hungary. 

CAR'PETBAG'GER; a Northern politician in 
the South after the war; title of one of Opie 
Read’s best novels. 

CARTE BLANCHE; with full power to act. 

CARTEL'; an agreement to exchange prisoners. 

CAR'THAGE; an ancient city and state of 
Africa 

CAR'THAGE, MO.; Battle of, July 5, 1861. 

CAR'TILAGE; the common gristle. 

CARYAT'ID; a draped female figure used in 
architecture to support an entablature. 

CA'SA GRAN'DE; an ancient town of Arizona. 

CA'SA SAN'TA; home of the Virgin Mary, said 
to have been taken from Nazareth to Loretto 
by angels. 

CASCARIL'LA, the bark of a W. Indian shrub. 

CASEIN; one of the constituents of milk. 

CASH'EL; a town of Ireland, S. W. of Dublin. 

CASHMERE'; a kingdom of India, under Brit¬ 
ish protectorate. [Asia. 

CAS'PIAN SEA; it lies between Europe and 

CASS, LEWIS; American statesman, 1782-1866. 

CASSAGNAC, PAUL DE; French journalist and 
Deputy, b. 1843. 


Cast Iron 43 Census 

CAST IRON, TO HARDEN; Heat to a cherry- 
red and plunge Into a bath of 2 lbs. of con¬ 
centrated sulphuric acid and 2 oz. of nitric 
acid in 2Vz gals, of water. 

CAS'TLE GARDEN; for a long time the land¬ 
ing-place of emigrants in N. Y. city; they are 
now landed on Ellis Island. 

CA'SUS BEL'LI; cause for war. [burial-place. 
CAT'ACOMB; an underground passage and 
CAT'AFALQUE; a covered platform for corpses 
lying in state. [faculties. 

CAT'ALEPSY; a sudden suspension of the 
CATAMARAN'; two boats with one deck. 
CAT'APULT; a device for throwing stones, etc. 
CATARRH, inflammation of the mucus mem¬ 
brane. To cure: Spray with carbolic acid 24 
grs., borax 2 drs., bicarbonate of soda 2 drs., 
glycerine % oz., distilled water 1 pt. 
CATHAR'TIC; a purgative medicine. 

CATHAY'; the old name of China. 

CATH'ODE, the negative pole in electricity. 
CATH'OLIC KNIGHTS OF AMERICA; a society 
founded 1877; membership, 1901, 23,772. Bene¬ 
fits distributed, $11,174,918. 

CATH'OLIC LEAGUE; a R. C. alliance in 1556 
to exclude Protestants from the throne of 
France. [libility. 

CATH'OLICS, OLD; disbelievers In Papalinfal- 
CAT'ILINE; a Roman conspirator, 108-62 B. C. 
CA'TO, the Elder, Rom. statesman, 234-149 B.C. 
CAT’S PAW; the dupe or tool of another. 
CATS'KILL MTS.; a group in Green county, 
N. Y. [race. 

CAUCA'SIAN; now, a member of any white 
CAU'CUS; a preliminary party meeting. 
CASSAN'DRA; daughter of Priam, was granted 
by Apollo the power of seeing into futurity, 
but he prevented people from believing her 
predictions. [patent. 

CA'VEAT; notice of intention to apply for a 
CA'VEAT EMP'TOR; let the purchaser beware. 
CAVIARE'; salted roes of the sturgeon. 
CAWNPORE'; a city of N. W. India; massacre 
of the English (1857). Pop. 197,000. 

CAX'TON; the first English printer, 1422-91. 
CAYUSE'; a small Indian pony. 

C. E.; Civil Engineer. [the Federalsvictorious 
CE'DAR CREEK, VA.; Battle of, Oct. 19, 1864, 
CE'DAR KEYS; in Fla., on Gulf of Mexico. 
CE'DAR MT., VA.; Battle of, Aug. 9, 1862, the 
Confederates victorious. 

CEDIL'LA; a mark under C, giving it the 
sound of S; used in French only. 

CEL'EBES; an island S. E. of Borneo. 
CEL'LULOID; a mixture of gun-cotton and 
camphor. 

CELTS; a race of Asiatic origin, from which 
descend the French, the Spaniards, the Irish, 
the Welsh and the Scotch Highlanders. 
CEN'CI, BEATRICE; a beautiful Roman girl 
and poetess, 1577-99. [where. 

CEN'OTAPH; a monument to one buried else- 
CEN'SUS; an official enumeration of the people. 


Centaur 44 Charlemagne 

CEN'TAUR (Myth.); a huntsman who had the 
forepart like a man and the remainder of the 
body like a horse. [parts balance. 

CEN'TER OF GRAVITY; a point where all 

CEN'TIGRADE; divided into 100 degrees. 

CEN'TIMETER; 39 hundredths of an inch. 

CEN'TRAL AMERICA; a country connecting 
North and South America. 

CENTRIF'UGAL; tending to fly from center. 

CENTRIP'ETAL; tending to fly toward ‘the 
center. 

CENTU'RY. A century (of years) begins at mid 
night of the year 1. Thus the 20th century be 
gins Jan, 1, 1901, at the last stroke of the mid 
night hour that separates Dec. 31, 1900, from 
Jan. 1, 1901. It takes 100 units (years) to 
make one hundred. 

CERE'MENTS; the shrouds or wrappings of 
the dead. 

CE'RES (Myth.); the goddess of agriculture, 
and of fruits of the earth. She taught Trip- 
tolemus how to grow corn, and sent him to 
teach the inhabitants of the earth. [bank. 

CER'TTFIED CHECK; one endorsed by the 

CER'TIORA'RI; a writ for the records of a 
lower court. [1616. 

CERVAN'TES; author of Don Quixote, 1547- 

CES'TUS; an embroidered girdle; a hand pro- 

CEYLON'; an Eng. island of India. [tector. 

C. H.; Court House; Custom House. 

CHALCED'ONY; a variety of quartz. 

CHALEURS; bay in gulf of St. Lawrence. 

CHAM'PERTY; conducting a case on shares. 

CHAM'PION HILLS, Battle of, May 16, 1863; 
the Confederates victorious. [Battle of, 1814. 

CHAMPLAIN', LAKE; bet. N. Y. and Vt.; 

CHAMPOL'LION, J. F.; French Egyptologist, 
1791-1832. [3, 1863; the Confederates victorious. 

CHAN'CELLORSVILLE, VA.; Battle of. May 2- 

CHAN'CERY; a court of equity. 

CHAPARRAL'; thicket of thorny shrubs. 

CHAP'LIN HILLS, KY.; Battle of, Oct. 8, 1862. 

CHAPULTEPEC, Mexico; Battle of, Sept. 13, 
1847, the U. S. troops victorious. 

CHARACTER by the Month. A girl born in 
January will be a prudent housewife, given 
to melancholy, but good-tempered. If in Feb¬ 
ruary, an affectionate wife and tender mother. 
If in March, a chatter-box, given to quarrel¬ 
ing. If in April, inconstant, not intelligent, 
but good-looking. If in May, handsome and 
happy. If in June, impetuous, will marry 
early and be frivolous. If in July, passably 
handsome, but with a sulky temper. If in 
August, amiable and practical, and will 
marry rich. If in September, discreet, af¬ 
fable, and much liked. If in October, pretty 
and coquettish, and will be unhappy. If in 
November, liberal and of a mild disposition. 
If In December, well proportioned, fond of 
novelty, and extravagant.. 

CHAR'LEMAGNE; Emperor of the West and 
King of France, 742-814. 


Charleston 45 Chemulpo 

CHARLESTON; S. C., pop. 55,807. Battles of, 
April 13, 1861; Jan. 31, April 17 and July 15, 
1863. Earthquake, Aug. 31, 1886. 

CHA'RON; the ferryman who conveyed the 
spirits of the dead, in a boat, over the rivers 
Acheron and Styx to the Elysian Fields. 
“Charon’s toll” was a coin put into the 
hands of the dead. 

CHAR'TER OAK; a famous tree in Hartford, , 
Conn., in which the colonists hid their char¬ 
ter from Gov. Andros, 1687. Blown down, 
1856. [vessel. 

CHAR'TER-PARTY; a mercantile lease of, a 

CHAR'TREUSE; liquor distilled from herbs, in 
the convent of the Grande Chartreuse, near 
Grenoble, France; the enormous revenues de¬ 
rived from its sale are devoted to works of 
charity. 

CHARYB'DIS; a dangerous whirlpool on the 
coast of Sicily; supposed to have been a wo¬ 
man who plundered travellers, but was at 
last killed by Hercules; Scylla and Charybdis 
are generally spoken of together as alterna¬ 
tive dangers (see Scylla). [73. 

CHASE, SALMON P.; Chief Justice U. S., 1808- 

CHATTANOO'GA, Tenn.; Battle of, Nov. 23-25, 
1863, the Federals victorious. [property. 

CHAT'TEL MORTGAGE; one upon personal 

CHAU'CER, G.; old English poet, 1340-1400. 

CHAUTAU'QUA LAKE; in W. of N. Y„ noted 
for its Summer school, Literary Ass’n, formed 
1874. 


CHECKS, ordinary and certified. 



A BANK CHECK.. 



CHEE'TAH; a tame hunting leopard of India. 
CHEF DE CUISINE; a chief cook. 
CHEF-D'-OEUVRE; a masterpiece. 
CHEMUL'PO; port of entry on W. coast of Corea 
















Chenille *6 China 


CHENILLE'; loosely twisted worsted yarn. 
CHEOPS; king of Egypt, 3091-2967 B. C.; pyra¬ 
mid of; base 13 acres; 480 feet high, [and Md. 
CHES'APEAKE BAY; on the Atlantic in Va. 
CHESTERFIELD, LORD; English diplomat, 
1694-1773. 

CHICA'GO, Ill.; pop. 1905, 2,000,000; principal 
city in the West, on Lake Michigan; anarchist 
riot. May 4,1886; great fire Oct. 8,1871; 3}£ sq. 
m.; 17,400 buildings; 200 persons killed, 

98,500 rendered homeless; Columbian World’s 
Fair in 1893, occupying 750 acres of ground. 
CHICAN'ERY; sharp practice, deceit. 
CHICKAMAUGA RIVER, TENN.; Battle of. 
Sept. 19-20, 1863; the Confederates victorious. 
CHIL'BLAIN; inflammation from cold. Rem* 
edy: Paint often with compound tincture of 
benzoin. 

CHILD’S PROPHECIES, THE. One set runs: 
Monday’s child is fair of face; 

Tuesday’s child is full of grace; 

Wednesday’s child is merry and glad; 
Thursday’s child is sorry and sad; 

Friday’s child is loving and giving; 
Saturday’s child must work for his living; 
Sunday’s child is blithe, bonny, good and gay. 
Another set goes: 

Monday for health, 

Tuesday for wealth, 

Wednesday the best day of all; 

Thursday for crosses, 

Friday for losses, 

Saturday no luck at all. 

CHIL'E; a republic in S. A.; area 279,901 sq. m. : 

pop. 3,128,095; cap. Santiago. 

CHIMAE'RA (Myth.); a wild illusion, personified 
i in the monster slain by Belleroplion. It had 
the head and breast of a lion, the body of a 
goat, and the tail of a serpent. It was said 
to vomit fire. 


CHIMBORA'ZO MT.; in Ecuador, 21,420 ft. 

CHI'NA; an empire of E. Asia; area 4,234,910 sq. 
m.; pop. 400,000,000; cap. Pekin, q. v. War 
declared against Japan, July, 1894; ended 
April 17, 1895. Revolution begun in 1911. 

The opening of all Chinese ports equally to ali 
nations of the globe, known as the “Open Door” 
policy, is one of the burning question that is 
agitating every important country of the world. 
TheChineseEmpire was founded 311 B. C., but 
its history does not extend above the Greek 
Olympiads; the first dynasty, when Prince Yu 
reigned, 2,207 years before Christ; before this 
time the Chinese chronology is imperfect; by 
some Fohi is supposed to be the founder of 


the empire, and its first sovereign 2,247 befora 
Christ; literature there revived, and the art 
of printing practiced 206 before Christ- tha 
first history of China was published by fie- 
matsin 97 before Christ; first grant the island 
of Macao, at the entrance of the river of 
Canton, to the Portuguese 1586; the country 


Chinese 47 Cincinnati 

conquered by the Eastern Tartars, when the 
emperor and his family killed themselves, 
1635; an attempt to establish Christianity 
there by the Jesuits 1692; the missionaries 
expelled 1724. The anti-missionary or Boxer 
riots broke out in 1900 and continued until 
1902. In 1912 China became a republic. • 

CHINESE' EXCLUSION ACT; to prevent Chi¬ 
nese laborers from landing in the United 
States; May 5, 1892. 

CHINESE WALL; built from 215 to 205 B. C.; 
length, 1,500 m., 25 ft. high by 15 thick. 

CHIP'MUNK; an animal resembling a squirrel. 

CHI'RON; the wise centaur who taught 
Achilles hunting, music, and the use of medi¬ 
cinal herbs. 

CHIROP'ODIST is pronounced ki-rop'od-ist; 
sometimes erroneously spelled “chiropedist.” 

CHLO'ROFORM; an anaesthetic of carbon, 
hydrogen and chlorine. [1859. 

CHOATE, RUFUS; great Amer. jurist. 1799- 

CHOL'ERA; an Asiatic disease causing purg¬ 
ing, vomiting and cramps; first appeared in 
Europe in 1831, and in the U. S. in 1832, 
also in 1849-52-53-66. 

CHOL'ERA REMEDY (Cincinnati): Chloro¬ 
form 2 dr., spts. of camphor 2 dr., oil of 
cinnamon 7 drops, alcohol 2 dr., tlnct. of 
opium % dr. Dose: 20 drops in water, after 
purging. ■ (See Sun Cholera remedy.). 

CHRIS'TIAN ENDEAV'OR; a religious organi¬ 
zation of Congregational, Baptist and Presby¬ 
terian young people, founded in Maine in 1881. 
In 1902 there were over 3,600,000 members. 

CHRIS'TIAN SCIENCE; belief in prayer alonn 
as a cure for any illness—that the mind acts 
directly upon the body and can cure it. 

CHRIST'MAS; birthday of Christ, Dec. 25. The 
time of birth is unknown, but this date was 
fixed by the Church in 337^ 

CHRONOL'OGY; measurement of time. 

CHRONOM'ETER; an accurate timekeeper. 

CHRYS'ALIS; an insect before its wings grow. 

CHRYS'OSTOM, ST. JOHN; a “Father of the 
Church,” 347-407. 

CHURUBUS'CO, Mexico, Battle of. Aug. 20. 
1847, the U. S. troops victorious. 

C. I.; Order of the Crown of India (British). 

CIC'ER©; R. statesman and orator, 106-43 B. C. 

CICERO'NE; a guide who shows a place. 

CID or EL CID; a Spanish commander In the 
time of the Moors. 

CI'DEVANT; Fr.; formerly; heretofore. 

C. E. I.; Companion of the Order of Ind. Em¬ 
pire (British). 

OTNCHO'NA; Peruvian bark. 

CINCINNA'TI, SOCIETY OF THE; founded by 
the officers of the American army in 1783 for 
benevolent and patriotic objects; nowadays 
the members are the descendants of the orig¬ 
inal members in order of primo-geniture, the 
nearest thing to a blood aristocracy in Amer¬ 
ica, and as such frowned upon by G.Washington. 


Cincinnatus 48 Cities in U. S. 

CINCINNA'TUS, L. Q.; a farmer, twice Dictator of 
Rome, 520-439 B. C. ) 

CINGALESE'; a native of Ceylon. [England. 

CINQUE-PORTS; 5 (later 7) channel cities of 
CIR'CE (Myth.); daughter of Apollo; when Ulysses 
landed at Aecea, where she lived, she turned all 
his followers into swine. 


CITIES, LARGE; in the United States, census 1910. 


Akron, O.69,067 

Alameda, Cal.23,383 

Albany, N. Y.... 100,253 
Allentown, Pa... 51,913 

Altoona, Pa.52,127 

Amsterdam, N.Y. .31,267 

Atlanta, Ga.154,839 

Atlantic City, N J. 46,150 

Auburn, N. Y.34,668 

Augusta, Ga.41,040 

Aurora, Ill.29,807 

Austin, Tex.29,860 

Baltimore, Md...558,485 

Bangor, Me.24,803 

BattleCreek,Mich. 25,267 
Bay City, Mich... .45,166 
Bayonne, N. J. ...55,545 

Berkeley, Cal.40,434 

Bellingham,Wash.24,298 
Binghampt’n.N. Y.48,443 
Birm’gham, Ala. 132,685 
Bloomington, Ill..25,768 
Boston, Mass....670,585 
Bridgeport, Con. 102,054 
Brockton, Mass.. .56,878 
Brookline, Mass ..27,792 
Buffalo, N. Y....423,715 

Burlington, la-24,324 

Butler, Pa.20,728 

Butte, Mont.39,165 

Cambridge,Mass. 104,839 

Camden, N. J.94,538 

Canton, O.50,217 

Cedar Rapids, la..32,811 
Central Falls, R.I..22,754 
Charlotte, N. C...34,014 
Charleston, S. C ..58,833 
Charleston.W.Va. 22,996 
Chattanooga, Ten. 44,604 

Chelsea, Mass.32,452 

Chester, Pa.38,537 

Chicago, Ill....2,185,283 
Chicopee, Mass.. .25,401 
Cincinnati, O....363,591 
Cleveland, O ....560,663 

Clinton, la.25,577 

Cohoes, N. Y.24,709 

Col. Springs, Col..29,078 
Columbia, S. C....26,319 
Columbus, Ga ....20,554 

Columbus, O_181,511 

Concord, N. H_21,497 

Council Bluffs, la.29,292 
Covington, Ky....53,270 
Cranston, R. I . ...21,107 


Cumberland, Md..21,839 

Dallas. Tex.92,104 

Danbury, Conn...20,234 

Danville, Ill .27,871 

Davenport, la.43,028 

Dayton, O.116,577 

Decatur, Ill. 31,140 

Denver, Col.213,381 

Des Moines, la... .86,368 
Detroit, Mich....465,766 

Dubuque, la. 38,494 

Duluth, Minn.... 78,466 
E. Liverpool, O.. 20,387 

Easton, Pa. 28,523 

East Orange, N.J. 34,371 
E. St. Louis, Ill.. 58,547 

Elgin, Ill. 25,976 

Elizabeth, N. J... 73,409 
Elmira, N. Y .... 37,176 

El Paso, Tex. 89,279 

Erie, Pa. 66.525 

Evanston, Ill.... 24,978 
Evansville, Ind.. 69,647 
Everett, Mass.... 33,484 
Everett, Wash... 24,814 
Fall River, Mass.119,295 
Fitchburg, Mass. 37,826 

Flint, Mich . 38,550 

Fort Smith, Ark. 23,975 
Fort Wayne, Ind. 63,933 
Fort Worth, Tex. 73,312 

Fresno, Cal. 24,892 

Galesburg, Ill... 22,089 
Galveston, Tex.. 86,981 
Gloversville, N.Y. 20,642 
Gloucester, Mass. 24.398 
G’d Rapids,Mich. 112,571 
Green Bay, Wis.. 25,236 

Hamilton, 0. 35,279 

Harrisburg, Pa.. 64,186 
Hartford, Conn.. 98,915 
Haverhill, Mass. 44,115 
Hazel ton, Pa.... 25,452 
Hoboken, N.J... 70.324 
Holyoke, Mass... 57,730 
Houston, Texas.. 78,800 
Huntington, W.V. 31,161 
Indianapolis, In. 233,650 
Jackson, Mich... 31,433 
Jackson, Miss.... 21,262 
Jacksonville, Fla. 57,699 
Jamestown, N.Y. 31,297 
Jersey City, N. J. 267,779 
Johnstown, Pa.. 55,482 
Joliet, Ill. 34,6 7 ' 
































Cities 49 

Joplin, Mo. 32,073 

Kalamazoo, Mich. 39,437 
KansasCity, Kans.82,331 
Kansas City, Mo. 248,381 
Kenosha, Wis... 21,371 
Key West, Fla... 19,945 
Kingston, N. Y.. 25,908 
Knoxville, Tenn. 36,346 
LaCrosse, Wis... 30,417 
Lafayette, Ind... 20,081 
Lancaster, Pa... 47,227 
Lansing, Mich... 31.229 
Lawrence, Mass. 85,092 
Leavenworth.Kas. 19,363 
Lewiston, Me.... 26,247 

Lima, O.30,508 

Lincoln, Neb. 43,973 

Little Rock, Ark. .45,941 

Lorain, O.28,883 

Lob Angeles, Cal. 319,198 
Louisville, Ky...223.928 
Lowell, Mass... 106,294 
Lynchburg, Va...29,494 

Lynn, Mass.89.339 

Macon, Ga.40,665 

Madison, Wis.... 25,531 

Malden, Mass.44.404 

Manchester, N. H.70,063 

Marion, Ind.19,359 

Marion, O.18,232 

Medford, Mass... 23,150 

Maywood, Ill. 8,033 

MeridenTwn. ,Con. 3 2,066 
“ City, Con.27,265 

Meriden, Miss_ 23,285 

Milwaukee, Wis. .373,857 
Minneapolis, Min.301,408 

Mobile, Ala.51,521 

Moline, III.24,199 

Montgomery, Ala.38,136 
Mt. Vernon, N.Y..30,919 

Mancie, Ind.24,005 

Muskegon, Mich..24,062 
Muskogee, Okla ..25,278 

Nashua. N. H.26,005 

Nashville, Tenn. .110,364 
New Albany, Ind. .20 629 
Newark, N. J... .347,469 

Newark, O.25.404 

N. Bedford, Mass. .96,652 
NewBritain, Conn.43,916 
N.Brunswick, N.J. 23,388 
Newburgh, N. Y..27.805 

Newcastle, Pa.36,280 

New Haven, Con. 133.605 
New London, Con. 19,659 
New Orleans, La. 339,075 

Newport, Ky.30,309 

NewportNews.Va. 20,205 

Newport, R. 1.27,149 

New Rochelle,N.Y.28,867 

Newton, Mass.39,806 

New York,N.Y.4,766,883 
NiagaraFalls,N. Y. 30,445 
Norfolk, Va.67,452 


Cities 

Norristown, Pa...27,8 to 
No. Adams. Mass. .22,01 9 
Norwich,Con. city,20,367 
“ “(t’wn) 28,219 

Oakland, Cal....150,174 

Ogden, Ut. 25,580 

Oklahoma City, 

Ok.64.205 

Omaha, Neb.124,096 

Orange, N. J.. 29,630 

Oshlisoh, Wis.33,062 

Oswego, N. Y_ 23,368 

Ottumwa, la. 22,012 

Paducah, Ky.22,760 

Pasadena, Cal.30,291 

Passaic, N. J.54,773 

Paterson, N. J...125,600 
Pawtucket, R. I...51,622 
Pensacola, Fla... 22,982 

Peoria, Ill. 66,952 

Perth Amboy,N.J 32,121 
Petersburg, Va.. 24,127 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

.1,549.008 

Pittsburg, Pa... .533,905 
including Alleghany 
Pittsfield, Mass.. 32,121 
Plainfield, N. J.. 20,550 

Portland, Me. 58,571 

Portland, Ore.. .207,214 
Portsmouth, Va. 33,190 
Portsmouth, O... 23,481 
Pottsville, Pa.... 20,236 
Poughk’psie,N.Y. 27,936 
Providence, R. 1.224,326 
Pueblo, Col ....'. 44,395 

Quincy, Ill. 36,587 

Quincy, Mass.... 32 642 

Racine, Wis. 38,002 

Raleigh, N. C ....L9.218 

Reading, Pa. 96,071 

Revere, Mass.... 18.219 
Richmond, Ind.. 22,324 
Richmond, Va... 127,628 
Roanoke, Va.... 34,874 
Rochester, N.Y. .218,149 
Rockford, Ill.... 45,401 
Rock Island, 111.. 24.335 

Rome, N.Y. 20,497 

Sacramento, Cal. 44,696 

Saginaw, Mich_50,510 

St. Joseph, Mo... 77.403 

St. Louis, Mo_687.029 

St. Paul, Minn. ..214.744 

Salem, Mass. 43,697 

Salt Lake C’y,Ut. 92,777 
San Antonia, Tex.96,614 
San Diego, Cal.. 39,578 
Sandusky, O.... 19,989 
San Fr’cisco,Cal .416,912 

San Jose, Cal_ 28.946 

Savannah, Ga.... 64,064 
Schenectady,N.Y 72,826 
Scranton, Pa... .129,867 
Seattle, Wash... .237,194 






































Cities 


50 


Civil War 


Shamokin, Pa... 19,588 
Sheboygan, Wis. 26,898 
Shenandoah, Pa. 25,774 
Shreveport, La.. 28,015 
Sioux City, la... 47,828 
South Bend, Ind. 53,684 
S.Bethlehem, Pa. 19,973 
So. Omaha, Neb.. 26,259 
Spokane, Wash.. 104,402 
Springfield, 111.. 51,678 
Springfield,Mass. 88,926 
Springfield, Mo.. 35,201 
Springfield, O.... 46,921 
Stamford, Conn. 25,138 
Steubenville, O.. 22,391 
Stockton, Cal... 23,253 
Superior, Wis... 40,384 
Syracuse, N. Y... 137,249 
Tacoma, Wash... 83,743 

Tampa, Fla. 37,782 

Taunton, Mass.. 34.259 
Terre Haute,Ind. 58,157 

Toledo, 0.168,497 

Topeka, Kan. 43,684 

Torrington, Conn 16,840 
Trenton, N. J.... 96,815 

Troy, N. Y. 76,813 

Tulsa, Okla. 18,182 

Union, N. J. 21,023 


73,141 

26,693 

26,73q 

11,817 

.16,044 

35,403 


Utica, N. Y. 74,419 

Vicksbnrg, Miss. 20,814 

Waco, Texas. 26,425 

WallaWalla, Washl9.364 
Waltham, Mass...27,834 
Warren, Pa. ... 11,080 
Warwick, R. I... 26,629 
Washington, Pa. 18,778 
Waterbury.Conn. 
Waterloo, la.... 
Watertown, N.Y. 

Webb City, Mo.. 
Westfield, Mass.. 

W. Hoboken, N.J. 
Wheeling, W. Va. 41,641 
Wichita, Kans... 52,450 
Wilkes Barry, Pa.67,105 
Wilkinsburg, Pa. 18,924 
Williamsport, Pa.31,860 
Wilmington, Del. 87,411 
Wilmington,N.C. 25,748 
Winona, Minn... 18,583 

Winston, N. C.17,167 

Woonsocket, R.I. 38,125 
Worcester, Mass.145,986 
Yonkers, N. Y... 79,803 

York, Pa. 44,750 

Youngstown, O.. 79,066 
Zanesville, O.... 28,029 


CITIES OF THE WORLD, LARGEST, 


London.7,252,963 

New York.4,766,883 

Paris.2.846,986 

Tokyo, Japan..2,186,079 

Chicago.2,185,283 

Berlin.2,070,695 

Vienna.2,030.834 

St. Petersburg.. 1,870,000 
Philadelphia .. 1,549,008 


Moscow.1,468,563 

Buenos Aires . 1,247,000 
Osaka, Japan. .1,226,590 

Calculta.1,216,514 

Constantinople! ,200,000 
Rio de Janeiro,1,000,000 

Pekin.1,600,000 

Canton. 900,000 

Bombay. 776,005 


CITIES, NICKNAMES OF; Baltimore, “Monumental 
City”; Boston, “Hub of the Universe” or “Mod¬ 
ern Athens”; Brooklyn, “City of Churches”; 
Buffalo, “Queen City of the Lakes”; Chicago, 
“Garden City”; Cincinnati, “QueenCity”; Cleve¬ 
land, “Forest City”; Detroit, “City of the 
Straits”; Indianapolis, “Railroad City”; Kansas 
City, “City of Bluffs”; Keokuk, la., “GateCity”; 
Louisville, “Falls City”; Lowell, “City of spin- 
dles”; Milwaukee, “Cream City”; Nashville, 
“City of Rocks”; New Haven, Conn., “City of 
Elms”; New Orleans, “Crescent City”; New 
York, “Empire City” or “Gotham”; Philadel¬ 
phia, “ City of Brotherly Love ” or “ Quaker 
City”; Pittsburg, “Iron City” or “Smoky City”; 
Portland, Me., “Forest City”; Rochester, N. Y., 
“Flour City”; Springfield, O., “Flower City”; 
St. Louis, “Mound City”; Washington, “City of 
Magnificent Distances”; Los Angeles, “City of 
Angels.” 

CIV'IL WAR; a war between people of the same 
country; a rebellion. In the United States frond 
April 12,1861, to April 26, l§p5. Number en¬ 
gaged on the Union side, 2,77o,304; killed in 
battle or died of wounds, 349,944. Whole 
























Cirita Vacchia 51 Cohabit 

number of Confederate troops, 714,418; killed 
and died, 133,821; deserted 104,428. 

CIV'ITA VECCHIA; city and port of Rome, 
pop. 8,000. 

C. J.; Chief Justice. 

C. L. A. ; Chautauqua Lake Assembly, q. v. 
CLARK, ADAM; English preacher, 1762-1832. 
CLAUDE LORRAINE; a French painter, 1600- 
1682. [lawyer, b. 1810. 

CLAY, CASSIUS M.; Amer. statesman and 
CLAY, HENRY; American statesman, 1777-1852. 
CLAY'TON-BUL'WER TREATY; between U. S. 
and Great Britain, July 4, 1850, concerning a 
canal across Central America. 
CLEAR'ING-HOUSE; a place where checks are 
exchanged between banks in the same city, 
and differences settled. [beauty, 69-30 B. C. 
CLEOPA'TRA; queen of Egypt; noted for her 
CLEOPA'TRA’S NEEDLE; an obelisk; placed 
in Central Park, N. Y., Jan. 22, 1881, 
CLEP'SYDRA; a clock run by water. 
CLEVE'LAND, GROVER; (See Presidents). 
CLI'O; one of the Muses; presided over history. 
CLIQUE; a combination of men for a purpose. 
CLIVE, LORD ROBERT; 1725-1774, Viceroy of 
India. 

CLOCKS; first with pendulum 1638; the largest, 
in the House of Commons, Eng., with dials 
32 ft. in diameter; most famous, the astro¬ 
nomical at Strasburg, Alsace. [ware. 

CLOI'SONNE; a peculiarly enameled china 
CLO'THO (Myth.); one of the Fates, present at 
births, holding the distaff from which was 
spun the thread of life. 

CLO'TURE or CLO'SURE; a method of putting 
an end to debate so as to vote upon the ques¬ 
tion. [Cabinet Officer. 

CO.; County, Company; C/o, care of; C. O., 
COAST' RANGE; mts. on the coast of Cal. 
COB'DEN CLUB; from Richard Cobden, an 
English economist and advocate of free trade, 
1804-65. [27,560. 

CO'BLENTZ; a fortified city of Ger., pop. 
COCAINE; an alkaloid extract, used as an¬ 
aesthetic. 

COCCYX; lower end of the back-bone. 
COCHTNEAL; dried insects used as a red dye. 
COCOON'; a ball spun by a silkworm. 

C. O. D.; collect on delivery. 

CODE; a compilation of laws by authority. 
CODE NAPO'LEON; the French civil laws, 
1804-10. [book of Pharmaceutical Recipes. 

CODEX; an ancient manuscript; also the official 
COEUR D' ALENE; mining district in Idaho. 
COF'FERDAM; a water-tight compartment 
within which foundations are laid, when 
building under water. 

COGNAC; a popular French brandy, named 
from a city near Bordeaux. [claim. 

COGNO'VIT; an acknowledgment of plaintiff* 
COG' WHEELS; toothed wheels. 

COHAB'IT; to live together as man and wife. 


62 


Colorado 


Col. 62 Colorado f 

COL. ; Colonel. 

COLD HARBOR, VA.; Battles of, May 31, Juno 
1-2, 1864, the Confederates victorious. 

COLD IN THE HEAD; Remedy: Triturate of 
bismuth 6 dr., pulv. gum Arabic 2 dr., hydro- 
chlorate of morphia 2 dr. Use as a snuff. 

COLE'RIDGE, S. T.; English poet, 1772-1834. 

COL'FAX, SCHUYLER; (See Vice-Presidents.) 

COL'IC; a pain in the intestines. Remedy: 2 
to 10 drops, in hot water, of comp, tinct. of 
cardamon. 


COL'LIE; a variety of Scotch shepherd dog. 

COLOGNE; a city of Germany, on the Rhine; pop. 
372,229. 

COLOM'BIA; a S. A. republic of nine states gov¬ 
erned similarly to U. S.; area 504,773 sq. m.; 
pop. abont 4,000,000; cap. Bogota. The Colum¬ 
bian government rejected the terms proposed by 
the United States for tne construction of the 
canal across the isthmus of Panama, and in the 
fall of 1903 the inhabitants of the isthmus re¬ 
belled and seceded from the present government, 
organizing the Republic of Panama, which was 
recognized by the IT. S. Nov. 13,1903. Colum¬ 
bia’s protest to U. S. against acknowledging the 
new republic was unavailing. A new canal treaty 
was arranged with Panama, and the benefits to be 
derived from the canal were lost to Colombia. 

COLOM'BO; cap. of Ceylon; pop. 154,550. 

COLON'(Aspinwall); city of Panama pop. 7,000. 


COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, European countries- 
Area and population. 

EXTENT (Sq. miles). 


Country. Motherland. Colonies. 

Great Britain. 120,979 8,856,013 

France... 204,092 3.981,121 

German Empire. 208.830 1,027,820 

Portugal. 36,038 801,060 

Holland. 12,648 782,863 

Spain. 197,670 252,850 

Italy. 110,646 188,500 

Denmark. 15,360 87,149 

POPULATION. 

Country. Motherland. Colonies. 

Great Britain. 41,605,323 318,421,072 

France. 38,228,969 51,556,080 

German Empire... 49,428,470 14.687,000 

Portugal. 5,049,729 9,267,444 

Holland. 5,179,100 34,208,821 

Spain. 18,226,040 130,000 

Italy. 32,449,754 850.000 

Denmark. 2,464,770 124,902 


COLORADO CANON,GRAND; in northern Arizona. 

COLORADO, COLO.; from a Spanish word meaning 
colored. Area 103,969 sq. miles. Population 
799,0^4. Settled at Conejos in 1840 by Mexi 
cans. Admitted in 1876. Chief industries min¬ 
ing, stock raising and agriculture. The state 
leads in the production of gold and silver and in 
value of lead smelters and refineries. Ranks 
ninth in output of coal. It is also noted for 
its scenery. Temperature 37 to 105 degree* 

















Colo. River 53 Congo 

Electoral votes, 6. Republican from 1876 to 
1886. Populist in 1892. Democratic 1896-1900. 
Rep. 1904,1908. Representatives^. Governor 
elected for 2 years. Salary, $5,000. Cap. Denver. 

COLORA'DO RIVER; boundary bet. Nev. and 

COL'OR-BLIND; unable to distinguish various 
colors. 

COLORS IN UNIFORMS, Fatal. It appears 
from statistics gathered with great care by 
European officers that red is the most fatal 
color; next to that blue, then green, then 
brown, and, last of all, light gray. The pro¬ 
portions in which the colors are struck by 
flying missiles are: Red, 12; blue, 9; green, 
7; brown, 6; gray, 5. 

COLOSSE'UM; the amphitheater of Vespasian 
at Rome, acres. 

COLOS'SUS OF RHODES; a bronze statue 100 
ft. high; destroyed 220 B. C. 

COLUM'BIA RIVER; boundary bet. Wash, and 
Oregon; 1,000 miles long. 

COLUM'BUS, CHRISTOPHER; b. near Genoa, 
Italy, 1446; dis. Amer. 1492; d. 1506. 

COMES. “Wait till one of the boys come 

home” should be “Wait till one of the boys 
comes home.” [germ. 

COM'MA BACIL'LUS; a (,) shaped cholera 

COMME IL FAUT; as it should be. 

COMMIT'TEE. Is sing, when used collectively 
and pi. when the members are referred to In¬ 
dividually; as, “The committee sits daily.” 
“The committee are at variance amongst 
themselves.” 

COM'MON PLEAS; usually a county court. 

COMMONS, HOUSE OF; the lower house of 
the British Parliament. 

COM'MUNE; a French township; the French 
Revolutionary power of 1789 and 1871. 

COM'MUNISM; holding property in common. 

COM'MUTATOR; that part of a dynamo upon 
which the brushes rest. 

CO'MO; a beautiful Italian lake, 3 miles by 30. 

COM'PASS; a guiding device invented by Chi¬ 
nese, 1115 B. C. 

COMPEN'DIUM; a short account; an abridg- 

COM'POS MEN'TIS; sane; not crazy. [ment. 

COM'STOCK MINES; the largest silver mines 
in the U. S., in W. Nevada; John W. Mackay 
principal owner. 

CON AMORE; with love and feeling. 

CONCHOL'OGY; the science of shells. [Itor. 

CONCIERGE'; French for a door-keeper or Jan- 

CON'CLAVE; a close or secret assembly of car¬ 
dinals for the election of a Pope. 

CONCOR'DAT; an ecclesiastical agreement be¬ 
tween the Pope and a government. [N.Y. city. 

CO'NEY ISLAND; a pleasure resort 9 m. S. of 

CONFEDERATE; ally; the So. States, 1861-65. 

CONFRERE; an associate; a fellow member. 

CONFU'CIUS; Chinese philosopher, 551-479 B.C. 

CON'GO FREE STATE; in Central Africa; area 
900,000 sq. miles; pop. 30,000; neutral and 


Congregation 54 Copenhagen 

subject to the king of Belgium. C. river, 
2,500 m. long. (See Africa.) 

CONGREGA'TION; nouns of multitude, like 
this, require a verb in the sing, when spoken 
of as a whole; but when the members are re¬ 
ferred to separately, then the verb should be 
in the plur. as, “The congregation was un¬ 
usually large.” “The congregation werp evi¬ 
dently much impressed.” 

CON'GRESS; has 90 Senators, 386 Representative* 
and 3 Delegates; meets on first Monday in Dec.; 
the 58 Congress (1903-1905) .ha* 265 Rep. °ll 
Dem. 

CON'GRESS, CONTINENTAL; first met in 1774; 
the Federal Congress held from 1781 to 1789; 
when the regular Congress was formed. 

CONK'LING, ROSCOE; Amer. lawyer and senator, 
1829-88. 

CON'NAUGHT; a N. W. prov. in Ireland. 

CONNECTICUT, CONN.; An Indian name meaning 
“long river.” Nickname “Nutmeg” State. Area 
5,612 sq.m. Pop. 1,114,756. First explored by 
the Dutch who settled at Hartford in 1633, sell¬ 
ing out later to the English. Permanent settle¬ 
ments were made in 1639 by Companies from 
Massachusetts. It ranks fourth in U. S. in the 
production of silk. The textile industries are ex¬ 
tensively developed. Granite, brown sandstone 
quarries yield nearly a million dollars annually. 
Tobacco, hay, fruits and dairy products repre¬ 
sent the agricultural resources. Railways, 1,871 
miles. The state is noted for its manufactur¬ 
ing industries and for its numerous schools and 
colleges; Yale, established 1701; Hartford The¬ 
ological University, Berkely Divinity School 
and others. Enrollment of Public Schools, 
1900,155,225. Temperature 14 to 100 degrees. 
Electors 7. Dem. in 1876. Rep. in 1880. Dem. 
from 1884 to 1892. Rep. 1896-1908. Repre¬ 
sentatives 5. Governor elected for twc year*. 
Salary $4,000. Capital Hartford. 

CONNOISSEUR; a critical Judge of art. 

CON'SCRIPT; one drawn by lot, as a soldier. 

CON'SOLS; Eng. 3 per cent annuity bonds. 

CONSORT'; to associate. CON'SORT; a wife 
or husband. 

CON'STANCE; GEN. COUNCIL OF; R.C., 1414- 
18, for the trial of John Huss who, with 
Jerome of Prague, was burned as a heretic. 

CON'STANTINE, THE GREAT; first Christian 
emperor of Rome, 272-337. [of, 381-553-680. 

CONSTANTINO'PLE; (see Turkey.) Council* 

CONTRERAS, Mexico; Battle of, Aug. 19, 1847; 
the U. S. troops victorious. 

COO'LIE; the lowest Chinese laborer. 

COO'PER, PETER; Amer. philanthropist, 1791- 
1883; founded Cooper’s Institute for free edu¬ 
cation, 1854. 

COP; slang for policeman. 

COPAI'BA; a resinous oil from a S. A. tree. 

CO'PECK; a Russian coin of % cent value. 
COPENHA'GEN; cap. of Denmark, pop. 408,300 


Copernicus 55 Copyright 

COPER'NICUS, N.; Ger. astronomer, 1473-1543. 
COP'PERHEAD; a venomous snake; a Southern 

sympathizer. 

COPT; a sect of Egyptian Christians. 

COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE U. 8. (Extract from). 

An act to amend and consolidate the acts res¬ 
pecting copyright, provides that any person 
entitled thereto, upon complying with the provi¬ 
sions of the law, shall have the exclusive right 
(a) to print, reprint, publish, copy, and vend the 
copyrighted work; ( b ) to translate the copy¬ 
righted work or make any other version of it if 
it be a literary work; to dramatize it if it be a 
nondramatic work; to convert it into a novel or 
other nondramatic work if it be a drama; to 
arrange or adapt it if it be a musical work; to 
finish it if it be a model or design for a work of 
art; ( c) to deliver or authorize the delivery of the 
copyrighted work if it be a lecture, sermon, 
address or similar production; (d) to perform the 
copyrighted work publioly if it be a drama or, 
if it be a dramatic work and not reproduced in 
copies for sale, to vend the manuscript or any 
record thereof; to make or to procure the 
making of any transcription or record thereof by 
which it may in any manner be exhibited, per¬ 
formed or produced, and to exhibit, pertorm or 
produce it in any manner whatsoever; ;(e) to per¬ 
form the copyrighted work publicly for profit if 
it be a musical composition and for the purpose of 
public performance for profit and to make any 
arrangement or setting of it in any system of nota¬ 
tion or any form of record in which the thought 
of an author may be read or reproduced. 

The works for which copyright may be secured 
include all the writings of an author. 

The application for registration shall specify to 
which of the following classes the work in which 
copyright is claimed belongs: (a) Books, includ¬ 
ing composite and cyclopedic works, directories, 
gazetteers and other compilations, (b) Periodi¬ 
cals, including newspapers, (c) Lectures, sermons, 
addresses, prepared for oral delivery. ( d ) Dramatic 
or dramatic-musical compositions. (e) Musical 
compositions. (/) Maps. ( g ) Works of art; mod¬ 
els or designs for works of art. (A) Reproductions 
of a work of art. (t) Drawings or plastic works of a 
scientific or technical character, (j) Photographs, 
(fc) Prints and pictorial illustrations. 

These specifications do not, however, limit the 
subject matter of copyright as defined in the law 
nor does any error in classification invalidate the 
copyright protection secured. 

Copyright extends to the work of a foreign author 
or proprietor only in case he is domiciled in the 
United States at the time of the first publication 
of his work or if the country of which he is a citi¬ 
zen grants similar copyright protection to citizens 
of United States. 

After copyright has been secured there must be 
deposited in the copyright office in Washington, 
D. C., two complete copies of the best edition 
thereof, which copies, if the work be a book or 
periodical, shall have beenproduced in accordance 


Copyright 50 Copyright 

with the manufacturing provisions of the act, or if 
such work be a contribution to a periodical for 
which contribution special registration is requested 
one copy of the issue or issues containing such con¬ 
tribution. Failure to deposit the copies within a 
given time after notice from the register of copy¬ 
rights makes the proprietor of the copyright liable 
to a fine of $100 and twice the retail price of the 
work and the copyright becomes void. 

The text of all books and periodicals specified in 
paragraphs (a) and (6) above, except the original 
text of a book of foreign origin in a language 
other than English, must, in order to secure pro¬ 
tection, be printed from type set within the limits 
of the United States either by hand, machinery or 
other process, and the printing of the text and the 
binding of the books must also be done within 
the United States. An aflidavit of such manu¬ 
facture is required. 

The notice of copyright required oonsists of 
either the word “copyright” or the abbreviation 
“copr.,” accompanied by the name of* the copyright 
proprietor, and if the work be a printed literary, 
musical or dramatic work, the notice must also 
include the year in which the copyright was 
secured by publication. In the case, however, of 
copies of works specified in paragraphs (/) to (fc) 
inclusive (see preceeding page) the notice may 
consist? of the letter C inclosed within a circle, 
accompanied by the initials, monogram, mark or 
symbol of the copyright proprietor, provided his 
name appears elsewhere on the copies. In the 
case of a book or other printed publication the 
notice shall be applied on the title page or on the 
page immediately following, or if a periodical 
either upon the title page or upon the first page of 
text of each separate number or under the title 
heading; or if a musical work upon its title page or 
the first page of music. 

Where the copyright proprietor has sought to 
comply with the law with respect to notice, the 
omission of such notice by mistake from a parti¬ 
cular copy or copies shall not invalidate the copy¬ 
right or prevent recovery for infringement against 
any person, who after actual notice of the copy¬ 
right, begins an undertaking to infringe it, but 
shall prevent the recovery of damages against an 
innocent infringer who has been misled by the 
omission of the notice. The copyright secured by 
the act endures for twenty-eight years from the 
date of the first publication. If any person shall 
infringe the copyright in any work protected under 
the copyright laws of the United States, such per¬ 
son shall be liable: (o) To an injunction restrain¬ 
ing such infringement; 

(b) To pay to the copyright proprietor such 
damages as the copyright proprietor may have suf¬ 
fered due to the infringement, as well as all the 
profits which the infringer shall have made from 
such infringement, and in proving profits the 
piaintiff shall be required to prove sales only and 
the defendant shall be required to prove every 
element of cost which he claims, or in lieu of 
actual damages or profits such damages as to the 


Copyright 57 'Corea 

court shall appear to be just, and in assessing such 
damages the court may, in its discretion, allow the 
amounts as hereinafter stated (in numbered para¬ 
graphs) but in the case of a newspaper reproduction 
of a copyrighted photograph such damages shall 
not exceed the sum of $200 nor be less than $50, 
and such damages shall in no other case exceed 
$250 and shall not be regarded as a penalty: 

(c) To deliver up on oath all articles alleged to 
infringe a copyright. 

( d) To deliver up on oath, for destruction, all 
the infringing copies or devices, as well as all 
plates, molds, matrices, or other means for making 
such infringing copies, as the court may order. 

Any person who shall wilfully and for profit 
infringe any copyright, or wilfully aid or abet 
such infringement, shall be deemed guilty of a 
misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be 
punished by imprisonment for not exceeding one 
year or by a fine of not less than $100 nor more 
than $1,000 or both, in the discretion of the court. 
It is provided, however, that nothing in the act 
shall prevent the performance of religious or 
secular works, such as oratorios, cantatas, masses 
or octavo choruses by public schools, church choirs, 
etc, provided the performance is for charitable or 
educational purposes and not for profit. 

Any person who shall fraudulently place a copy¬ 
right notice upon any uncopyrighted article, or 
shall fraudulently remove or alter the notice on 
any copyrighted article, shall be deenjed guilty of 
a misdemeanor and shall be subject to a fine of 
not less than $100 nor more than $1,000. Any 
person who shall knowingly sell or issue any 
article bearing a notice of United States copy¬ 
right which has not been copyrighted in this 
country, or who shall knowingly import any article 
bearing such notice,shall be liable to a fine of $100. 

No criminal actions shall be maintained under 
the copyright law unless the same be begun within 
three years after the cause of action arose. 

In the case of each entry the person recorded as 
the claimant of the copyright shall be entitled to a 
certificate of registration. 

FEE -For the registration of any work subject 
to copyright, $1, which sum is to include a certifi¬ 
cate of registration under seal : Provided that in 
case of photographs the fee shall be 50 cents 
where a certificate is not demanded. For every 
additional certificate of registration made, 50c. 
only one registration at one fee shall be required in 
the case of several volumes of the same book 
deposited at the same time. 

For copyright blanks and additional information 
as to copyright regulations address Register of 
copyrights. Library of Congres, Washington, D. C. 
COQUETTE'; a vain, trifling woman. [retary 

COR., Corin'thians; Cor. Sec., Corresponding Sec- 
CORDAY', CHARLOTTE ; the French patriotic 

maiden who murdered the bloody anarchist 

Marat, 1768-93. 

CORDON'RLEtJ; blue ribbon; a first-class cook. 
COR'DOVA; a city of Spain, pop. 57,313. 
lORE'A, KORE'A; E. Asia. Capital Seoul. Area 


Cotton 58 Cotton 

82,000 sq. m. Pop. 10,000,000. Emperor To 
Hem, born 1851; crowned 1864. For century 
Korea has acknowledged the suzerainty of China 
which was one of the causes of the Japanese- 
Chinese war in 1894. In 1895 China renounced 
her claim. Army consists of about 17,000 men 
and a police force of 2,000. Industries are prin¬ 
cipally agricultural and some mining. 1696 m. 
of telegraph have been constructed. Under the 
Chinese-Japanese treaty of peace the Liao-tong 
Peninsula with Port-Arthur was ceded to Japan 
and Korea was to be recognized as independent. 
Russia objected and Japan was forced to give 
way. Russian vessels entered Korean harbors and 
her projected railways were rapidly being built 
toward Port Arthur. The Russians advance into 
Manchuria and Korea precipitated the straining 
of relations between Japan and Russia, and Feb’y. 
6th, 1904, diplomatic relations were severed. 
The first gun was fired Feb. 8th, 1904, and since 
that time Korea has been the seat of war between 


the two contending powers. 


05 

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Territories. 

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Arkansas.. 
Florida.... 
Georgia ... 
Indian Ter. 
Louisiana. 
Mississippi. 
Missouri... 
N. Carolina 
Oklahoma. 
S. Carolina 
Tennessee. 

Texas . 

Virginia... 




















Cromwell 59 Cuba > 

General average amount of seed per acre two 
bushels at an average expense of 21 cts. per acre. 
Seeds are planted 5 to 6 in hills, a foot apart. 
Plants 8 to 14 ins. apart in 4-ft. rows. Planting 
commences March 1, inS.Texas, to May 20 in N. E. 
Georgia. Picking July 10 in S. Texas, to Oct. 1 
in N. Arkansas, yield per acre, 10 pounds seed 
and 245.6 pound lint. Each plant yields 500 to 
2,000 lbs. seeds. Average cost of production of 
a 500 lb. bale $30.15. Average cost of cultiva¬ 
tion per acre $15.42. Above figures are for up¬ 
land cotton. The cultivation of sea island cotton 
is limited to comparatively small areas, and is 
an unimportant factor in the cotton industry of 
the United States. [1599-1658. 

CROM'WELL, OLIVER; Lord Protector of Eng., 

CRON'STADT; a seaport of N. W. Russia, pop. 
59,539. [Friday. 

CROSS'-BUN; a biscuit, cross-cut for Good 

CROSS-HEAD; a bar moving between parallel 
slides. [mast. 

CROW’S-NEST; a look-out on the main-top- 

CRU'CIBLE; an earthen pot for melting metals. 

CRUIK'SHANK, G.; Eng. caricaturist, 1792-1878. 

CRUSADES; a series of religious expeditions 
to recover Jerusalem from the Arabs; oc¬ 
curred in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. 

CRUSOE, ROBINSON; hero of Defoe’s novel, 

CRY'OLITE; an aluminum-bearing clay. [1711. 

CRYPT; a room or vault under a church. 

CRYP'TOGRAM OR CRYP'TOGRAPH; secret 
writing. 

C. S. A. ;• Confederate States of America. 

C. S. I.; Companion of the Star of India. 

CUBA—Area, 55,994 sq. miles; is 720 miles long 
and averages 80 miles in breadth; its high¬ 
est mountain is 2,990 feet above the sea level. 
The climate is hot on the coast and temperate 
on the higher levels; only 10 per cent of the 
area is under culture. 

The population in 1900 was 1,572,797. As a 
result of the war the population has been reduced 
considerably, but immigration is rapidly bring¬ 
ing it up to former figures. In 1887 76.30 p. c. 
of the population could neither read nor write. 
There were 775 public schools in the whole 
island. The population of the principal cities 
was: Havana, 235,681; Santiago de Cuba, 

71,307; Puerto Principe, 46,641; Holguin, 
34,767; Sancti Spiritus, 32,608; Matanzas, 
27,000. There are over 1,000 miles of railroad 
in operation on the island. 

Under Spanish rule the island was divided 
into six provinces. The Governor-General 
was assisted by a council of administration. 
The constitution of Spain of July 2, 1876, was 
proclaimed In Cuba by royal decree in 1881, 
and from that date the Inhabitants enjoyed 
theoretically all the rights of Spanish citizens. 
Cuba elected 13 Senators to the Cortes (Span¬ 
ish parliament), and one representative for 
each 50,000 inhabitants to the lower house of 
that body. 


Cuba 60 Cuba 

The Spanish Government late in 1897 estab¬ 
lished a system of local government, but it 
was a form only, as the insurgents refused to 
recognize this new form of administration. 

The estimated revenue for 1897-98 was 
24,755,760 pesetas (value of a peseta 19 3-10 
cents American money), but not nearly as 
much as that was actually received. The 
debt was upward of $350,000,000. This debt 
was wiped out by the treaty of peace. 

The chief produce is sugar and tobacco. 
The volume has been immensely decreased by 
the war. Nearly all of the tobacco and half 
of the cigars go to the United States. There 
is mahogany, fruits, honey, and wax. The 
soil is a marvel of richness, and fertilizers of 
any kind are seldom used unless in the case 
of tobacco. It is estimated Cuba might sup¬ 
ply the entire Western Hemisphere with 
sugar. The island has already produced in a 
single year for export 1,100,000 tons. 

In mineral wealth Cuba is capable of taking 
high rank, although gold and silver have not 
been found in paying quantities. The iron 
mines of Cuba, all of which are located near 
Santiago, overshadow in importance all other 
Industries on the eastern end of the island. 
The ore of these mines is among the richest 
in the world, yielding from 62 to 67 per cent 
of pure iron, and is very free from sulphur 
and phosphorus. 

The principal imports are flour, rice, and 
Jerked beef. The chief exports are sugar and 
tobacco. The value of the imports from Cuba 
into Spain for 1895 have been 37,181,893 pese¬ 
tas, and the exports from Spain to Cuba 136,- 
261,640 pesetas. The value of the domestic 
exports of the United States to Cuba in the 
fiscal year ended June 30, 1897, was $7,599,757, 
and of the imports from Cuba, $18,406,815. 
The civil war reduced the volume of trade 
materially, as will be realized from the fact 
that in 1892-93 the commerce between the 
United States and Cuba amounted to $102,- 
864,204, the ratio of imports from Cuba to ex¬ 
ports to that island being approximately 10 
to 4. The principal article of exports was 
sugar. In 1893-94 the amount was 949,778 long 
tons, one-half the total consumption of the 
United States. Next was tobacco, the trade 
in which reached its maximum in 1894-95, 
when the amount imported into the United 
States was considerably more than one-third 
the value of the domestic crop. We exp«rt 
to Cuba meats and breadstuffs. Coal, coke, 
and oil are also exported in considerable quan¬ 
tities. During the first year of the insurrec¬ 
tion trade with the United States fell off over 
$30,000,000; during the second year a further 
sum of $18,000,000, and during the third year 
a still further sum of $21,000,000, making a 
total decline of $69,000,000. 


Curriculum 61 Dalmatia 

The sinking of the “Maine” in Havana harbor 
Feb. 15, 1898, precipitated unfriendly relations 
between Spain and the U. S., and war was declared 
April 20, 1898, about six months actual war¬ 
fare. The treaty of peace, December 10, 1896, 
provided for Spanish evacuation of Cuba. A 
military government was provided by the U. S. 
July 18, 1898. A constitution was adopted June 
12, 1901. Gen. T. E. Palma was elected Presi¬ 
dent Feb. 24, 1902. The first Cuban Congress 
was held May 5, and the formal inauguration of 
the new Republic was held May 20. 1902. 

The permanent treaty giving Cuba reciprocal 
trade relation with the U. S. was signed May 22, 
1902. The first year of independence showed a 
surplus of $3,522,681 in the Treasury. The 
sugar crop for 1903 amounted to about one 
million pounds. Imports for 1901 were $67,- 
753.108; exports $66,502,169. Receipts for 
1902, $17,483,227; expenditures, $15,381,012, 

CURRICULUM; a course of study at school. 

CUS'TER, GEORGE; Amer. General, 1839; 
killed by Indians 1876. 

CUS'TOM HOUSE; a place where vessel? 
are cleared and entered and duties paid. 

CUT OUT; to interrupt a current or shunt it 
around. 

CUYAHO'GA; a river and county in Ohio. 

CWT.; a hundred weight. 

CYB'ELE (Myth.); the mother of the gods and 
hence called Magna Mater, the wife of Sat¬ 
urn; represented as riding in a chariot drawn 
by lions. In one hand she holds a sceptre, 
and in the other a key; on her head a castel¬ 
lated crown. [Greece. 

CYC'LADES; archipelago of 60 islands S. E. of 

CYCLOFE'DIA; a book of general information. 

CY'CLOPS OR CYCLO'PES (Myth.); the gi¬ 
gantic one-eyed workmen of Vulcan, who 
made Jove’s thunder-bolts, and lived in a 
cave under Mt. Aetna, in Sicily. 

CY’PRUS; an Eng. Island S. of Asia Minor,- area 
3,584 sq. miles; pop. 1901, 121,066. 

CY'RUS; king of Persia, 558-529 B. C. 

CZAR; title of the Russian emperor. 

CZARINA; title of the Russian empres^. 

CZAROWITZ; Russian crown prince. 

CZECHS; natives of Bohemia and Moravia. 

D 

DABNEY’S MILLS; Battle of, Federals victor¬ 
ious, Feb. 1, 1865. 

DAED'ALUS; a great architect and sculptor; 
invented the wedge, the axe, the level, and 
the gimlet and was the first to use sails; he 
constructed the famous labyrinth of Crete. 

DA'GO; a nickname for an Italian emigrant of 
the lower class. 

DAHO'MEY; kingdom of S. W. Africa; area 60,- 
000 sq. miles; pop. 1900, 1.000,000; imports 
$15,221,419; exports $12,755,894 ; capital, 
Abomey; belongs now to France. 

DALMA'TIA; crown lands of Austria-Hungary: 


Damascus 62 Days 

DAMAS'CUS, SYRIA; oldest city In the world; 
pop. 140,500 

DAM'ASKEEN; to inlay or etch metal. 

DAM'OCLES’ SWORD; one hanging by a hair. 

DA'MON AND PYTH'IAS; two close Sicilian 
friends in 4th century B. C. [1897. 

DA'NA, CHARLES; of New York Sun, b. 1819- 

DAN'AUS (Myth.); King of Argos; the father 
of fifty daughters, who, all but one, at the 
command of their father, slew their husbands 
direetly after marriage. For this crime they 
were condemned to draw water with vessels 
without any bottoms. 

DAN'I-EL; a Hebrew prophet 7th century B. C. 

DAN'TE, ALIGHIERI; Italian, author of “In¬ 
ferno;” 1265-1321. 

DANT'ZIG; seaport in N. E. Ger.,pop. 140,539. 

DAN'UBE; second largest river in Europe; 
2,000 miles. 

DARDANELLES or HELLESPONT; a strait 
connecting the Aegean and Marmora Seas. 

DA'RIEN; a gulf and isthmus on N.W. of S.A. 

DARI'US; King of Persia, from 521 to 485 B.C. 

DARK AGES; up to about 500 A. D. 

DARK DAY; May 19, 1780, all over New Eng. 

DARK HORSE; one who may be a candidate. 

DAR'LING, GRACE; Eng. life saving heroine, 
1815-1842. 

DARWIN'IAN THEORY; theory of evolution as 
taught by Charles R. Darwin, 1809-82; that 
all life springs from that below it and attains 
a higher plane by gradual development. 

DA'TA; facts given. 

DAU'PHIN; the eldest son of a king of France. 

DAV'ENPORT, FANNY; actress, 1851-1898. 

DA'VID; King of Israel, 1085-1015 B. C. 

DA'VIS, JEFFERSON; b. 1808; Pres. S. C., 
1861-65; d. 1889. [N. A. 

DA'VIS’ STRAIT; between Greenland and Brit. 

DA'VY JONES’ LOCKER; the bottom of the 
sea. [1778-1829. 

DA'VY, SIR HUMPHREY; English chemist. 

DAYS: A Table of the Number of; from any 
day in one month to the same in any other: 


Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Mar. June.July. Aug. 8ep. Oot. N»t. Dee. 

Jan.865 81 69 90 120 161 181 212 243 273 804 334 

Feb.....334 365 28 69 89 120 150 181 212 242 273 303 

Mar...306 837 865 31 61 92 122 163 184 214 245 275 

Apr.276 306 334 365 30 61 91 122 153 183 214 244 

May.245 276 304 336 365 31 61 92 123 163 184 214 

June.214 245 273 304 834 365 30 61 92 122 153 183 

July.184 215 243 274 304 835 366 31 62 92 123 153 

Ang.153 184 212 243 273 804 834 865 31 61 92 122 

Bep..„.122 153 181 212 242 273 303 334 365 30 61 91 

Oot._. 92 123 151 182 912 243 278 804 335 365 81 61 

Nor_ 61 92 120 151 181 212 242 273 304 834 365 30 

Pee...- 31 62 91 121 161 182 218 243 274 304 336 866 


Example—To find the number of days from 
the 10th of May to the 10th of Oct. following: 
Find May in the first column, and then in a 
line with that under Oct. is 153 days. Use even 
days as above, and add or subtract for the odd 
days when wanted. In leap year add 1 day for 
February. 








D. D. 63 Delphi 

D.D.; Doctor of Divinity. [ing rod are in line. 
DEAD CENTER; when the crank and connect- 
DEAD SEA; 18 m. E. of Jerusalem, 350 sq. m. 
DEAD SEA APPLES; fair without, but dust 
within. [low sea level. 

DEATH VAL'LEY; in S. E. Cal.; 175 ft. be- 
DEC'ALOGUE; the Ten Commandments. 
DECAM'ERON (see Boccaccio.) 

DECA'TUR, S.; Commodore in U. S. Navy, 
1779-1820. 

DECEASE (death) must be distinguished from 
disease (illness). The error is often made in 
speaking of the “Diseased wife’s sister.” 
DECEM'BER; from DECEM, ten; for the Ro¬ 
mans (who began the year with March), this 
was the tenth month. 

DECOL'LETE; cut low in the neck. 
DEC'ORATION DAY; May 30th, excepting in 
Ala., Ark., Del., D. C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ky., 
Md., Miss., Mo., N. C., S. Dak., Tex., Va., 
W. Va. However, it begins to be the custom 
to decorate on that day the Confederate as 
well as the Federal tombs. [pline. 

DECRE'TALS; Papal decrees for church disci- 
DEER'FIELD, MASS; burned by Indians, 1704. 
DE FAC'TO: in point of fact. [another. 

DEFEA'SANCE; a writing or act which defeats 
DEFEND'ANT; the party prosecuted. 

DEFOE', D. E.; novelist, author of "Robinson 
Crusoe,” 1661-1731. 

DEI GRATIA; by the grace of God. [tures. 
DE'IST; a believer in God but not in the Scrip- 
DE'ITY; the Supreme Being. 

DE JURE; by law; by right. 

DELAGO'A BAY; on the S. E .coast of Africa. 
DELAWARE, DEL. Named in honor of Lord De La 
Ware. Nickname the “Diamond State” also the 
“Blue Hen State.” Area 2.380 sq. miles. Pop. 
202,322. One of the thirteen original States. 
Discovered in 1609 by Hudson. Settled by Hol¬ 
landers in 1629 and by Swedes in 1637. Re¬ 
claimed by the Dutch 1666. Conquered by the 
English in 1664. Famous for its fruits, manu¬ 
facturing and ship-building. Temperature 1 to 
98 degrees. Electoral vote 3- Dem. from 1876 
to 1892. ^Republican 1896 to 1908. Represen¬ 
tatives 1. Governor elected for 4 years. Salary 
$4,000. Capital, Dover. 

'DE LESSEPS; Fr. engineer, 1805-94; built Sue* 
Canal. Originator of the Panama Canal in 1881. 
He was arrested as a result of the scandal grow¬ 
ing out of the Canal Co., but was discharged. 
DELFT ; famous Dutch earthenware from Delft, 
Holland. 

DEL'HI; India; pop. 208,385; siege of, 1857. 
DELI'LAH; wife of Samson; Judges, xvL 4-8. 
DELIR'IUM TRE'MENS; a nervous disease 
caused by liquor drinking. 

DEL'PHI or DEL'PHOS; a town on Mount 
Parnassus, famous for its oracle, and for • 
temple of Apollo. 


Delta 64 Dewey 

DEL'TA; land between mouths of a river. 

DEL'UGE, THE GREAT. 2349 B.C.; Gen. vl.1V. 

DEM'AGOGUE; an unprincipled politician. 

DEMESNE; the homestead. 

DEMOC'RACY; a form of government by the 
people, also one of the two great American 
parties. [B. C. 

DEMOS'THENES; an Athenian orator, 384-322 

DEMUR'RER; a denial of plaintiff’s right to 
recover. 

DEN'MARK; in N. Europe; arealo,360sq. m.; 
pop.2,464.770; cap. Copenhagen; King, Chris¬ 
tian IX, b. 1818. 

DE NOVO; anew. 

DEN'TIFRICE; tooth powder or lotion. 

DEO VOLEN'TE; God willing (D. V.) 

DEPO'NENT; one who makes an affidavit. 

DE QUIN'CEY, THOMAS; English author, 1785- 
1859 (Opium Eater.) 

DERBY, LORD; Eng. statesman, 1826-93. 

DERBY, THE; a race for 3 year olds at Epsom, 
Eng.; pronounced “Darby.” Run on the last 
Wednesday in May. 

DERMATOL'OGY; science of treating the skin. 

DER'VISH; a Mohammedan monk. 

DESCARTES, R.; Fr. philosopher, 1596-1650. 

DESIDERA'TUM; a thing to be desired. 

DESOLATION ISLAND; most N. W. island of Tierra 
Del Fuego group. [Mis. 1541. 

DE SO'TO; Fr. discoverer, 1500-1542; of the 

DE TROP; in the way; not wanted. 

DEV'IL FISH; the octopus; having 8 long arms 

DEVIL’S DARNING NEEDLE; a harmless 
dragon-fly. 

DEV'IL’S ISLAND; a convict-station off the 
coast of French Guiana, where the ex-officer, 
Dreyfus, was imprisoned for treason (1895-99), 
hence the famous law-suit (1898-99). 

DEVO'NIAN; the age of fishes. 

DEW'EY, GEORGE; the hero of Manila Bay 
(May 1, 1898); appointed the 3rd Admiral of 
U. S. Navy, Mch. 1, 1899. 

DEWEY, Commission appointing Admiral George. 
William Mckinley, President of the United 
States of America. To All Who Shall See These 
Presents: Greeting: Know ye that reposing 
special trust and confidence in the patriotism, 
valor and fidelity and abilities of George 
Dewey I have nominated, and by and with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, do appoint him 
Admiral of the Navy from the second day of 
March, 1899, in the service of the United States. 
He is, therefore, carefully and diligently to dis¬ 
charge the duties of admiral by doing and per¬ 
forming all manner of duties thereto belonging. 
And I do strictly charge and require all officers, 
seamen and marines under his command to be 
obedient to his orders as admiral. And he is to 
observe and follow such orders and directions 
from time to time as he shall receive from me 
or the future President of the United States of 
America. > 

Given under my hand at Washington the sec- 


Dexter CD Discouat 

Ond day of March, in the year of our Lord one 
thousand eight hundred and ninety-nine, and in 
the one hundred and twenty-third year of the 
independence of the United States. 

By the President: William McKinley 

John D. Long, Secretary of the Navy. 

DEX'TER; the right-hand side. [starch. 

DEX'TRIN; a translucent gum made from 

DHOW; a sloop with lateen sail. 

DIABE'TES; a disease causing excessive dis¬ 
charge of urine, and superabundance of sugar 
in same. 

DIAGNOSE'; to ascertain the cause of a disease. 

DIAN'A (Myth.); goddess of hunting and of 
chastity; the sister of Apollo, and daughter of 
Jupiter and Latona; was honored as a celes¬ 
tial divinity (Luna); as a terrestrial (Diana) 
and in the infernal regions (Hecate). 

DIAPHORET'IC; promoting perspiration. 

DI'APHRAGM; a thin dividing muscle between 
stomach and intestines 

DIARRHOE'A; looseness of the bowels. 

DIATH'ESIS; predisposition to certain diseases. 

DIAZ, PORFIRIO; pres, of Mex. fot 6 terms 
(1900) ;b. 1830. 

DICK'ENS, CHAS.; Eng. novelist, 1812-70. 

DI'DO; daughter of Belus, King of Tyre; she 
bargained to buy a piece of land as large as 
could be encompassed by a bullock’s hide;; 
when the purchase was completed, she cut 
the hide into strips, thus securing a large 
tract of land. Here she built Carthage; and 
Virgil tells that when AEneas was ship¬ 
wrecked on the neighboring coast, she re¬ 
ceived him with every kindness, and at last 
fell in love with him. But AEnOas did not 
reciprocate her affections, and this so grieved 
her that she stabbed herself to death. 

DIEPPE; a seaport of N. W. Fr.; pop. 22,500. 

DIES IRAE; “day of wrath,’’ a famous church 
song. [motto of the British Crown. 

DIEU ET MON DROIT; God and my right. 

DIE WACHT AM RHEIN; Ger. national hymn. 

DI'GEST; a body of laws.* 

DIG'IT; any finger or figure from 0 to 9. [glove. 

DIGITA'LIS; poisonous drug made from fox- 

DIJON; French city S. E. of Paris, pop. 70,428. 

DILETTAN'TE; one who delights in the fine 
arts. [cutor of Christians, 245-313. 

DIOCLE'TIAN; a Roman emperor, great perse- 

DIODO'RUS; a Sicilian historian, 90-24 B. C. 

DIOG'ENES; Greek philosopher, ^12-323 B. C. 

DIOP'TRICS; the science of refracted light. 

DIPHTHE'RIA; grave disease resulting from a 
fungus growth in the throat. Cure. A serum 
from horse’s blood, called anti-toxin. [quor. 

DIPSOMA'NIA; uncontrollable craving for 11- 

DIR'IGO; “I lead”; motto of Maine. 

DIS'CO; an island in Davis’ Strait. 

DISCOUNT AND PRESENT WORTH; If the 
rate of interest be 8 per cent, $1 will be 
worth $1.08 at the end of the year; therefore, 
divide the amount by this, and the result 
3 


Dismal Swamp 66 Divorce Laws 

will be the present worth. Subtract the pres¬ 
ent worth from the given sum, and the result 
will be the discount. Example: Present 
worth of $100, due one year hence, at 8 per 
cent—$100—108—$92.60, present worth. $100— 
$92.60—$7.40 discount. Bank discount is reg¬ 
ular interest deducted in advance. [N. C. 
DIS'MAL SWAMP; a large morass in Va. and 
DISRAEL'I, BENJAMIN; English statesman; 

known later as Earl Beaconsfield, 1804-1881. 
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA; area 69 sq. m.; pop. 
961,069. Settled at Washingtou in 1663 by 
Englishmen. Present gavernment instituted in 
1878. Includes the city of Washington. Gov¬ 
erned by three commissioners. Temperature 14 
to 104 degrees. Railroads 29 m. 

DI'VES; the rich; Luke xvi, 20 [water 

DI'VING BELL; air-tight room for work under 
DIVIN'ING ROl); the witch hazel. 

DIVORCE LAWS of every State and Territory. 

The following table has been arranged so that a 
comparison can be made of the principal causes 
for divorce in all the States. Key; — o=Resi- 
dence. b=Violations of the marriage vows, c— 
Physical incapacity. d=Desertion for. e=Hab- 
itual drunkennesss. /= Felony. gr = Abusive 
treatment. h=Failure of husband to provide. 



a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

g 

h 

Alabama. 

i 

yr. 

b 

c 

2 

yr. 

e 

f 

rr 


Arizona. 

i 

a 

b 

c 

2 

u 

e 

f 

g 

2 yr. 

Arkansas. 

i 

< ( 

b 

c 

i 

ii 

e 

f 

cr 


California. 

i 

a 

b 


i 

a 

e 

f 

g 


Colorado. 

i 

a 

b 

c 

i 

a 

e 

f 

g 

1 yr. 

Connecticut. 

3 

< < 

b 


3 

•• 

e 

f 

g 

7 

Delaware . 



b 

c 

3 

•t 

e 

f 

CT 

3 “ 

Dist. of Columbia 

2 

yr. 

b 

c 

2 

a 


f 

g 

Florida. 

2 

ti 

b 

c 

1 

tt 

e 


cr 


Georgia. 

1 

ti 

b 

c 

3 

a 

e 

f 

g 


Idaho . 

6 

mo. 

b 

, , 

1 

• < 

e 

f 

g 

1 yr. 

Illinois.. 

1 

yr. 

b 

c 

2 

t i 

e 

f 

Cr 


Indiana. 

2 

«< 

b 

c 

2 

i • 

e 

f 

g 

2 yr. 

Iowa. 

1 

• r 

b 

c 

2 

a 

e 

f 

g 


Kansas. 

1 

• « 

b 


2 

i i 

e 

f 

cr 


Kentucky. 

1 

a 

b 

c 

1 

it 

e 

f 

cr 


Louisiana. 



b 


5 

a 

e 

f 

h 

Maine. 

1 

yr. 

b 

c 

3 

i i 

e 

f 

g 


Maryland.. 

2 

ti 

b 

c 

3 

a 



cr 


Massachusetts.... 

3 

ii 

b 

c 

3 

a 

e 

f 

g 

h 

Michigan. 

1 

tt 

b 

c 

2 

a 

e 

f 

g 

h 

Minnesota. 

1 

a 

b 

c 

1 

i t 

e 

f 

Cr 


Mississippi . . 

1 

a 

b 

c 

2 

ti 

e 

f 

g 


Missouri . 

1 

a 

b 

c 

1 

ii 

e 

f 

cr 


Montana. 

1 

a 

b 

c 

1 

ii 

e 

f 

g 


Nebraska . 

6 

mo. 

b 

. . 

2 

ii 

e 

f 

g 

2 yr. 

Nevada . 

6 

.< 

b 

c 

1 

i • 

e 

f 

g 

1 “ 

New Hampshire.. 

1 

yr. 

b 

c 

3 

. ‘ ‘ 

e 

f 

g 

3 “ 

New Jersey. 

2 

it 

b 

c 

2 

a 



Cr 


New Mexico. 

1 

,i 

b 

c 

1 

a 

e 

f 

g 

h 

New York. 

1 

it 

b 






Cr 


North Carolina... 

2 

it 

b 

c 

...... 


f 

g 

. 


































































Divorce 


67 


Domain 



a 

b 

c 

d 

e 

/ 

g 

h 

North Dakota.... 

1 

yr. 

b 

c 

1 yr. 

e 

f 

g 


Ohio. 

1 

it 

b 

c 

3 

it 

e 

f 

l r 


Oklahoma . 

1 

mi 

b 

c 

1 

ti 

e 

f 

e 


Oregon. 

1 

it 

b 

c 

1 

im 

e 

f 

fr 


Pennsylvania .... 

1 

a 

b 

c 

2 

H 

e 

f 

g 


Rhode Island. ... 

1 

• t 

b 

c 

5 

it 

e 

f 

g 

h 

South Carolina... 



b 

c 





sr 


South Dakota .... 

6 

mo. 

b 

c 

1 

1 • 

e 

f 

g 


Tennessee. 

2 yr. 

b 

c 

2 

it 

e 

f 

g 


Texas . 

1 

< i 

b 


3 

i i 

e 

f 

g 

.... 

Utah. 

1 

mi 

b 

c 

1 

it 

e 

f 

g 

h 

Vermont . 

2 

it 

b 


3 

it 


f 

g 

h 

Virginia. 

1 

a 

b 

c 

3 

it) 


f 


Washington. 

1 

it 

b 

c 

1 

it 

e 

f 

g 

h 

West Virginia_ 

1 

it 

b 

c 

3 

it 

e 

f 

g 


Wisconsin. 

I 

a 

b 

c 

3 

ii 

e 

f 

g 

h 

Wyoming ...... 

1 

u 

b 

c 

1 

it 

e 

f 

g 

1 yr. 

Alaska . 

6 

mo. 

b 

c 

1 

mi 

e 

f 

g 

. • • . 

Hawaii. 

2 

yr. 

b 

# . 

3 

ii 

. 

. . 


. 

Philippines. 



b 






g 


Porto Rico. 



b 







Consanguinity,infidelity are causes for divorce 
in all states. Insanity in all, but Colorado, Con¬ 
necticut, Texas and in Indian Territory, unless 
incurable. Remarriage is permitted in all states, 
but Georgia and Dist. of Columbia, the latter 
allowing marriage to innocent party only. 


DOMAIN, VACANT LANDS OF PUBLIC—Acres. 

State or Area Area 

Territory. unappropriated. reserved. 

Alabama. 258,420 52,020 

Alaska.:.367,983,506 120,174 

Arizona. 47,003,821 20,159,837 

Arkansas. 2,759,553 2,560 

California. 36,965,530 19,718,027 

Colorado. 37,926,616 5,486,643 

Florida. 1,339,267 19,259 

Idaho. 41,785,780 1,334,031 

Indian Territory. 19,658,880 

Kansas. 1,047,831 987,875 

Louisiana. 174,982 1,468,434 

Michigan. 365,065 120,695 

Minnesota. 5,168,685 2,686,355 

Mississippi.......... 112,720 . 

Missouri.... 227,158 . 

Montana. 57,885,663 17,384,134 

Nebraska. 8,848,906 606,611 

Nevada. 61,277,908 5,983,409 

New Mexico. 53,772,359 6,606,759 

North Dakota. 13,197,339 3,325,490 

Oklahoma. 3,091,333 3,762,462 

Oregon. 23,105,816 12,801,800 

South Dakota. 10,905,154 12,722,374 

Utah. 41,369,561 6,187,645 

Washington. 9,485,192 11,865.205 

Wisconsin .. 113,001 . 432,524 

Wyoming. 37,118,869 15,790,840 


863 , 290,035 169 . 284,043 









































































, Domain (58 Don’ts 

DOMAIN—INDIAN LANDS. 'Acres. 

Cherokee. 519 

Klamath Indian reserve. 723 

Southern Ute. 16,487 

Ute. 48,630 

Osage trust and reserve. 14,082 

Kansas trust and reserve. 301 

Chippewa. 2,383 

Flathead. 160 

Omaha. 1,120 

Umatilla...,. 80,543 

Sioux. 81 

Uinta and White River Ute. 176 

Colville Indian reserve. 8,162 


DIX, J.; Amer. gen. and statesman, 1798-1879. 

DIX'IE; name given the Southern States. 

DNIE'PER; river in Russia, 1200 m. long. 

DOCTOR JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE; -duplex 
hero of R. L. Stevenson’s novel. 

DOE, JOHN; a legal fiction (see ROE). 

DOG DAYS; from July 3 to August 12. 

DOGE; an ancient ruler of Venice. [heavens. 

DOG STAR; Sir'ius, the brightest star in the 

DOLCE FAR NIENTE; sweet idleness. 

DOLLAR MARK, ORIGIN OF THE; until after 
the beginning of the present century, the 
most extensively used coin in this country 
was the Spanish piece of eight (called by 
Germans, English and Americans the dollar, 
or thaler), and of the value of eight reals, a 
real being about the value of 12Ms cents. In 
most of the coins the obverse bore a large 
figure 8 in bold relief, and on each side a 
column, representing the pillars of Hercules, 
as the Rock of Gibraltar, and thfi opposite 
headland, were formerly called. In many of 
the later coins the pillars were placed within 
the curves of the figure which gave the de¬ 
sign the appearance of a monogram. It be¬ 
came customary in writing the figures which 
designate sums of money to place after them 
the mark denoting the value in pieces of 
eight; and late in the last century, for con¬ 
venience, the dollar mark was placed in 
front of the figures. 

DOL'LINGER, J. J.; German, old school Cath¬ 
olic, 1799-1890. [1215. 

DOMIN'ICANS; a R. C. order of friars, estab. 

DON; Spanish title; a Russian river. 

DON CAR'LOS; Spanish pretender, b. 1848; 
succeeded another Don Carlos, also a pre¬ 
tender. 

DON'GOLA; a Nile province and town. 

DON’TS; Don’t forget to keep to the right, 
whether riding or walking. Don’t elbow 
people, or if you do it unwillingly, excuse 
yourself. Don’t stare at people or laugh at 
their peculiarities. Don’t allow a lady you 
escort to carry a package. Don’t carry your 
cane or umbrella so as to render it danger¬ 
ous. Don’t smoke whenever and wherever it 















Don’ts 69 Don’ts 

tray inconvenience ladies. Don’t expectorate 
on the sidewalk or in street cars; go to the 
gutter. Don’t give your arm, in the day¬ 
time, to a lady who is not your mother, wife 
or sister, or an elderly or invalid lady. 
Don’t bow to a lady before she recognizes 
you herself by a smile or bow. Don’t salute 
a lady with a gesture of the hand, but by 
taking off your hat. Don’t apologize when 
you shake hands with your glove on. Don’t 
forget to render all necessary services to 
ladies in need of them. Don’t presume upon 
a service thus rendered to force your ac¬ 
quaintance. Don’t be in haste to introduce; 
find out first if it’s mutually agreeable. 
Don’t rush for a seat in a car or theater, 
against every law of politeness. Don’t oc¬ 
cupy more space in a car than you are en¬ 
titled to. Don’t talk at a theater or con¬ 
cert while the performance is going on. 
Don’t leave a public performance, except 
between the acts or when it is over. Don’t 
take two ladies upon your arms, except for 
their protection. 

Don’t wear your overcoat or overshoes, or 
take your umbrella, into the parlor. Don’t 
stare around the room. Don’t ask questions 
about the price of the furniture. Don’t offer 
to shake hands with a lady; the offer must 
come from her. Don’t handle, unasked, the 
bric-a-brac about the room. Don’t be in a 
hurry to get to a seat. Don’t fail to rise 
whenever a lady enters the room. Don’t be 
distant; don’t be effusive; be cordial. Don’t 
stretch yourself anywhere except in your 
own apartment. Don’t be fidgeting or bal¬ 
ancing upon your chair. Don’t introduce 
ladies to gentlemen, but gentlemen to ladies. 
Don’t play or sing unless bidden by your 
hostess. Don’t be always touching people 
when addressing them. Don’t talk in a loud, 
boisterous voice. Don’t speak to any one 
across the room. Don’t whisper in company. 
Don’t boast of the big people you know to 
people who don’t know them. Don’t make 
fun of any one except in the mildest form; 
better avoid it altogether. Don’t tell stories 
of a doubtful character. Don’t interrupt; 
don’t contradict; don’t be quarrelsome. 
Don’t tell long stories, even when asked to; 
avoid “chestnuts.” Don’t be inattentive 
when other people are talking. Don’t 
moisten your thumb when dealing cards. 
Don’t be noisy, either as a winner or as 
a losgr. Don’t read a book or even a news¬ 
paper in company. Don’t keep looking at 
your watch, as if bored. Don’t pretend to 
go and then stay; avoid prolonged good-byes. 
Don’t stay too long anvwhere. 

Don’t keep other people waiting; be there 
in time. Don't lie back in your chair or 
place your elbows on the table. Don’t seat 


Don’ts 70 Doomsday 

yourself until all the ladies are seated. 
Don’t sit sideways, but straight to the table. 
Don’t use your napkin as a bib; let it fall 
across your lap. Don’t bend your head for 
each mouthful. Sit erect. Don’t cut your 
bread; break it off. Don’t use your knife 
to carry food to your mouth. Don’t use your 
fork as if it were a pitchfork. Don’t intro¬ 
duce your spoon point first—but sideways— 
into your mouth. Don’t make any noise 
with your mouth when eating. Don’t speak 
with your mouth full or even half full. 
Don’t begin a sentence before you have fin¬ 
ished swallowing. Don’t use slangy words; 
they are vulgar. Don’t use profane words; 
they are sinful. IJon’t drink a glassful at 
one gulp. Don’t bring your glass higher 
than your lips; then incline it gradually. 
Don’t have your elbows away from your body 
when eating or drinking. Don’t ever spit 
a bone or other substance upon your plate 
or the floor. Don’t use anything but your 
fork to bring or take away any solid food. 
Don’t wipe your face with your napkin; it 
is for the lips and beard only. Don’t forget 
to see that all the ladies are served before 
you. Don’t neglect the ladles to your right 
and left. Don’t look worried if any small 
accident should happen. Don’t use tooth¬ 
picks, except behind your hand and spar¬ 
ingly. Don’t leave your fork and knife on 
your plate when sent for a second supply. 
Don’t pile up all the side-dishes upon your 
plate when it is to be removed. Don’t come 
to the table half dressed, half washed, half 
combed. Don’t overeat. Don’t leave the 
table before the others. 

Don’t let one day pass without a thorough 
cleansing of your person. Don’t sit t* your 
evening meal before a complete i*ilet. 
Don’t cleanse your nails, your nos»j your 
ears in public. Don’t use hair dye, hair oil 
or pomades. Don’t wear evening dress in 
the daytime. Don’t wear jewelry of a gaudy 
character, or not genuine. Don’t overdress 
yourself or walk affectedly. Don’t wear slip¬ 
pers or dressing-gown or smoking-jacket out 
of your own room. Don’t sink your hands 
in your trousers’ pockets. Don’t whistle in 
public places, nor inside houses either. Don’t 
use your fingers or fists to beat a tattoo upon 
floor, desk or window panes. Don’t bring a 
smell of spirits or tobacco into the presence 
of ladies. Don’t chew; or, if you must 
chew, expectorate discreetly. Don’t drink 
spirits; or, if you must drink, don’t do it 
during business hours. Don’t examine other 
people’s papers or letters scattered on their 
desks. ' 

DON JU’AN; a mythical hero. [1086. 

DOOMSDAY BOOK of Eng. Land-records 


^ Don Quixote 71 Dreyfus 

DON QUIXOTE; a Spanish tale, by Cervantes. 
DONNYBROOK; a parish and village of Ireland. 
DORE, GUSTAVE; French artist, 1833-83. 
DORR’S REBELLION; for right of suffrage, in 
R. I.. 1842. 

DOUBLE ENTENTE; of two meanings. 
DOUG'LASS, FRED; a colored orator, 1817-95. 
DOUG'LAS, STEPHEN A.; American politi¬ 
cian; candidate against Lincoln for president 
(1860), 1813-61. [of milk. 

DO'VER’S POW'DERS; ipecac, opium, sugar 
DOW, NEAL; Amer. temp, reformer, 1804-1898. 
DRACH'MA; a Greek coin worth 19c. [B. C. 

DRA'CO; an Athenian lawgiver, 7th century 
DRAFTS, Commercial and Bank. 


.! 

s 

/f 



ti 



A TEN-DAY DRAFT. 



AN ACCEPTED- DRAFT. 


DRAG'OMAN; an interpreter in the Embassies 
in the East, 

DRAGONADE'; quartering soldiers in protest- 
ant homes during the persecutions under 
Louis XIV. and XV. of France. [1596. 

DRAKE, SIR F.; famous Eng. admiral, 1540- 

DRAM'ATIS PERSO'NAE; persons in a play. 

DRED SCOTT DECISION; by Chief Justice 
Tanqy in 1857, that a slave was a slave any¬ 
where in the U. S. 

DREI'BUND; a political contract between three 
countries; the triple alliance (1873-99) be¬ 
tween Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy 

9 (yn intit Prancp 

DREYFUS CASE, CHRONOLOGY OF THE. 
1894. Oct. 15—Captain Alfred Dreyfus of the 
Fr. artillery is accused of treason and ar¬ 
rested. Dec. 5—The formal charge against 
him is drawn. Dec. 19—His trial commences. 

1895. Jam. 5—He is degraded. Feb. 9— 
Dreyfus ordered sent to Devil’s Island. June 























Drill 72 Dyeing 


1—Picquart becomes head of intelligence de¬ 
partment. feept. 1—Pioquart accuses Ester- 
hazy. 

1896. May 1—The petit bleu is discovered. 
July 1—Esterhazy is again accused. Nov. 1— 
Colonel Henry forges evidence against Drey¬ 
fus. Nov. 16—Picquart sent to the Tunis 
army corps. 

1897. Nov. 15—Mathieu Dreyfus denounces 
Esterhazy. Nov. 25—Picquart returns to 
Paris. 

1898—Jan. 2—Esterhazy is ordered court- 
martialed. Jan. 11—Esterhazy acquitted. 
Jan. 12—Picquart is arrested. Jan. 13—Zola 
accuses Esterhazy. Feb. 11—First trial of 
Zola. Feb. 24—Picquart expelled from army. 
Aug. 30—Colonel Henry confesses his forgery. 
Aug. 31—Henry kills himself. Sept. 9—Ester¬ 
hazy flees from France. Oct. 28—CiTurt of 
Cassation begins revision of evidence against 
Dreyfus. 


1899. June 3—New trial ordered for Drey¬ 
fus. Aug. 7—New trial commences. Aug. 
14—Labori, Dreyfus’ counsel, shot; recovers 
promptly. Aug. 17—Picquart testifies for 
Dreyfus. Aug. 25—Bertillon testifies. Sept. 
6—Labori calls for foreign officers to testify; 
they decline. Sept. 8—Demange closes for 
the defense. Sept. 9—Dreyfus is found guilty. 
Sent, to 10 yrs. prison. Sept. 19—Pardoned. 
DRILL HARD CAST IRON, TO: Heat red- 
hot and put brimstone on the spot to be 

[in sealing wax. 

DRILLS, TO TEMPER SMALL: Heat and cool 
DRU'IDS; an ancient order of priests in Gaul. 
DRUMHEAD COURT MARTIAL; to try a sol¬ 
dier on the spot. 

DRY'DEN. John; English ppet, 1631-1700. 

DRY TORTU'GAS; islands S. E. of Florida. 
DUB'LIN; cap. of Ireland, pop. 373,179. 

£ l J C£ AILLU > PAUL; Amer. explorer, 1835-1904. 
DUDE; a foppish fellow. [1826. 

)UER'ER, ALBRECHT; Ger. painter, 1471-1528* 
DU'MAS, ALEX.; French novelist, 1803-70, (The 
Three Guardsmen}. 

DUMAS, FILS ALEXANDRE; son of the pre¬ 
ceding; famous Fr. playright; author of 
“Camille,” 1824-95. 

DU MAURIER, G.; Anglo-French artist and 
novelist, b. 1834-1896 (Trilby). [ we live 

DUM VI'VIMUS VTVA'MUS; let us live while 
DUNDEE'; a city of E. Scotland, pop. 100,871 
d Y 6 n ED' in ; a city of S. E. New Zealand, pop. 


DUN'KERS; a religious sect, estab. 1708. 
DUS'SELDORF; Ger. city on the Rhine; pop. 

213,767 [Mass., in 1697. 

DUS'TIN, HANNAH; the heroine of Haverhill 
DYEING (coloring) and DYING (about to die) 
are pronounced alike, but the spelling must 


Dynamite 73 Eczema 

be attended to. [earth. 

DY'NAMITE; nitro glycerine and Infusorial 
DY'NAMITE GUN; Invented by Capt. Zallnskl, 
1884. 

DY'NAMO; an electric generator. [power. 

DYNAMOM'ETER; instrument for measuring 
DYSPEP'SIA; indigestion. Cure:* Tinct. nux 
vomica, 2 dr.; tinct. Colombo, 1 oz.; tinct. 
gentian, 3 oz. Dose: teaspoonful before 
meals, in water. 

E 

EADS, CAPT. J. C.; Amer. engineer, b. 1820, d. 
1887. Constructed famons East Bridge across 
Mississippi at St. Louis. 

EARLY', Jubal; Confederate General, 1816-94. 
EARTH, DIMENSIONS OF THE. 

Equatorial diameter.Miles, 7,925.®04 

Polar diameter . “ 7,899.114 

Circumference on Equator. “ 24,899. 02 S 

Surface in square miles.196,900,143.°O0 

Volume in cubic miles.259.400,000,000.00° 

Specific gravity.5.<• 

Weight in tons.. .6,000,000.000 000,000.000,000 
EAST INDIA TRADING COMPANY; 1600-1858; 

was the ruling power in India for that period. 
EAST INDIES; the Southern point of Asia. 
EAU DE VIE; brandy. 

EBULLI'TION; bubbling up or over. 

ECARTE; a French game of cards for two. 
ECCE HOMO; Behold the Man. [tics). 

ECH'ELONS; in the form of steps (military tac- 
ECH'O (Myth.); a nymph who fell in love with 
Narcissus; when he died, she pined away 
from grief and died also, preserving nothing 
but her voice, which repeats every sound that 
reaches her. 

ECLIPSE'; a body passing between the sun or 
moon and the observer. The most remark¬ 
able eclipses of the sun observed: At Sardis, 
and predicted by Thales, 585 before Christ. 
At Athens, 424 before Christ. At Rome, 
caused a total darkness at noonday, A. D. 
291. At Constantinople, 968. In France, June 
29, 1033, dark at noonday. In England, 

March 21, 1140, occasioned a total darkness. 
Another on the 22d of June, 1191, entire dark¬ 
ness and the stars very visible at ten in the 
morning. In the same year, the true sun, 
and the appearance of another, so that astron¬ 
omers alone could distinguish the difference 
by their glasses. Another in 1331. A total 
eclipse of the sun in England, when the dark¬ 
ness was so great that the stars faintly ap¬ 
peared, and the birds went to roost in the 
morning about ten, April 22, 1715. 

ECRU'; color of unbleached linen or silk. 
ECUADOR'; a republic in N. W. of S. Amer¬ 
ica; areall6,000 sq. m.; pop.l,205,600; cap. 
Quito. 

ECUMENICAL; a Papal church council. 
EC'ZEMA; a scaly eruption. Cure: Oil of 
cade, 1 dr.; oxide of zinc, 1 dr.; vaseline, 1 
oz. Annly twice a day. 








Eddystone 74 Electric Motor 

ED'DYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE; in the Eng. 
Channel. 

ED' FOO; an ancient city of Upper Egypt. 

EDGEWATER; a city of N. Y.; pop. 14,265. 

E'DICT OF NANTES; issued 1598 by Henry IV. 
protecting Protestants in France; revoked by 
Louis XIV., 1685, causing the exile of many 
wealthy and influential Protestants. 

EDINBURGH; cap. of Scotland; pop. 316,479 

ED'ISON, THOMAS A.; inventor and electri¬ 
cian, b. 1847. [1828. 

ED'MUNDS, G. A.; American statesman, b. 

EDWARDS FERRY, VA.; Battle of; Oct. 15, 
1861. 

EFFEN'DI; a Turkish title of respect. 

EGE'RIA (Myth.); a nymph who is said to 
have suggested to King Numa of Rome all his 
wise laws. She became his wife, and at his 
death was so disconsolate, and shed so many 
tears, that Diana changed her into a fountain. 

EGGS; To preserve: To each pail of water add 
1 pt. of fresh-slacked lime and 1 pt. of com¬ 
mon salt. 

E'GO; usually one’s conscious self. 

EGIPANS (Myth.); rural deities inhabiting 
forests and mountains, the upper half of the 
body being that of a man and the lower half 
that of a goat. 

EGYPT; in Northern Africa; tributary to Tur¬ 
key; area 400,000 sq. m.; pop.9,734,405; 13,000 
sq. m. along the Nile, contains nearly all the 
settlements and arable land; cap. Cairo 
Ruler, Abbas II, b. 1874. 

E. I.; East Indies. 

EIDER DOWN; soft under-feathers of sea duck. 

EIFFEL TOWER; Paris, 1889, highest ever 
built, 984 ft. 

EISTEDDFOD; Welch musical festival. 

EITHER. "Either are at liberty to claim it" 
should be "Either is at liberty to claim it." 
"Either she or they is in error" is should be 
are. "Either he or I is willing to go" is 
should be am. "Either he or thou has done 
this" has should be hast. "Either James 
or I has been there" has should be have. 
"Either he or thou is to prepare for the Jour¬ 
ney" is should be art. 

E'LAND; a large S. African antelope. 

EL'BA; an island between Corsica and Italy, 
where Napoleon spent a few months as 
prince—but in reality in exile (1814-15). 

EL DORA'DO; any place of fabulous wealth. 

ELECT'ORAL COLLEGE; Presidential electors. 

ELECT'ORAL COMMISSION; Hayes-Tilden 
contest 1877. [Davy, 1813. 

ELEC'TRIC LIGHT (arc); by Sir Humphrey 

ELEC'TRIC LIGHT (incandescent); by Edison, 
1879. 

ELEC'TRIC MOTOR, THE SMALLEST. It was 
built by D. Goodin, a watchmaker of Mc¬ 
Kinney, Tex., and moves with all the regu¬ 
larity of a, big machine, and yet is so small 
that Its owner wears It as a sc&rfpin. It does 


Electoral 75 Eminent Domain 

not cover a silver dime, and weighs only 9-10 
of an ounce. The armature is about the size 
of a small slate pencil. The front of the 
motor is of gold, highly polished, and the 
commutator segments are also of the same 
metal, so that viewed from a little distance 
the scarfpin has the appearance of a very val¬ 
uable and rather curiously designed pin. The 
first thing to attract the attention is the 
buzzing of the machine, which by means of 
a current obtained from a small chloride of 
silver battery carried in the vest pocket, is 
kept in operation at a high rate of speed, 
and with a noise like a small nest of hornets. 
The field magnets of the little motor are 
made of two thicknesses of No. 22 sheet iron 
scraped down and polished. These are held 
together with gold screws and wound with 
No. 26 silk-covered wire. The armature is of 
the four-pole type and is wound with No. 36 
wire. The little brushes are of marvelous 
thinness, having been constructed of copper, 
hammered down with much patience and 
care. There is a small gold switch on a black 
rubber base, made with a pin, to be worn on 
the lapel of the vest. 

ELECTORAL COLLEGE; based on 1910 census: 


Alabama. 

.... 12 

Nevada. 


Arizona. 

.... 3 

New Hampshire. 

.... 4 

Arkansas. 


New Jersey. 


California. 

.... 13 

New Mexico... . 

.... 3 

Colorado.. 

.... 6 

New York. 


Connecticut.... 


North Carolina . 

.... 12 

Delaware. 

... 3 

North Dakota... 


Florida. 

... 6 

Ohio. 


Georgi a. 

.... 14 

Oklahoma.. 

.... 10 

Idaho. 


Oregon. 

.... 5 

Illinois. 

.... 29 

Pennsylvania.. . 

... 38 

Indiana. 

.... 15 

Rhode Island... 

.... 5 

Iowa. 

.... 13 

South Carolina . 

.... 9 

Kansas. 

.... 10 

South Dakota .. 

.... 6 

Kentucky. 

.. . 13 

Tennessee. 

.... 12 

Louisiana. 

.... 10 

Texas. ... 


Maine. 

.... 6 

Utah. 


Maryland. 

.... 8 

Vermont. 

.... 4 

Massachusetts. 

... 18 

Virginia ....... 

.... 12 

Michigan. 

.... 15 

W ashington. 

... 7 

Minnesota. 

... 12 

West Virginia. . 

.... 8 

Mississippi..,.. 

.... 10 

Wisconsin . 

.... 13 

Missouri. 

.... 18 

Wyoming. 

... 3 

Montana. 

... 4 


— 

Nebraska. 

.... 8 

Total . 

...531 


Necessary to a choice, 266 

ELEC'TRODES; the positive and negative 
plates of a battery. [electricity. 

ELECTROLY'SIS; dissolving substances by 

ELEC'TRO-PLATING; depositing metals elec¬ 
trically. 

EM'INENT DOMAIN', THE RIGHT OP; the 
taking possession by the State for public use; 
br payment. 
















































Emin Pasha 76 Ericsson 


EM'IN PA'SHA'; Dr. Schnitzer, Austrian ex¬ 
plorer in the service of the Egyptian Khe¬ 
dive, b. 1840; killed 1892. 

E'MIR; governor of an Arabian province. [1803. 

BM'MET, ROBERT; Irish revolutionist, 1778- 

EM'PHASIS. It may entirely change the mean¬ 
ing of a sentence, as the following example 
will show. It should be read four times, and 
the emphasis put upon the word between quo¬ 
tations: “God” shall bless us, God “shall” 
bless us, God shall “bless” us, God shall 
bless “us.” 

E'MU; an Australian ostrich. 

ENCYC'LICAL; a Papal circular letter. 

ENCYC. BRIT.; Encyclopedia Britannica. 

ENG’LAND, IRELAND, SCOTLAND AND WALES; 
known as United Kingdom; area 120,979 sq. m.; 
pop, 41,605,323. King (and Emperor of India) 
Edward VII; b. Nov. 9,1841; succeeded Victoria 
Jan. 22, 1901; cap. London. 

ENJOY'. “She enjoys very bad health” should 
be “She has very bad health,” or “She is in 
a bad state of health.” 

EN MASSE; as a whole. 

ENNUI; weariness at being bored. 

EN PASSANT; in passing; by the way. 

EN RAPPORT; in harmony or accord. 

EN REGLE; in ship-shape; all correct. 

EN ROUTE'; on the voyage. 

EN'SILAGE; to preserve green fodder in a silo. 

EN SUITE; connecting; adjoining. [salable. 

ENTAIL'; descending to next of kin, but not 

ENTENTE CORDIALE; a friendly feeling. 

ENTERI'TIS; inflammation of the bowels. 

ENTOMOL'OGY; the science of insects. 

ENTRE-NOUS; between ourselves. 

ENTREPOT; a store-house for goods. 

ENTRESOL'; the Mezzanine floor. 

EPH'ESUS; an ancient city of Asia Minor. 

EP'ICURE; one who delights in good living. 

EPIDER'MIS; the outer skin. 

EP'IGRAM; a short, sharp saying. 

EP'ILEPSY; a disease of the brain. Remedy: 
10 to 20 grains of borax 3 times a day in 
water. 


EPIPH'ANY; a church festival on Jan 6. 

EPITOME; a brief outline, a resume. 

EPIZOOT'IC; influenza in animals. [U.S. motto 

E PLU'RIBUS UNUM; one composed of many; 

EP'WORTH LEAGUE; a Methodist society for 
young people; founded 1889; membership in 
1900, 2,000,000. 

E'QUINOX; about March 21 and Sept. 23. 

ERA'SER for Ink: Mix thoroughly equal parts 
of alum, amber, sulphur and salt; filter and 
keep well corked; use a small brush in apply¬ 
ing, and the ink will disappear at once. 

ERAS'MUS; a Dutch philosopher, 1465-1536. 

ER'GO; therefore; consequently. 

ER'GOT; a poisonous fungus on rye and wheat. 

ER'ICSSON, J.; Swedish-Americau engineer. 
1803-89. 


Erie Canal 77 Europe 

E'RIE CANAL; 381 m. long; cost $52,540,800; 
connects Lake Erie with the Hudson River. 

E'RIE, LAKE; between U. S. and Canada; area 
6,000 sq. m.; Battle of. Sept. 10, 1813; Ameri¬ 
cans victorious over the English. 

E'ROS (Myth.); Cupid, the Greek god of Love. 

ERRA'TA; mistakes in writing or printing. 

ERYSIP'ELAS; an inflammation of the skin. 
Remedy: 15 drops, in water, mur. tinct. iron, 
every 4 hours. [of ownership. 

ESCHEAT'; falling to the State through lack 

ES'eROW, IN; a deed, etc., held conditionally 
by a third party. 

ESCU'RIAL; a palace and mausoleum for kings 
of Spain, 25 m. N. W. of Madrid; cost $15,- 
000,000. 

ES'KIMO; a native of the Arctic region. 

ESPLANADE'; open level space near public 
buildings; famous E. in front of Palace of the 
Invalids, in Paris, included in grounds of 
Paris Exposition of 1900. [863. 

ES'SEN; a city of Rhenish Prussia; pop. 118,- 
The seat of Krupp’s famous gun works. 

ESSEN'TIAL OIL; that obtained from the dis¬ 
tillation of plants. 

ESTOP'PEL; a plea in bar, by a man’s own 
act, to prevent him from further action. 

ES'TUARY; mouth of a river; an arm of the sea. 

E'THER: an anaesthetic, first used in 1846, by 
Dr. W. T. G. Morton, a Boston dentist. 

ETH’ICAL; treating of or belonging to morals. 

ETHNOL'OGY; see Anthropology. 

ET'IQUETTE; forms required by good breeding. 

ET'NA; a volcano in Sicily (still alive), be¬ 
neath which, according to Virgil, there was 
buried the giant Typhon, who breathes forth 
devouring flames. 

ET TU, BRUTE; “and thou, too, Brutus," the 
last words of Caesar to his chief murderer 
and protege. [tree. 

EUCALYP'TUS; an Australian medicinal gum 

EU'CHARIST; the Lord’s Supper; the sacra¬ 
ment. 


EU'CLID; a Greek mathematician, 320-260 B. C. 

EUGENIE, EMPRESS; wife of Napoleon III., b. 
1826; married 1853. [miles. 

EUPHRA'TES; largest river of W. Asia, 1,800 

EURE'KA; “I have found it,” word of the 
Sicilian engineer Archimedes. 

EURIP'IDES; a Greek dramatist, 480-406 B. C. 

EU'ROPE; smallest of the five continents; area 
3,800,000 sq. m. Its total population in round 
figures’400,000,000, a gain of 20,000,000 over 
that computed in 1890. 

Population, 1903. Per sq. m. 

Austria. 26.150,710 226 

Hungary. 19,254,560 154 

Belgium. 6,693,550 . 588 

Bulgaria. 3,744,280 98 

Denmark. 2,464,770 160 

France. 38,961,950 188 








Kur. Languages 78 Evarts 



Population, 1903. Per 80 . nu 

Germany .. 


56,367,180 

270 

Greece...... 


2,466,900 

07 

Italy.. 


32.961,000 

298 

Netherlands. 

5,347,200 

422 

Portugal... 


5,423,130 

153 

Roumania . 


5,912,520 

116 

Russia. 

.106,264,166 

51 

Servia . 


2,579,840 

138 

Spain. 

I 

18,618,100 

97 

Sweden. 


5,198.750 

60 

Norway. 


2,240,060 

18 

Switzerland 


3,315,440 

207 

Turkey .... 


6,130,200 

93 

United Kingdom. 

31,961,200 

346 

EUROPEAN BIRTH OR DESCENT, Population of 

in the United States. 



Austrian. 

276,702 

Italian. 

.. 483,703 

Belgian. 

29,848 

Luxemburg 

3,042 

Bohemian .... 

156,999 

Norwegian. 

... 338,426 

Danish . 

154,616 

Polish. 


English. 

846,491 

Portugal.. 

.. 37,144 

Europe* . 

2.272 

Roumania 

.. 15,043 

Finland. 

63,440 

Russian... 

... 424,372 

French. 

104,564 

Scotch. 

... 234,699 

German. 

2,669,164 

Spain. 


Greece. 

8,655 

Swedish... 


Hungarian.... 

145,815 

Swiss. 


Holland. 

105.098 

Turkey... 

9,949 

Irish. 

1,619,469 

Welsh. 


*Not otherwise specified. 


EUROPEAN RULERS. 


Ac- 

Country. 

Ruler. 

Bom. ceded. 

Austria-Hungary. .Franz Josef. 

1830—1848 

Belgium. 


1835-1865 

Bulgaria. 


1861—1887 

Denmark. 


1818-1863 

France. 


1868 1899 

German Empire...William II. 

1859—1888 

Great Britain. 


1841 1901 

Greece. 



1845 1863 

Italy. 

....Victor Emanuel III..1869 1900 

Netherlands... 

. . Wilhelinina. 

1880—1890 

Norway & Sweden.Oscar II. 

1829 1872 

Portugal. 



1863—1889 

Roumania .... 


1839-1881 

Russia.... 


1868—1894 

Servia........ 



1850 1903 


Spain.Alfonso XIII.1880—1886 

Switzerland.Adolph Deucher.... - 1902 

Turkey.Abdul Hamid II ....1842—1876 

EUTER'PE (Myth.); the muse of instrumental 
music. 

EURYD'ICE (see Orpheus); she died from a snake 
bite. Orpheus, her husband, descended to Hades 
and persuaded Pluto to restore her to life. 
Pluto consented, on condition she walked behind 
her husband, who was not to look back. Orpheus 
looked back, however, and as a consequence 
was transferred back to Hades. 

EV'ARTS, WILLIAM M. j Amer. statesman, Secre¬ 
tary of State under President Hayes; b. 1818. 


































































lEverett 79 Ex Tempore 

EV'ERETT, EDWARD; Amer, orator, 1794-1865. 

EX'ARCH; a high Greek church official. 

EXCHANGE, COMMERCIAL. By which debts 
and credits in several places are settled by 
balances without actual transference of 
money. 


1 

Exchange lor £1000. New York, Jan. s, 1896. 

Thirty days after sight of this First of Exchange, 
{.Second'and Third unpaid), pay to the order of 
fames S. Seymour, One Thousand Pounds Sterl¬ 
ing, value received, and charge to account of 
To Henry Powell, E. B. Blake & Co. 

London, England No. 670 


2 

Exchange (or £1000. New York, Jan. 5, 1896. 

Thirty days after sight of this Second of Ex¬ 
change, {First and Third unpaidfay to the order 
of Janies S. Seymour, One Thousand Pounds Sterl¬ 
ing, value received, and charge to account of 
To Henry Powell, E. B. Blake & Co. 

London, England. No. 670. 


3 

V. 

Exchange for £1000. New York, Jan. 5, 1896. 

Thirty days after sight of this Third of Ex¬ 
change, (First and Second unpaid ). pay to the order of 
James S. Seymour. One Thousand Pounds Sterl¬ 
ing, value received, and charge to account of. 

To Henry Powell, E. B. Blake & Co. 

London, England. No. 670. 


A SET OP BILLS OP EXCHANGE. 

EX CATHE'DRA; with authority. [q.v. 

EXEC'UTIVE MAN'SION; the White House, 

EXECUTIVE SES'SION of the U. S. Senate; 
not public; for confirming appointments or 
ratifying treaties. 

EXEGE'SIS; a critical explanation of the Bible. 

EXEQUATUR; official recognition of a consul. 

EX'EUNT; they go out; (a stage term.) 

EXHIBIT; anything offered in evidence; article 
displayed at an exposition. [out. 

EX'IT• he (or she) goes out; the place to go 

EX'ODUS; the going out; the departure. 

EX OFFI'CIO; by virtue of his office. 

EX PARTE; on one part or one side. 

EXPECT'. “I expect she has left London,” 
should be ‘‘I think she has left London” or 
*‘I suspect she has left London.” 

EXPOSITIONS, (see World’s Fair). 

EX POST FAC'TO; after the deed is done. 

EXPRESS'; first in Amer. by W. F. Harndon, 
Mar. 4, 1839. [aration. 

EXTEM'PORE; improvised; done without prep- 







Extensor 80 Fee Simple 

EXTEN^SOR; a muscle that stretches. 
EXTRADI'TION; delivery of criminals by one 
country or state to another. 

EXTREME' UNCTION; the R. C. rite of anoint¬ 
ing with oil before death. 

F 


FA'BIAN; slow; dilatory; from the tactics of 
Fabius, a Roman General. 

FAC SIM'ILE; a duplicate. 

FACTO'TUM; a man of all work. 

FAHR., FAH'RENHEIT, G. D.; inventor of 
thermometer, used by England and U. S., 
1686-1736; w r as born in Dantzig, Ger. 

FAIR AND FARE. “None but the brave de¬ 
serve the fare” would be correct if people 
w'ere scrambling for food, but “None but the 
brave deserve the fair” is the correct quota¬ 
tion. [June 1, 1861. 

FAIR'FAX COURT-HOUSE, VA.; Battle of, 
FAITH CURE; cure by prayer Without medi¬ 
cine. [turer, 1835-1895. 

FAITH'FUL, EMILY; English author and lec- 
FA'KIR; a vender of cheap goods; an East 
India juggler and fanatic. 

FALK'LAND ISLANDS; N. E. of Cape Horn. 
FAME (Myth.); represented as having wings 
and blowing a trumpet. A temple was dedi¬ 
cated to her by the Romans. 

FANDAN'GO; a Spanish dance. 

FANEUIL HALL; Boston, Mass.; built 1742. 
FAR'AD; the unit of capacity in electrical 
measurements. [1867 

FAR'AD AY, MICHAEL; Eng. scientist, 1791- 
FARALLO'NES; islands W. of San Francisco. 
FARTBAULT, Minn.; where the public and pa¬ 
rochial schools combined, but separated in 
1893 - [1873. 

FARMERS’ ALLIANCE; organized in N. Y. in 
FAR'RAGUT, DAVID G.; the First Amer. ad¬ 
miral, 1801-70. [28 to Aug. 7, 1880. 

FAST; Dr. H. S. Tanner’s in N. Y.; June 
FAST'NET; lighthouse 3V6 m. S. W. of Cape 
Clear, Ireland. 

FATES, OR PARCAE (Myth.); the three daugh¬ 
ters of Necessity. Their names were Clotlio, 
who held the distaff; Lachesis, who turned 
the spindle; and Atropos, who cut the thread 
with the fatal shears. [ance, 1790-1856. 

FA'THER MATHEW; Irish apostle of temper- 
FA'THER OF HIS COUNTRY; Washington 
FAUN (Myth.); a rural divinity, half man and 
half goat. Very similar to the Satyr. The 
Fauns attended the god Pan, and the Satyrs 
attended Bacchus. 


FAU'NA; animals peculiar to a region. 

FAUST, JOHANN; 1400-1460, assisted the in¬ 
ventor Gutenberg, q.v. 

FAUX PAS; a mistake; a false move. 
FAYETTE', N. C.; Battle of, Mar. 11, 1865. 
FEB'RUARY; from Februa, a Roman Festival. 
FED'ERAL; banded together. [tional. 

FEE SIM'PLE; in one’s own right; uncondl- 


F. F. V. 81 Fire-Damp 

F. F. V.; first families of Virginia. 
FEL'LAHIN; an Egyptian farmer or laborer. 

' FE'LO DE SE; suicide. 

FEL'ON; a criminal; a sore. Cure: Soak In 
ammonia for 15 min., then bandage and wet 
with same.. [for freeing Ireland. 

FE'NIANISM; a secret society founded in 1857, 
FESTI'NA LEN'TE; hasten slowly. 

FE'VER, TY'PHOID; one from poisoned water. 
Take from 1 to 2 tablespoonfuls of a 1-per¬ 
cent. solution of chloroform every two hours. 
FEZ; a red cap with a tassel used by Turks. 

FI'AT JUSTI'TIA RUAT COE'LUM; do justice 
though the heavens fall. 

FI'AT MON'EY; money of arbitrary legal value, 
without considering its intrinsic value as 
metal. 

FI'BRIN; a fine white filament. 

FIDU'CIARY; holding a thing in trust. 

FI'DUS ACHA'TES; a trusted friend. 

FIELD, CYRUS W.; Amer. merchant, (Atl&ntio 
cable; elevated R. R.), 1819-1892. 

FIELD, DAVID D.; American jurist, 1805-94. 
FIELD OF THE CLOTH OF GOLD; so called 
from the gorgeous display of uniforms, tents, 
etc., at Ardres, France, where Henry VIII. of 
Eng. met Francis I. of France, in 1520. 
FINLAND; area 144,255 sq. m. Pop. 2,592,778 
or 20 to the sq. m. The Grand Duchy of Finland 
was ceded to Russia Sept. 17, 1809. Governed 
by a national parliament consisting of the nobles, 
clergy, burghers and peasants. In 1900 the 
Russian tongue was declared the official language 
and the Finish military system was superseded 
by the Russian in 1901. Of the population 350,- 
000 are Swedes; 6,000 Russians; 1,900 Germans 
and 1,300 Laps. Principal religion Lutheran. 
11.15 per cent of the country is under lakes. 
Most of the railway systems are under state 
ownership. Principal city is Helsingfors. Pop. 
97,051. The forests at e very extensive and agri¬ 
culture and stock raising are chief industries. 
Principal articles of export are lumber, hides, 
tar, pitch and textiles. The percent of pauper¬ 
ism for 1900 was less than 3 p. c. Less than one 
half of one per cent of children of school age are 
without education. Number of Postoffices 1211, 
Saving Banks 212; depositors 148,909. News¬ 
papers 196, Metric system universally employed. 
FIGHT'ING PAR'SON; Gov. Brownlow of 
Tenn., 1861-1865. [to EnglanI. 

FIJI ISLANDS; 120 m. in the So. Pacific; belong 
FIL'AMENT; the thread of carbon in electric 
incandescent lamps. [booter. 

FILIBUSTER; to delay legislation; a free- 
FIL'IGREE; fine lace work in metal. 

FILL MORE, MILLARD; (see PRESIDENTS). 
FIN DE SIECLE; up to date; advanced. 
FIN'GAL’S CAVE; on S. W. coast of Scotland. 
FI'NIS; the end. [on Norwegian shores. 

FIORD, or FJORD; a sea inlet between cliffs 
FIRE-DAMP; an explosive gas in coal mines. 


Fire* 82 F. O. B. 

FIRES, GREAT; London; 1666; N. Y. city, 
1836; Portland, Me., 1866; Chicago, 1871; Bos¬ 
ton, 1872. Baltimore, 1904. 

FIRE EXTIN'GUISHERS OR HAND GREN- 
ADES; 1 lb. salt and % lb. sal ammoniac 
dissolved in 2 qts. of water; put in ordinary 
bottles and set in a dark place; throw the 
bottle in any fire to be extinguished. 

FIRE IS'LAND AND LIGHT; south of Long 
Island, New York. 

FIRE-KIND'LERS; mix ashes and coal oil in 
a flat dish, cut into cakes the size of a bis¬ 
cuit; use one. [in 2 gals, water. 

FIRE-PROOF'ING GOODS; use 1 lb. tungstate 

FIR'MAN; a Turkish decree. 


FIRST TWO or first three should be written, 
and not two first or three first, [ends June 30. 

FIS'CAL; relating to the Treasury; Fiscal year 

FIVE FORKS, VA.; Battle of, April 1, 1865; 
the Federals victorious. 

FLORIDA. From the Spanish meaning “flowery’' 
and Easter Sunday, upon which it was discovered. 
Nicknamed the Peninsular State. Area 58,985 sq. 
miles. Population 1910, 752,615. Settled at St. 
Augustine in 1565 by Spaniards bnt visited by 
Ponce de L6on in 1513. - In 1763 it was ceded 
to England and receded to Spain in 1789 and to 
United States in 1819. Admitted to the Union in 
1845. The tobacco industry ranks first in the 
state. In raising subtropical fruits Florida ranks 
second in the United States. The forests cover 
25.000,000 acres and are of unknown value. 
Average temperature 69}£ degrees. Railways 
3.916 miles. The phosphate beds are quite ex¬ 
tensive. Republican in 1876; Democratic since. 
Eleotors 6. Representatives 4. Governor elected 
for four years; salary $5,000. Capital Talla¬ 
hassee. 


FLAG, AMERICAN; first made in Philadelphia by 
Mrs. Betsy Ross in 1777; the 13 stripes represent 
the 13 original states, and each state is represen¬ 
ted by a star. 

FLAGRAN'TE DELICTO; in the very act. 

FLAG-SHIP; that upon which the fleet com¬ 
mander stays. [b. 1842. 

FLAMMA'RION, CAMILLE'; Fr. astronomer, 

FLEUR-DE-LIS; the lily of France. 

FLEX'OR; a muscle that bends. 

FLO'RA (Myth.); goddess of flowers and gar¬ 
dens, and wife of Zephyrus; she enjoyed per¬ 
petual youth. 


FLO'RA; the plants of a country. [216,051 
FLOR'ENCE; Italian city on the Arno; pop. 
FLORENCE, W. J.; Amer. actor, 1831-91. 
FLOR'IDA KEYS; 200 islands S. W. of Florida. 
FLOR'IN; a silver coin worth 48 cents, used in 
England; worth 2 shillings. 

FLOT'SAM; wrecked goods found floating. 
FLOYD, J. B.; Confederate General, 1806-1863. 
FLY'ING DUTCHMAN; the phantom ship. 

1. O. B.j free on board. 


Foreign Coins 


83 


Foreign Coins 


FOREIGN COINS, VALUE OF. (1904.) 

Prepaid by the Director of the Mint. G, Gold Standard. 8. Slrer 
fitamdard G Sr S, Gold and Silver Standard, generally at 16% or 15 to 1, 


Countries. 


Argentina, G. and S_ 

Austria-Hungary, G. 

Belgium, G. and S. 

Bolivia, S. 

Brazil, S. 

British Possessions, N. A 
(except Newfoundl’nd)G 
Central American States 

—Costa Rica, G. 

Guatemala,Salvador < « 
Honduras,Nicaragua ( B 
Chile, G. and S. 


China,S. 


Columbia, S.. 

Cuba, G. and S. 

Denmark G. 

Ecuador S. 

Egypt, G. 

Finland, G. 

France, G. and S. 

German Empire, G. 

Great Britain, G. 

Greece, G. and S.... 

Haiti, G. and S.. . 

Hawaii. 

Italy... 

Japan. G. and S. 

Liberia, G. 

Mexico, S. 

Netherlands, G. and S .. 

Newfoundland. 

Norway, G. 

Persia, S. 

Peru,S. 

Philippines. 

Porto Rico. 

Portugal, G. 

Russia, G. and S. 

Spain, G. and S. 

Sweden, G . 

Switzerland,G. andS.... 

Tripoli, S. 

Turkey, G. 

Uruguay,G. 

Venezuela, G. and S. 


Monetary Unit. 

Value. 

Peso. 

$ .935 

Crown. 

.173 

Franc. 

.173 

Boliviano. 

.935 

Milreis. 

.486 

Dollar. 

1.000 

Colon. . 

.465 

Peso. 

.964 

Peso. 

.364 


f Amoy. 

.622 


Canton. 

.620 


Chefoo ... 

.595 


Chin Kiang 

.607 


Fuchau .... 
Haikwan... 

.595 


(customs) 

.683 


Hanhow.... 
Honkong .. 

.582 


Niuchwang 

.583 


Ningpo. 

.598 


Shanghai.. 

.568 


Tienstsin,.. 

.603 

Peso. 

.935 

Peseta. 

.173 

Crown. 

.249 

Sucre. 

.935 

Piaster. 

.048 

Mark. 

.186 

Franc . 

.173 

Mark. 

.207 


Pound sterling 
Drachma.... 

Gourde. 

Same as U. S 

Lira. 

Yen,. 

Dollar. 

Dollar. 

Florin. 

Dollar . 

Crown. 

Kran. 

Sol. 

Peso, 50c.... 

Peseta . 

Milreis. 

Ruble, Silver 

Peseta. 

Crown. ( 

Franc.. 

Mahbub, 2 o 

Piaster. 

Peso. 

Bolivar. 


4.866 

.187 

.964 


.187 

.498 

1.00 

1.015 

.401 

1.014 

.249 

.071 

.935 

50c 

.173 

1.080 

.748 

.173 

.249 

.173 


.041 

1.034 

.173 





















































































Force Bill 84 Franklin 

FORCE BILL; giving Government power to 
protect voters in the different States, passed 
in 1870-71; declared unconstitutional in 1883; 
specially aimed against illegal voting in the 
South. 

FOR'CEPS; a pair of pincers or small tongs. 

FORE'CASTLE; sailors’ quarters under forward 
deck. 

FOR'EIGN CON'TRACT LA'BOR; law of 1885 
prohibits importation of foreign labor. 

FORMO'SA; an island in the China Sea; ceded 
to Japan by treaty of peace, 1896. 

FOR'REST, EDWIN; American actor, 1806-1872. 

FOR'REST, N. B.; Confederate General, 1821- 
1877. [1862; Federals victorious. 

FORT DON'ELSON, TENN.; Battle of, Feb. 16, 

FORT FISH'ER, N. C.; Battles of, Dec. 24. 
1864, Confederates victorious; Jan. 15, 1865, 
Fed. victorious. 

FORT'ITER IN RE'; with firmness in acting. 

FORT PEMBERTON, MISS.; Battle of, March 
11,1863; Confederates victorious on sea. 

FORT PIL'LOW, TENN.; Battles of, March 25 
and April 12, 1864; Confederates victorious on 
sea. [James River. 

FOR'TRESS MONROE', VA.; near mouth of 

FOR'TRESS; Greatest in the World. Of course 
it is Gibraltar. The height of the rock is 
over 1,400 feet, and this precipice is pierced 
by miles of galleries, port-holes for cannon 
being placed tier on tier; thanks to the great 
elevation, a plunging fire can be directed 
upon a hostile fleet. A garrison of from 5,000 
to 10,000 soldiers is maintained, with provi¬ 
sions and ammunition for a six-months’ siege. 

FORT SUM'TER; off Charleston, S. C.; at¬ 
tacked by Confederates April 12, surrendered 
April 13, 1861. 

FORTU'NA (Myth.); the goddess of Luck; had 
a temple erected to her by King Servius Tul¬ 
lius of Rome; usually represented as standing 
on a wheel, with a bandage over her eyes, 
and holding a cornucopia. 

FOR'TUNE BAY, N. F.; Eng. paid Amer. fish¬ 
ermen, for outrages there in 1878, $72,000. 

FO'RUM; a public place for debate. 

FOR'TY-NI'NER; one who went to or was in 
Cal. in 1849. 

FOW'LER’S SOLU'TION; arsenite of potassium. 

FRANCE; a republic since Sept. 4, 1870; in 
W. Europe; area 204,09 2sq. m.; pop. 38.961,- 
950; cap. Paris; 6th President (1899) Emile 
Loubet. 

FRANCIS'CAN; a R. C. Order, founded 1210 by 
St. Francis of Assisi. [Feb. 26, 1871. 

FRAN'CO-GER'MAN WAR; July 19, 1870, to 

FRANK'FORT-ON-THE-MAIN; in S. Ger.; pop. 
288 489 [scientist, 1706-90. 

FRANK'LIN, BENJ.; American statesman and 

FRANK'LIN, SIR JOHN; Eng. Arctic explorer. 
1786-1847.. 

FRANK'LIN, TENN.; Battles of, April 10, 
1863; Nov. 30, 1864; the Federals victorious. 


Fr. Army 


85 


F. R. S. 


ARMY. 

France.. 

Algeria . 

Tunis. 

Men. 

495,380 

55,030 

17,852 

568,262 

Effective. 

NAVY. 

1st Class Battleships... 

1 

2nd ” “ 

10 

3rd “ “ 

5 

4th “ “ 

5 

5th “ “ . 

10 

Protected or Armourer 
Cruisers. 

1st “ . 


2nd “ . 


3rd “ . 

9 

4th “ . . 

4 

5th “ ...». 

9 

6th “ . 

20 

7th “ . 

6 

Torpedo gunboats . 

7 

Destroyers. 

32 

Torpedo boats . 

135 

Submarine.. 

44 


297 


Officers. 

26,883 

2,205 

673 

29,741 

Building. 

6 


6 


12 


FRA'SER RIVER; in British Columbia. 

FRAUD (Myth.); one of the evil deities; repre- 
sented as a goddess with a human face and 
a serpent’s body; at the end of her tall was 
a scorpion’s sting. She lived in the river 
Cocytus, and nothing but her head was ever 
seen. 

FREDERICKSBURG, VA.; Battle of, Dec. 13. 
1862; the Confederates victorious. [1712-86. 

FRED'ERICK THE GREAT; king of Prussia, 

FREED'MEN’S BU'REAU AND BANK; estab¬ 
lished by a bill passed 1865 to assist former 
slaves; renewed in 1866-8; liquidated 1870. 

FREE MA'SONS; a fraternal organization; origin 
unknown; American membership 831,022. 

FREE MIL'ING ORE; reduced without roasting. 

FREEZING; degrees of cold above zero at which 
substances freeze : 


Vinegar ...28 degrees. 

Wines.20 “ 

Spirit of Tur¬ 
pentine ..14 


Olive oil... .36 degrees. 

Water.32 “ 

Milk.30 “ 

Sea Water..28 “ 

Brandy freezes at 7 degrees below zero. 

Proof Spirit freezes at 7 degrees below zero. 
Mercury freezes at 40 degrees below zero. 

FREE TRADE; entrance of goods without duty. 
FREMONT'; GEN. J. C.; Amer. "Far West” 
explorer, called the “Path-finder,” 1813-90. 
FREMONT’S' PEAK; Rocky Mts., Wyo., 13,670 
feet. 

FRENCH'MAN’S BAY; in Hancock Co., Me. 
FRES'NO; a city of Cal., pop. 10,818. 

F. R. G. S.; Fellow Royal Geographical Society. 
F .R. S.; Fellow at the Royal Society (of Ene.) 




























Freyja 86 Garfield 

FREY'JA (Myth.); the Scandinavian Venus, tha 
goddess of love. 

FREY. The Scandinavian god of fertility and 
peace. The patron god of Sweden and Iceland. 
FT.; feet; sign of ('). [couver Islands. 

FU'CA, STRAITS OF; bet. Wash, and Van- 
FU'GITIVE SLAVE LAW; see Dred Scott De¬ 
cision. 

FUL'CRUM; the point of support for a lever. 
FUL'TON, ROBERT; Amer. artist and engi¬ 
neer, constructed the first successful steam¬ 
boat (1807), 1765-1815. 

FUNCHAL; cap. of Madeira Islands. 

FUN'DY, BAY OF; divides New Brunswick 
from Nova Scotia. [rust, mildew or mould. 
FUN'GUS; a spongy plant; affects the forms of 
FU'RIES, THE (Myth.); three daughters of 
Acheron and Nox; the punishers of evil-doers. 
Their names were Tisiphone, Magaera and 
Alecto, personifying rage, slaughter and envy. 
FUR'LONG; one-eighth of a mile. 

FU'RORE; excitement, enthusiasm. 

FUSAIN'; willow charcoal used by artists. 

G 

GAB'RIEL, in Jewish mythology is the prince 
of fire and thunder, and the angel of death 
to the favored people of God. 

GADS'DEN PURCHASE; a portion of N. M. 
and Ariz. from Mex. 

GAEL; Scotch Highlander of Celtic origin. 

GAG LAW; a refusal of Congress to receive pe¬ 
titions regarding slavery in 1838. 

GAINS MILLS, VA.; Battle of, June 27, 1862; 

the Confederates victorious. 

GAL'AXY; a splendid collection. 

GA'LEN, CLAUDIUS; Roman physician, 130-200 
GALE'NA; lead dross. 

GALILE'O, GALILE'I; an Italian astronomer, 
1564-1642. 

GALL; secretion of the liver. [tury. 

GAL'LEON; a Spanish vessel of the 15th cen- 
GAL'LIC; pertaining to the French. [France. 
GAL'LICAN CHURCH; the R. C. church in 
GAL'LATIN, A.; Swiss-Amer. statesman, 1761- 
1849. * [ism). 1737-98. 

GALVA'NI, A. DR.; Ital. electrician (galvan- 
GAL'VANIZED IRON; iron dipped in melted 
zinc. [1469-1524. 

GA'MA, VASCO DE; Portuguese navigator, 
GAMBET'TA, LEON"; a Fr. statesman, 1838-82. 
GALVANOM'ETER; an instrument for measur¬ 
ing the strength of an electric current. 
GAM'BREL; the hind leg of a horse. 

GAN'GES; the sacred river of India. 
GAN'YMEDE (Myth.); a beautiful Phrygian 
youth; succeeded Hebe in the office of cup¬ 
bearer to Jupiter; generally represented sit¬ 
ting on the back of a flying eagle. 

GARDEN OF THE GODS; 500 acres lying about 
4 m. N. E. of Colorado Springs. 

GAR'FIELD, JAMES A.; (see Presidents); July 


Garibaldi 87 Georgia 

2, 1881, time of assassination by Guiteau. 

GARIBAL'DI, G. ; an Italian patriot, 1807-1882. 

GAR'NET; a stone of deep-red color. 

GARNISHEE'to attach wages for debt. 

GAR'RICK, DAVID; English actor, 1717-1779. 

GAR'RISON, W. L.; Amer. Abolitionist, 1805-79. 

GARROTE'; to strangle by choking by tho 
Spanish system. [England, 1350. 

GAR'TER; order founded by Edward III. of 

GAS; produced by distillation of coal. 

GAS'OLINE; fluid made from petroleum. 

GASOM'ETER; a large covered metallic cylin¬ 
der for holding gas. [ach. 

GASTRIC JUICE; digestive fluid In the stora- 

GASTRI'TIS; inflammation of the stomach. 

GAT'LING GUN; one operated by turning a 
crank. 

GAUL; two divisions of a province of the Ro¬ 
man Empire, cis- and trans-Alpine; including 
France and Italy. 

GAUTAMA; same as Buddha, q.v. 

GAY-LUSSAC', J. L.; French chemist, 1778-1850. 

GEL'ATIN; a jelly from animal tissues. 

GELD'ING; a castrated horse. 

GEMA'RA; second part of the Talmud. 

GEMS'BOK; Alpine goat; African antelope. 

GEN.; General. 

GEN'DER. When personified, the sun, time, 
death, summer, autumn, winter, and love, 
are of masculine gender. The moon, religion, 
virtue, charity, the earth, spring, a ship, a 
state, a city, a country, the soul, and the 
mind are of feminine gender, [of Pentateuch. 

GEN'ESIS; the birth or beginning. First Book 

GENE'VA CONVENTION; in 1864, made hos¬ 
pitals and ambulances, with their attaches, 
neutral; they adopted a red cross on a white 

PTftllTlfl ad hfldp’P 

GENGHIS-KAHN;’Asiatic conqueror, 1160-1227. 

GE'NII (Myth.); were domestic divinities. 
Every man was supposed to have two of them 
accompanying him; one bringing happiness, 
the other misery. [Genoa. Pop. 237,486. 

GEN'OA; principal port of Italy, on Gulf of 

GEN'TIAN; a plant; roots used as a tonic. 

GEOG'RAPHY; a description of the world. 

GEOL'OGY; the science of the structure of the 
earth. 

GEOM'ETRY; a science treating of the prop¬ 
erties of lines, angles, surfaces and solids. 

GEORGE, HENRY; Amer. journalist, lecturer 
and single-tax advocate for taxing land for all 
purposes, b. 1839-1897. 

GEORGE, LAKE; In N. Eastern N. Y. 

GEORGIA; named in honor of George II of Eng¬ 
land. Nicknamed “Empire State of the South” 
*!so “Cracker State.” Area 59,436 sq. m. Pop. 
2,609,121. One of the original thirteen Staiea. 
Settled in 1732 at Gravesend. Industries prin¬ 
cipally agricultural. Chief crop cotton. Consi¬ 
derable manufacturing of recent years. The state 
ranked third in the production of rice and sweet 


Germicide 88 God 

potatoes. Nearly 125 000 acres are given over 
to watermelon cultivation. Peanuts and tobacco 
are also extensively grown. Georgia’s yellow 
pine has a world wide reputation. Other exten¬ 
sive woods contribute to the wealth of the state. 
Lemons, oranges, figs, bananas and pineapples 
are successfully grown in the southern part. 
Temp. 61.1 degrees. Electors 14. Democratic 
since 1876. Representatives 12. Governor 
elected for two years; salary $5,000. 

GER'MICIDE; anything that kills germs. 

GERMANE'; closely allied; fitting; relative. 

GER'MAN SIL'VER; copper, nickel and zinc. 

GER'MANY; an empire in Europe; area208,830 
sq. m.; pop.56,367,180; cap. Berlin. Emperor 
William II., b. Jan. 27, 1859. 

GERRYMAN'DER; the re-districting of a State 
to gain an advantage; was first done in 1810 
in Mass., when Elbridge Gerry was Governor, 
hence the name. 

GETHSEM'ANE; a village N. E. of Jerusalem. 

GETTYSBURG, PA.; Battle of, July 1, 2, 3, 
1863. 

GEYSER; a hot spouting spring. 

GHE'BER; a fire worshiper. 

GHENT; a city of Belgium. Pop. 160.949 

GIANTS’ CAUSEWAY; irregular columns of 
rock on the coast of Antrim, Ireland. 

GIB'BON, EDWARD; Eng. historian, 1737-94. 

GIB'BONS, JAMES; Amer. cardinal, b. 1834. 

GIBRAL'TAR; (see Greatest Fortress). 

GILA MON'STER; a lizard found in N. Mex. 
and Ariz.; only one known with poisonous 
teeth. [degrees. 

GIL'BERT ISLANDS; on the Equator, lat. 175 

GIN'GER; the root of a Jamaica plant. 

GIN'SENG; a bitter medicinal root. [1750-1831. 

GIRARD', STEPHEN; founder of G. College, 

GIRON'DISTS; moderate French Republicans; 
removed (by guillotine) by the Jacobins under 
Danton and Robespierre (1793). They had 
voted the death of Louis XVI. 

GLAD'IATOR; a swordsman; a combatant. 

GLADI'OLUS; a sword-like lily. 

GLAD'STONE, W. E.; Eng. statesman, 1809-9S. 

GLAN'DERS; a contagious catarrh in horses. 

GLAS'GOW; chief city of Scotland, pop. 735,906 

GLASS; sand fused with fixed alkalies; first in 
Egypt, 1740 B. C. 

GLASS; to drill: Lubricate with camphor. 

GLASS with a spoon in, hot water will not 

brGflpk it 

GLAUB'ER SALTS; sulphide of soda. 

GLOS'SARY; a dictionary. 

G.M.W.; Grand Master Workman (see K. of L). 

GNEISS; a stone, like granite. 

GNOME; a dwarf or hobgoblin. 

GOA; a Portuguese colony on W. coast of India. 

GOB'ELINS; tapestry factory kept by the State, 
in Paris since 1667. 

GOD; the Supreme Ruler and Creator. 

"GOD TEMPERS THE WIND TO THE SHORN 
LAMB.”—L. Stern. 


Goetlie 89 Gottsclialk 

GOETHE, VON; German poet, 1749-1832 (Faust). 

GOG AND MAGOG; the enemies of Christianity. 

GOLCON'DA; a city of Hyderabad, India. 

GOLD; Production of the World, during the BOO 
years ending in 1880 was $7,240,000,000, an 
average of $14,448,000 per year. Of silver, 
$7,435,000,000, an average of $14,870,000 per 
year. The Increase is enormous, as it 
reached $237,504,800 for 1897 alone for gold 
production, and $183,096,000 for silver produc¬ 
tion for 1897, in spite of the very low price 
silver is fallen to in comparison with gold (60 
cents an oz. of silver, $20.80 an oz. of gold, or 
34% to 1.) This discovery of gold in the 
Klondike has raised Canada to the fifth place 
in the list of gold-bearing countries, with a 
total of $14,190,000, the Transvaal, with $73.- 
476,600, being first, and the United States 
second, with $64,300,000, Australia and Russia 
being third and fourth respectively. 1901 pro¬ 
duction, $263,374,700. See mining, page 285. 

GOLD COAST; on Upper Guinea, W. Africa. 

GOLD'EN FLEECE (Myth.); was a ram’s hide, 
sometimes described as white, and at other 
times as purple and golden. Jason and forty- 
nine companions (the Argonauts) fetched back 
the golden fleece. 

GOLD'EN HORN; harbor of Constantinople. 

GOLDEN ROD; a yellow flowering herb. 

GOLDEN RULE; “As ye would that men 
should do to you, do ye also to them like¬ 
wise.”—Christ. 

GOLDEN RULE; “Do nothing unto another 
that ye would not have him do unto you.”— 
Confucius, 500 B. C. 

GOLD'SMITH, OLIVER; Irish author, 1728-1774. 

GOL'GOTHA; a place of skulls; where Our 
Lord was crucified. [angles. 

GONIOM'ETER; an instrument for measuring 

GOOD FRIDAY; the one before Easter. 

GOOD TEM'PLARS; a temperance society 
formed in 1852. 

G. O. P.; Grand Old Party—Republican. 

GOR'DIAN KNOT; no one could loosen it; cut 
by Alexander the Great. 

GOR'DON, GEN. C. H.; Eng., nicknamed “Chi¬ 
nese Gordon,” for his conquering the rebel¬ 
lion of the Tai-pings, 1883-85 (Khartoum). 

GOR'GONS, THE (Myth.); three sisters, named 
Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa; petrified every 
one they looked at. Instead of hair their 
heads were covered with vipers. Perseus con¬ 
quered them, and cut off the head of Medusa, 
which was placed on the shield of Minerva, 
and all who fixed their eyes thereon were 
turned into stone. 

GORIL'LA; a large W. African ape. 

GO'SHEN; Land of, N. E. of Cairo, Egypt. 

GO'THAMITE; a resident of New York City. 

GOTHS; an ancient German race, overran tha 
Roman Empire In the V. century. 

GOTT'SCHALK, L. M.; Amer. pianist, 1829-69. 


Gould 90 Gregory 

GOULD, JAY; Amer. financier, 1836-1892. 

GOU'NOD, Charles F.; French composer, author 
of Faust, 1818-93. 

GRACES, THE (Myth.); the attendants of Ve¬ 
nus, named Aglaia (beauty and goodness), 
Thalia (perpetual bloom), and Euphrosyne 
(cheerfulness). Generally depicted as three 
cheerful maidens with hands joined, and 
either nude or only wearing transparent robes. 
Were supposed to teach the duties of grati¬ 
tude and friendship, and to promote love and 
harmony among mankind. 

GRA'HAM; a flour from unbolted wheat. 

GRAINING, A FORMULA FOR: For oak or 
walnut, use burnt umber; for maple, use raw 
sienna; for rosewood, use raw sienna and 
burnt umber; for mahogany, use raw sienna 
and Venetian red; mix with stale beer, or 
vinegar and sugar; apply with a sponge, 
brush, putty or dough; agitate it over the 
surface and, when dry, varnish. 

GRAMME; 16.43 grains Troy or Avoirdupois. 

GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC; first 
formed in Decatur, Ill., April 6, 1866, at sug¬ 
gestion of Dr. B. F. Stephenson; membership, 
265,212 in 1903. 

GRAND JURY; one examining accusations and 
finding true bills of indictment. 

GRAND RAPIDS; a city of Mich., pop.87,565. 

GRANGE, (Patrons of Husbandry); a farmers’ 
organization, founded in 1866 by C. H. Kelly; 
27,689 subordinate granges in 1899. 

GRANT, GEN. ULYSSES S.; (see Presidents). 

GRAPH'ITE; plumbago or black lead. 

GRAPHOPHONE (see phonograph.) 

GRASS WIDOW; one whose husband Is absent, 
or a divorced woman. 

GRATTAN, H.; an Irish statesman, 1750-1820. 

GREASE REMOVER; 2 oz. liquid ammonia; 1 
qt. soft water; 1 teaspoonful saltpetre; 1 oz. 
fine soap shaved. 

GREAS'ER; a low class Mexican. [Mts. 

GREAT BRITAIN; England, Wales and Sootland; 
area 120,979 sq. m.; pop. 41,961,200; King, 
Edward VII. 

GRECO-ROMAN; taken from the Greeks and 
Romans; applied nowadays to a certain style 
of wrestling. 

GREECE; a kingdom of S. Europe; area 25,014 
sq. m.; pop. 2,433,900; cap. Athens; king, 
George I., b. 1848. Badly defeated by the 
Turks in 1897. 

GREEK CHURCH; a Catholic form of worship 
not recognizing the Pope, and in which the 
priests may marry, although the bishops are 
chosen among unmarried monks. 

GREEK FIRE; bitumen, sulphur, pitch. [1884. 

GREE'LY EXPEDITION; sailed, 1881; rescued, 

GREE'LEY, HORACE; founder N. Y. Tribune, 
1811-72; said “Go West and grow up with the 
country.” 

GREG'ORY XIII., POPE; 1502-85; revised cal¬ 
endar 1582. 


Gregory 91 Hades 

GREG'ORY THE GREAT, (pope); 542-604. 

GREN'ADE; a shell using a fuse. 

QRET'NA GREEN; a Scotch town once noted 
for easy, rapid marriages. 

GREY, LADY JANE; b. 1537; beheaded, 1554. 

GREY'TOWN; a city in Nicaragua, at mouth 
San Juan River. 

GRIN'NELL’S LAND; N. W. of Baffin’s Bay. 

GRIPPE, LA; first appearance in 1510; see 
Short’s History of the Air, 1749; very common 
nowadays. 

GROS-VENTRES, Montana IndianB. 

GROUND HOG; the common woodchuck; G. H. 
DAY; Feb. 2. 

GRUB STAKE; a mining prospector’s outfit. 

GUACHO; a Spanish Indian. 

GUAM, (see Ladrone Islands). 

GUANO; the offal of sea fowl. 

GUATEMA'LA; Cen. Ara. Republic; area 48,290 
sq. m. ; pop. 1900, 1,647,300; cap. Guatemala; 
pop. 65.796. Pres. M. E. Cabreva. 

GUAYAQUIL; city of Ecunder; pop. 51,006. 

GUELPH; family name of Queen Victoria. 

GUIN'EA; a gold coin, value $5.12. 

GUISE, HENRY Duke of; instigator of St. 
Bartholomew, q.v. [to Norway. 

GULF STREAM; a river in the ocean from Cuba 

GUL'LIVER’S TRAVELS: by Dean Swift, 1726. 

GUN COTTON; cotton soaked in nitric and mu¬ 
riatic acids and dried. 

GUN'POWDER; 76 parts niter, 14 charpoal, 10 
sulphur; invented by Michael Schwartz, 1320. 

GUN'POWDER PLOT; Guy Fawkes; to blow up 
Eng. House of Parliament, Nov. 5, 1605. 

GUN'TOWN, TENN.; Battle of, June 10. 1864. 

GUSTA'VUS ADOLPHUS; King of Sweden, 
1594-1632. [types, 1400-1468. 

GUTEN'BERG, JOHANN; inventor of movable 

GYMNA'SIUM; a place for athletic exercise; 
in Germany, a preparatory school for a uni¬ 
versity. [of women. 

GYN'ECOLOGY; science of nature and diseases 

GYP'SUM; a chalky stone. 

H 

H. Amongst the most frequent blunders In 
speaking are the aspiration of the letter h 
where it should be silent; the addition of It 
where the syllable does not begin with h, and 
the omission of it when the h should be as¬ 
pirated. So much has, however, been written 
about this "poor letter h,’’ that it is not 
necessary to do more here than to name the 
words in which h is silent; they are: heir, 
honesty, honor, hostler and hour and their 
compounds. Some grammarians still insist 
on the silent h in herb, hospital and humor. 

HA'BEAS CORPUS; a writ to deliver a person 
in court. [tate." 

HACIEN'DA; Spanish for "large country e«- 

HACK'MATACJC; the American larch. 

HA'DES; the Greek name of Pluto, the god of 
hell, and word signifying hidden, dark, and 


Hadji 92 Harpies 

gloomy; the infernal regions; sometimes writ¬ 
ten, ADES. [age to Mecca. 

HADJI; a Mussulman who has made a pilgrim- 

HAEN'DEL, G. F.; German composer, author 
of “The Messiah,” oratorio, 1685-1759. 

HA'FIZ; a Persian poet of the 14th century. 

HA'GERSTOWN, MD.; Battle of, June 14, 1863. 

HAG'GARD, RIDER; English 2nd rate novel¬ 
ist, b. 1856. 

HAGUE (THE): cap. of Holland ; pop. 212,211. 
The headquarters of the International Court of 
Arbitration. This court consists of represent¬ 
atives from twenty of • the leading nations. 
International disputes brought before it will be 
arbitrated at any time. Organized by the Uni¬ 
versal Peace Conference in 1899. The Venezuel¬ 
an and the Alaskan Boundary questions are two 
of the most important matters that have been 
adjusted by this Tribunal. 

HAL'CYONS (Myth.); sea-birds, supposed to bo 
the Greek king-fishers; made their nests on 
the waves, and during the period of incuba¬ 
tion the sea was always calm. Hence the 
modern term “Halycon days.” [b. 1836. 

HALE, EUGENE; Amer. lawyer and politician, 

HAL'IFAX; cap. of Nova Scotia, pop. 37,000. 

HAM'AMELIS; witch hazel. 

HAM'BURG; a city of N. W. Ger.; pop. 705,738 

HAMIL'CAR; Carthaginian Gen.; father of 
Hannibal; 267-229 B. C. 

HAM'ILTON, ALEXANDER; creator of U. S. 
financial system; b. 1757; shot in a duel with 
Aaron Burr in 1804. 

HAM'LIN, HAMILTON. (See Vice-Presidents.) 

HAM'MERFEST; Norway, most N. town of the 
world. 

HAMP'TON ROADS; in Chesapeake Bay, Va. 

HAMP'TON, WADE; Confederate Gen., b. 1818. 

HAN'COCK, JOHN; Amer. statesman, 1737-93. 

HAN'COCK, W. S.; Amer. general, 1824-86. 

HANGED. “The culprit was hanged” sounds 
better than “The culprit was hung.” We 
say “The picture was hung.” 

HANG'ING GARDENS; at Babylon, by Semlra- 
mis, q.v.. 

HAN'NIBAL; Carthaginian Gen.; defeated the 
Romans repeatedly, 247-183 B. C. 

HANSE' TOWNS—HANSEATIC LEAGUE; alli¬ 
ance of 90 German towns for protection of 
commerce in 13th century. Hamburg, Bre¬ 
men and Lubeck are still called “Hanseatic 
Cities.” 

HAR'I-KAR'I; Japanese mode of suicide by 
slashing across the intestines. 

HAROUN'AL RASCH'ID; Caliph of Bagdad, 
766-809. [15, 3862. 

HAR'PER’S FERRY, W. VA.; Battle of. Sept. 

HAR'PIES (Myth.); animals with the heads 
and breasts of women, the bodies of birds, 
and the claws of lions; loathsome creatures, 
living in filth and poisoning everything they 
came In contact with. 


Harpocrates 93 Hawaii 

HARPOC'RATES (Myth.); the god of silence, 
usually represented as a young man, holding 
a finger of one hand to his lips, while In th« 
other he holds a cornucopia. 

HAR'RISON, BENJAMIN; (see Presidents). 

HAR'RISON, CARTER; repeatedly mayor ot 
Chicago, 1825; murdered in office Oct. 28, 1893. 

HAR'RISON, William H.; (see Presidents). 

HARTE, BRET; Amer. author, b. 1839. 

HAR'VARD UNIVERSITY; founded at Cam¬ 
bridge, Mass., 1636. [vest. 

HAR'VEST HOME; festival at the end of har- 

HAR'VEST MOON; nearly full, near Sept. 21. 

HAR'VEY, DR. W.; Eng. 1578-1657 (see 
blood). 

HAS'TINGS, WARREN; Eng. Gov.-Gen. of In¬ 
dia, 1732-1818. [cree. 

HAT'TI SHERIF'; an irrevocable Turkish de- 

HAVAN'A; cap. of Cuba, pop.235,681 

HAV'ELOCK, SIR HENRY; Eng. general, 1795- 
1857; distinguished himself during the great 
Indian (Sepoy) mutiny. 

HAWAII, or the Sandwich Islands, annexed 
Aug. 12, 1898, to the territory of the United 
States, were discovered In 1778 by Captain 
Cook, and united into one kingdom under 
King Kamehameha I. A constitution waa 
granted to the people by King Kamehameha 
III. in 1852. On the death of King Kalakua 
he was succeeded January 20, 1891. by his 
eldest sister, Lilluokalani. 

A. disagreement between the Queen and her 
Cabinet in January, 1893, was taken advan¬ 
tage of by white American residents and de¬ 
scendants of American settlers, who formed a 
Committee of Safety, seized the government, 
deposed and imprisoned the Queen, and estab¬ 
lished a provisional government. They were 
' sustained by United States Minister Stevens, 
who caused the marines from the United 
States war vessels in the harbor of Honolulu 
to be landed, ostensibly for the protection of 
American interests. On July 4, 1894, a repub¬ 
lic was proclaimed and a constitution 
adopted. But the annexation agitation was so 
well managed that it ended as above stated. 

The area of the several islands composing 
the group is as follows: Hawaii, 4,210 square 
miles; Maui, 760; Oahu, 600; Kauai, 590; 
Molokai, 270; Lanai, 250; Niihau, 97; Kahoo- 
lawe, 63. Total, 6,840 square miles. 

At the time of the discovery of the islands 
by Captain Cook in 1778 the native population 
was about 200,000. This has steadily de¬ 
creased, so that at the last census the native* 
numbered but 31,019, which was less than 
that of the Japanese and Chinese immigrants 
settled in the islands. A census taken earlv 
in 1897 revealed a total population of 109,020, 
distributed according to race as follows: 

Males. Females. Total. 
16,399 14,620 31,019 


Hawailans 



Hawthorne 

94 

Hebe 


Part Hawaiians.... 


4.236 

8.485 

Japanese . 


5,195 

24,407 

Chinese . 


2,449 

21,616 

Portuguese . 


6,898 

15,100 

Americans . 

.. 1,975 

1,111 

J.086 

British . 


844 

2,250 


fThe remainder were Germans, French, Nor¬ 
wegians, South Sea Islanders, and representa¬ 
tives of other nationalities. The American 
population is 2.73 per cent, of the whole. Pop. 
1910, 191,909. 

Value of shipments from United States for year 
ending June 30, 1904, were $12,675,026. Im¬ 
ports to United States $26,242,869 ; to foreign 
countries $32,569. There are 58 sugar manu¬ 
facturers, and sugar production has doubled in 
last 10 years. 1903 crop 420,000 tons. 

There are 71 miles of railroad and about 250 
miles of telegraph in the islands. A-ll forms 
of religion were tolerated, but nearly all the 
natives are Christians. Honolulu, the capi¬ 
tal, with a population of 39,305, has most of 
the local features of an American city. 

The productions of the islands are sugar, 
coffee, tropical fruits, and rice. We import 
from foreign countries more than $200,000,000 
of this class of goods annually, and while the 
quantity produced in Hawaii amounts to 
about one-tenth of this sum, it may be 
materially increased, and our expenditures for 
this class of articles be, in future, kept 
within our own borders. In the matter of im¬ 
ports, the products of the United States are 
given the preference in nearly all cases. 

HAY'TI; a colored Island-Republic S. E. of Cuba; 
area 10,204 sq. miles; pop. 1901, 1,294, 400; 
cap. Port au Prince. 

HEAT; degrees of heat above zero at which sub¬ 
stances melt. 

Degrees. 

Wrought Iron..3980 
Cast “ ..3479 

Platinum.3080 

Gold.'.. ..2590 

Copper.2548 

Steel.2500 

Glass.2377 

Brass.1900 

Silver.1250 

Antimony. 951 

Zinc. 740 

Deg. of heat above zero at which substances boil. 

Ether. 98 deg. Linseed oil...640 deg. 

Alcohol-173 “ Blood Heat... 98 “ 

Water.212 “ Eggs Hatch... 104 “ 

Petroleum .306 “ 

HEADACHE, REMEDY FOR: Bromo-Caffelne. 

HE'BREW; a descendant of Abraham; a Jew. 

HE'BE (Myth.); the goddess of youth, and cup¬ 
bearer to Jupiter and the gods, until she had 
an awkward fall at a festival, and so dls- 


Degrees. 

Lead.594 

Tin.421 

Arsenic. 365 

Sulphur...226 

Beeswax.151 

Gutta Percha.. ..145 

Tallow. 97 

Lard.. 95 

Pitch.. 91 

Ice...,. 33 




























Hebrides 95 Henry George 

pleased Jupiter that she was deprived of her 
office and Ganymede appointed in her stead. 

HEB'RIDES; Eng. islands W. of Scotland. 

HEC'TOGRAM; a little over 3!£ oz. 

HEC'TOGRAPH; a copying pad: Gelatine, by 
weight, 1 part; glycerine, 4 parts; water, 2 
parts; heat. 

HEC'TOLITER;. 261& wine gallons. 

HEC'TOMETER; 328 ft. long. 

HEGI'RA; Mahomet’s flight from Mecca, July 
16, 622, from which dates the Mohammedan 
calendar; the year 1318-9 of the Musulmans 
began April 20, 1901. 

HEI'NE, HEIN'RICH; Ger. poet, 1797-1856. 

HEL'ENA; became the wife of Menelaus, King 
of Sparta, but eloped with Paris, and thus 
caused the Trojan war. After the death of 
Paris she married his brother, and then be¬ 
trayed him to Menelaus. She was strangled 
by order of Polyxo, king of Rhodes. 

HEL'ENA, ARK.; Battle of, July 4, 1863; the 
Federals victorious. 

HEL'ENA, ST; mother of Constantine the 
Great 247-327 

HELE'NA, ST.; an island W. of Africa, where 
Napoleon was held prisoner by the British 
crown, from 1815 to 1821, when he died. 

HEL'ICON; a mountain in Boeotia sacred to 
the Muses, from which place the fountain 
Hippocrene flowed. 

HELTGOLAND; Ger. island at the mouth of 
the Elbe. [flashes. 

HE'LIOGRAPH; device for telegraphing by sun 

HEL'LESPONT; (see Dardanelles.) 

HE'LOTS, slaves held by the Spartans, who 
used to make them drunk to show to Spartan 
children the repulsiveness of drunkenness. 

HE'MANS, FELICIA D.; Eng. poetess, 1793-1835. 

HEM'ATITE; a fine, red iron ore. 

HEMICRA'NIA; a pain on one side of the head. 

HEM'ORRHAGE; flow of blood from a ruptured 
blood vessel. 

HEM'ORRHOIDS; (see piles.) 

HENCE. “We are now at Brussels, and from 
hence we will go to Paris” should be ”... 
hence we will go to Paris.” The adverb 
hence refers to Brussels, and the preposition 
from is not required. [East. 

HEN'NA; an orange-colored dye used in the 

HEN'DERSON; a city of Ky,, pop. 9,500. 

HENRY GEORGE SYSTEM, Gist of the. First 
—The reason why, in spite of increasing pro¬ 
ductive power, wages (Constantly tend to a 
minimum which will give but a bare living 
is that with increased productive power rent 
tends to even greater increase, thus produc¬ 
ing a constant tendency to the forcing down 
of wages. Second—Rent belongs to the com¬ 
munity and not to the individual. Third— 
The community should abolish all taxes upon 
personal property and on improvements on 
land and wealth in general, and collect the 



Henry 96 Hippopotamus 

economic rent of land for the support of na¬ 
tional, state, county and municipal govern¬ 
ments. Fourth—If the community should col¬ 
lect the economic rent speculation in land 
would cease, and, labor relieved of the tax¬ 
ing of its products, wages would rise and in¬ 
voluntary idleness and poverty would be abol¬ 
ished. [tor, 1736-99. 

HEN'RY, PATRICK; Amer. statesman and ora- 

HERAT'; a city of Afghanistan, pop. 800,000. 

IIER'CULES (Myth.); a son of Jupiter; Juno 
hated him from his birth, and sent two ser¬ 
pents to kill him, but though only 8 months 
old he strangled the snakes. As he got older 
he was set by his master what were thought 
to be twelve impossible tasks, which have 
long been known as the “Twelve Labors of 
Hercules.” He accomplished them all, and 
assisted Jupiter in his war with the giants. 
Nessus, the centaur, his enemy, before he 
expired, gave his mystic tunic to Dejanira, 
Hercules’ sweetheart, who in turn gave it to 
Hercules; he put it on, and brought on an 
illness, which, in a fit of desperation, caused 
him to cast himself into a funeral pile; but 
Jupiter had him taken to heaven in a four- 
horse chariot, and only the mortal part of 
Hercules was consumed. 

HERMAPH'RODITE; both sexes in one person; 
no real case ever proved to have existed. 

HER'MES (Myth.); a Greek name of the god 
Mercury. 

HERO (Myth.); a priestess of Venus, with 
whom Leander was so enamored that he swam 
across the Hellespont every night to visit her, 
but at last was drowned; when Hero threw 
herself into the sea and was drowned also. 

HEROD'OTUS; the “Father of History,” 484- 
420 B. C. 

HESPER'IDES; three daughters of Hesperus, 
King of Italy; they kept in their garden the 
golden apples which Juno gave Jupiter on 
their wedding day. 

HET'MAN; a Cossack general (in So. Russia). 

HEXAM'ETER; a verse of six metrical feet. 

HIC JACET; here lies. 

HIDAL'GO; a Spanish nobleman. 

HIEROGLYPH'ICS; sign characters or writings 
used by the old Egyptians. 

HIER'OPHANT; presiding priest. 

HIGH'BIND'ER; a Chinese desperado. 

HIGH CHURCH; an unorganized section of the 
Episcopal church, rather closely following the 
Roman Catholic form of worship. 

HIGHEST INHABITED SPOT in the world is 
the custom-house at Ancomarco, Peru, 16,000 
feet above sea level. 

HIGH SEAS; three miles from land. [b. 1843. 

HILL, DAVID B.; Amer. Democratic politician, 

HIMA'LAYA MTS.; between India and Thibet. 

HIPPOC'RATES; Greek physician,'460-377 B. C. 

HIPPOPOT'AMUS; a huge amphibious animal. 


Hives 97 Homestead 

HIVES; an eruptive disease. Cure: Use gun¬ 
powder and lard, and take 5 grains salicylate 
of soda every three hours. 

II.M.S., His or Her Majesty’s Service, or Ship. 

HO'BART TOWN; cap. of Tasmania, pop. 33,000. 

HOB'SON’S CHOICE; only one to choose from. 

HOB'SON, R. P.; an assistant naval con¬ 
structor, who sank the Merrimac, at the en¬ 
trance of Santiago bay, June 3, 1898. [hoof. 

HOCK; Rhine wine; in pawn; leg above the 

HO'CUS PO'CUS; in a juggling manner. 

HO'GARTH, WM.; Eng. artist, 1697-1764. 

HOL'BEIN, HANS; Ger. artist, 1497-1543. 

HOL'LAND; (see Netherlands.) 

HOLMES, DR. O. W.; Amer. author, 1809-1894. 

HOL'OGRAPH; a writing in one’s own hand. 

HO'LUB E.; Austrian traveler in Africa, b. 1847. 

HO'LY ALLI'ANCE; between Russia, Austria 
and Prussia; formed in Paris, Sept. 25, 1815. 

HO'LY COAT; the seamless coat said to have 
been worn by Christ; one is at Treves, Ger¬ 
many; another is at Argenteuil, France. 

HO'LY FATHER; the Pope. [Last Supper. 

HO'LY GRAIL; the cup used by Christ at the 

HO'LY LAND; Palestine. [ish tabernacle. 

HO'LY OF HOLIES; a sacred room in the Jew- 

HO'LYSTONE; used for scrubbing ships’ decks. 

HO'LY WATER; that blessed by the priest. 

HO'LY WEEK; that just before Easter. 

HO'LY WRIT; the Scriptures. 

HOMEOP'ATHY; a cure by medicines which at 
first excite, in a mild way, the same symp¬ 
toms as the disease. 

HO'MER; Greek author; lived about 1,000 B. C. 

HOME RULE; an Irish parliament having the 
management of its own local affairs. 

HOMESTEAD LAW, United States Land Meas¬ 
ure and. A township is 36 sections, each a 
mile square. A section is 640 acres. A quar¬ 
ter section, half a mile square, is 160 acres. 


6 

6 

4 

3 

2 

NWNE 
SW SE 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

13 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

19 

20 

21 

20 

23 

24 

30 

29 

28 

27 

26 

25 

* . 

82 

S3 

34 

35 

,86 


4 



























Homestead 98 Horse 

An eighth section, half a mile long, north 
and south, and a quarter of a mile wide, is 
80 acres. A sixteenth section, a quarter of a 
mile square, is 40 acres. The sections are all 
numbered 1 to 36, commencing at northeast 
corner, as in our diagram. 

The sections are all divided in quarters, 
which are named by the cardinal points, as 
in section 1. The quarters are divided in the 
same way. The description of a forty-acre 
lot would read: The south half of the west 
half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in 
township 24, north of range 7 west. Growing 
crops also pass by the deed of a farm, unless 
they are expressly reserved; and when it is 
not intended to convey those, it should be so 
stated in the deed itself, a mere oral agree¬ 
ment to that effect, would not be, in most 
States, valid in law. Another mode is to 
stipulate that possession is not to be given 
until some future day, in which case the 
crops or manures may be removed before that 
time. As to the buildings on the farm, 
though generally mentioned in the deed, it is 
not absolutely necessary they should be. A 
deed of land ordinarily carries all the build¬ 
ings on it, belonging to the grantor, whether 
mentioned or not; and this rule includes the 
lumber and timber of any old building which 
has been taken down or blown down, and 
packed away for future use on farm. 

HOME'STEAD LAW; one exempting the home¬ 
stead from forced sale for debt; different in 
each State; the right to pre-empt 160 acres of 
land. 

HOME'STEAD STRIKE; on one of Carnegie’s great 
steel foundries; from Jan. 6 to Nov. 20, 1892; 
great bloodshed. 

HOME STRETCH; from the last curve to the wire. 

‘HOME, SWEET HOME,” song by Jno. Howard 
Payne, 1792-1852. 

HON.; Honorable. 

HON’DURAS; a C. Amer. republic; area 46,250 sq. 
m.; pop. 1902,650.000; cap. Tegucigalpa; pop. 
10,600; Pres. T Sierra. 

HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE. “Evil be to 
him who evil thinks.” The motto around the 
Royal British Coat of Arms. 

HONOLU'LU; cap. of Hawaii, pop. over 39,305 

HOOD, THOS.; Eng. poet, 1798-1845. [India. 

HOOG'LY; a river and province of Bengal, 

HOOK, THEODORE; Eng. humorist, 1788-1841. 

l^IclSS 

HOOK'ER, GEN. JOS.; Amer. Gen., 1814-1879. 

HOO'SAC TUNNEL; through the Hoosac Mts., 

HORNED' TOAD; Southern California lizard. 

HORS DE COMBAT; out of the fight; disabled. 

HORSE’S AGE. Every horse has six teeth 
above and below. Before three years old he 
sheds his middle teeth; at three he sheds one 
more on either side of the central teeth. Be¬ 
tween four and five the horse cuts the under 
tusks; at five will cut the under tusks, at 


H. P. 99 Hydrostatics 

which time hIS mouth will be complete. At 
six years the grooves and hollows begin to 
fill up a little; at seven the grooves will be 
well nigh filled up, except the corner teeth, 
leaving little brown spots where the dark 
brown hollows formerly were. At eight the 
whole of the hollows and grooves are filled up. 
At nine there is very often seen a small bill 
to the outside corner teeth; the point of the 
tusk is worn off, and the part that was con¬ 
cave begins to fill up and become rounding; 
the squares of the central teeth begin to 
disappear, and the gums leave them small 
and narrow at the top. 

H. P., HORSE POWER; a power sufficient to 
raise 33,000 lbs. 1 foot in one minute. 

HOTEL DES INVALIDES; veterans’ home at 
Paris; built by Louis XIV.; contains the re¬ 
mains of Napoleon I. [France. 

HOTEL-DE-VILLE; name for city hall in 
HOTEL-DIEU; a large hospital In Paris. 
HOT'TENTOTS; a savage race in So. Africa. 
HOUDIN, ROBERT; a Fr. conjurer, and emi¬ 
nent writer on the subject. 1805-71. [dlse. 
HOU'RI; a nymph of the Mohammetan para- 
HOYLE, E.; Eng. author on games; 1672-1769. 
HOUS'TON, GEN. SAM.; Pres, of Texas, 1793- 
1863. [1894. 

HOW'ARD, GEN. O. O.; b. 1830; retired, Nov., 
HOW'DAH; covered seat on the back of an ele¬ 
phant. [1819-67. 

HOWE, ELIAS; inventor of sewing machine, 
HOYLE; Eng. book on games; author, b. 1672, 
d. 1769. 

H. R. H.; His or Her Royal Highness. 
HUD'SON BAY; an inland sea in B. Amer. 
connecting with the Atlantic by Hudson 
Straits. [furs. 

HUD'SON BAY CO.; chartered 1670, to trade in 
HUD'SON RIVER; in E. New York, 300 m. 
long. 

HU'GO, VICTOR; great Fr. poet and novelist, 
author of “Les Miserables”; 1802-85. 
HUNGARY;‘area 125,039 sq. m.; pop. 19,254,560. 
King Franz Josef I. Politically Hungary and 
Austria are one country. 

HUNT'INGTON; a city of W. Va., pop. 10,108. 
HU'RON LAKE; in the U. S. and Canada; area 
21,000 sq. m. [1373, burnt at the stake 1415. 
HUSS, JOHN; Bohemian religious reformer, 
HUX'LEY, T. H.; Eng. scientist. 1825-1895. 
HY'ACINTHE, FATHER (C. Loyson); French 
monk and preacher, b. 1827; left the R. C. 
church to marry an American. 

HY'DRA (Myth.); a famous monster serpent, 
which had many heads. It was slain by Her¬ 
cules. [power of liquids. 

HYDRAU'LICS; the science of the motion and 
HY'DROGEN; a colorless, inflammable gas. 
HYDROG'RAPHY; the art of measuring and 
describing large bodies of water. [rest. 

HYDROSTAT'ICS; the science of fluids when at 


i 


Hygeia 100 Idaho 

HYGE'IA (Myth.); the goddess of health, and a 
daughter of Aesculapius; represented as a 
young woman feeding a serpent, entwined 
round her arm. [moisture. 

HYGROM'ETER; an instrument for measuring 

HY'MEN (Myth.); the god of marriage, was 
either the son of Bacchus and Venus or, as 
some say, of Apollo and one of the Muses; 
represented as a handsome youth, holding in 
his hand a burning torch. 

HYPE'RION (Myth.); son of Coelus and Terra 
(of Heaven and Earth); the model of manly 
beauty, synonymous with Apollo. 

HYPER'TROPHY; an enlargement; overgrowth. 

HYPHENATED WORDS. The printers’ rule is to 
break a word at the end of a line so as to begin 
the following line with a new syllable. 

HYDROPATHY; Treatment of disease with water, 
hot, tepid or cold, externally and internally. 

HYP'NOTISM; a subconscious condition in which 
the objective is more or less inactive, accompa¬ 
nied by abnormal sensibility to impressions and 
suggestions. 

HYPOCHON'DRIAC; an imaginary invalid. 

I 

I. “It is I.” “Suppose that you and me en¬ 
deavor to get it,” should be “Suppose that 
you and I/’ etc. “E, F, G and me were 
partners,” should be “E. F. G and I were 
partners.” “Who was that?” Answer, “I,” 
not “Me.” 

IA.; Iowa. 

I'BEX; an Alpine goat. 

I'BIS; a stork-like bird. 

IC'ARUS (Myth.); son of Daedalus, who made 
himself wings with which to fly from Crete; 
these were fixed to the shoulders by wax. 
Icarus flew too near the sun, and the heat 
melting the wax, he fell into the sea and was 
drowned. [470 j belongs to Denmark. 

ICE'LAND; island E. of Greenland, pop. 78,- 

ICE; Strength at Different Thicknesses; Two 
inches thick—will support a man. Four inches 
thick—will support a man on horseback. Five 
inches thick—will support an eighty-pound 
cannon. Eight inches thick—Will support a 
battery of artillery, with carriages and 
horses. Ten inches thick—Will support an 
army; an innumerable multitude. 

ICH DIEN (ich deen); I serve; the motto of the 
coat of arms of the Prince of Wales. 

ICH'THYOSAU'RUS; an antediluvian flsh-like 
lizard. 

IDAHO; an Indian name meaning “gem of the 
mountains.” Settled at Fort Hall 1834. Organ¬ 
ized as Territory 1863. Admitted as State 1890. 
Part of the original Louisiana Purchase. Area, 
83,828 sq. m; pop. 325,594. Principal indus¬ 
tries lumbering and mining. It is estimated that 
there are 7,000,000 acres of timber in the state. 
In 1899 it ranked 5th in production of lead; 4th 


I. E. 101 India 

in silver. The southern part of state possesses 
ricn agricultural possibilities when the new gov* 
eminent irrigation system is completed. The min- 
ing districts are mostly confined to the northern 
part of state. Temperature 38 to 115 degrees. 
Electors 4. Populist 1892. Dem. 1890-1900. 
Rep. 1904-1908. Reps,. 2. Governor elected for 
2 years; salary $5,000. Cap. Boise City. 

IG'LOO; an Eskimo snow house. 

IG'NIS FAT'UUS; a phosphorescent light; any¬ 
thing fleeting. 

IGNORA'MUS; a stupid person. [ONE. 

IGNORANCE OF THE LAW EXCUSES NO 

IGUANA; a large American lizard. 

I. H. S.; Iesus Hominum Salvator; Jesus the 
Saviour of men. 

IL'IAD; a Greek poem by Homer. 

ILK; the same kind, the same family. 

ILLINOIS; Indian word meaning “tribeof men." 
Nickname “Prairie or Sucker State.” Area 58,- 
854 sq. in.: pop. 1910,5,638 591. First settled 
by the French ini 73. Admitted into the Union 
in 1818. In manufacturing it ranks third in the 
U. S. The packing industry is the most important 
in the state. Mean temp. 47deg. Chicago is 
the second largest city in United States. Rainfall 
37 inches. Railways 11,002 m. Illinois is second 
In the production of bituminous coal. Electors 
29. Rep. since 1876, except in 1892, democratic. 
^.Representatives 27. Governor elected for four 
^years; salary, $12,000. Cap. Springfield. 

IMMAC'ULATE CONCEP'TION; of divine ori¬ 
gin. • [opera troupe. 

IMPRESA'RIO; manager or conductor of an 

IMPRI'MIS; in the first place; first in order. 

IM'PRINT; publisher’s name on a book. 

IMPROMP'TU; off-hand, improvised. 

IN.; inch; sign of (“)• 

INAMORA'TA; a beloved woman. 

IN'CA; formerly an Emperor of Peru. 

IN COE'LO QUI'ES; there is rest in heaven. 

INCANDES'CENT; made white with heat; ap¬ 
plied to electric lamps in which a filament ia 
lighted within an airless bulb. 

INCOG., INCOG'NITO; in disguise. 

IN'COME TAX; one upon receipts; bill passed 
in July, 1894, on incomes of $4,000 and over, 
2 per cent.; In effect 1894; declared unconsti¬ 
tutional; has been a standard tax in Great 
Britain for years. 

INCORPORATE; to obtain a charter. 

IN'CUBATOR; a device for hatching by artifi¬ 
cial heat. 

IN'CUBUS; nightmare; an encumbrance. 

INDEN'TURE; a writing in duplicate. 

IN'DEX; a table of contents. 

IN'DIA; in S. Asia; area 1,539,603 sq. m.j pop 
294,266,701 j cap. Calcutta ; pop. 1,125,400 
Edward VII, Emperor of India j Vice-Roy in 

t 1904, Lord Curzon (husband of Miss Leiter 
of Chicago). Famous rantiny, 1857. 


Indiana 102 In Esse 

INDIANA, IND. j “Land of Indians”; nicknama, 
“Hoosier State”; area 36,587 sq. m.; pop. 
2,700,876. A few settlements were made as 
early as 1702. The Indians were not subdued 
until 1791, after the battle of Tippecanoe. Ad¬ 
mitted Dec. XI, 1816. Packing, milling, lum¬ 
ber products and liquor manufacturing are the 
principal industries. Temperature 25 to 101 
degrees. Rainfall 43 Inches. Railways, 8,905 m. 
Indiana is rich in quarries and coal and natural 
gas; the bituminous coal area alone covers a 
region nearly 600 sq. m. The state ranks 
second in natural gas and fourth in petroleum. 
Among the manufactured articles are tin plates, 
glass, woolen and cotton goods, pottery and tiles, 
furniture, agricultural implements and liquors. 
Electors 15. Democratic in 1876 1884, 1892. 
Republican 1880, 1888,1896 to 1908. Governor 
elected for four years; salary $8,000. Capital, 
Indianapolis. 

IN'DIAN BIBLE; by I. J. Eliot, 1661-1734. 

IN'DIAN MESSI'AH CRAZE; first in 1890. 

IN’DIAN OCEAN; bet. Asia, Africa and Australia. 

IN'DIAN TERRITORY; area 31,154 sq. m.; pop. 
1901, 413,000. Settled at Old Agency, in 1827, 
by Creek Indians. Set apart in 1834 by the 
Government for Indian reservations. Agricul¬ 
ture and stock raising chief Industries. Temper¬ 
ature 12 to 99 degrees. Rainfall 33 Inches. Rail¬ 
ways 1,323 miles. Became part of Oklahoma, 
admitted as a State in 1907. 


INDIAN. What remains of the American, 
of 1909.) 


Arizona.37,236 

California.19,942 

Colorado.806 

Florida.358 

Idaho.4,073 

Indiana.243 

Iowa.352 

Kansas.1,351 

Maine.410 

Michigan.6,743 

Minnesota.10.008 

Montana.10,426 

Nebraska.3.744 

Nevada.5,870 

Five Civilized Tribes 

Cherokees.41,805 

Chickasaws.1,155 

Choctaws.26,771 

Creeks. 18,714 


(Report 

New Mexico.-18,627 

New York.5,455 

North Carolina.. .1,896 

North Dakota.7,990 

Oklahoma.117,370 

Oregon.3,680 

South Carolina. ....60 
South Dakota... .20,221 

Texas....-.470 

Utah.. .1,777 

Washington.8,484 

W isconsin.10,031 

Wyoming.1,670 

Total.299,293 

Seminoles.3,124 

Total.101,469 

E. Cherokees,N.C. 1,896 
Pueblos, N.Mexico.9,188 
Six Nations, N. Y..5,455 


From 1789 to 1909, inclusive, the government 
has spent $474,163,917 on the Indians. 


INDICT'ED; found guilty by a Grand Jury. 
IN'DO-EUROPEANS; the Aryan race. 
INDUC'TION; the action by which iron be¬ 
comes magnetic when in a magnetic field. 
IN'DUS; a river bet. India and Afghanistan. 
INDUS'TRIAL UNION; to protect Inventors 
June 11, 1887. 

IN ES'SE; existing. 



































Influenza 103 Interest Table 

INFLUEN'ZA; an epidemic nasal catarrh, "la 
grippe." 

IN'FRA; below. 

INFUSO'RIA; a class of minute animals. 

IN'GERSOLL, R. G.; Amer. orator and lawyer, 
1833-1899 

IN ME'DIAS RES; into the midst of It. 

IN MEMO'RIAM; in memory. 

INNUEN'DO; a sly hint. 

INQUISI'TION; a court to punish heretics, 
created by the Dominicans of Spain in the 
XVth century; abolished, 1834. 

IN RE; in the matter of. 

IN REM; against the property. [Jews. 

I. N. R. I.; Jesus of Nazareth, King of the 

IN SI'TU; in its natural position. 

INSOM'NIA; want of sleep. Cure: 15 grs. of 
sulphonal in hot milk at bed time; repeat in 
two hours. 

IN'TEREST; Short Interest Rule: Divide either 
the principal or the whole number of days by 
6; with the result multiply the one not di¬ 
vided and you have the interest at 6 per 
cent.; when interest is to be paid, it must 
be mentioned in the note. 

INTEREST TABLE; Savings Bank Compound. 
Showing the amount of $1, from one year to 

fifteen years, with compound interest added semi¬ 
annually, at different rates. 


Number of 
Years. 

Seven 
Per Cent. 

Six 

Per Cent. 

Five 

Per Cent. 

Four 
Per Cent. 

Three 
Per Cent. 

1 5 vears. 

$2.80 

2.62 

$2.42 

2.28 

$2.09 

1.99 

$1.80 

1.73 

$1.56 

1.51 

14 

it 

13 

it 

2.44 

2.15 

1.90 

1.67 

1.47 

12 

it 

2.28 

2.03 

1.80 

1.60 

1.42 

11 

it 

2.13 

1.91 

1.72 

1.54 

1.38 

id 

• t 

1.98 

1.80 

1.63 

1.48 

1.34 

9^ 

9 

t • 

1.92 

1.75 

1.59 

1.45 

1.32 

i < 

1.85 

1.70 

1.55 

1.42 

1.30 

8 

it 

1.79 

1.65 

1.52 

1.39 

1.28 

it 

1.73 

1.60 

1.48 

1.37 

1.26 

7K 

7 

it 

1.67 

1.55 

1.44 

1.34 

1.25 

it 

1.61 

1.56 

1.51 

1.41 

1.31 

1.23 

6^ 

6 

it 

1.46 

1.37 

1.29 

1.21 

(t 

1.51 

1.42 

1.34 

1.26 

1.19 

5% 

5 

it 

1.45 

1.38 

1.31 

1.24 

1.17 

it 

1.41 

1.34 

1.28 

1.21 

1.16 

4K 

4 

ti 

1.36 

1.30 

1.24 

1.19 

1.14 

it 

1.31 

1-26 

1.21 

1.17 

1.12 

3K 

3 

ti 

1.27 

1.22 

1.18 

1.14 

1.10 

4* 

1.22 

1.19 

1.15 

1.12 

1.09 

2K 

2 

t i 

1.18 

1.15 

1.13 

1.10 

1.07 

it 

1.14 

1.12 

1.10 

1.08 

1.06 

IK 

1 

ti 

1.10 

1.09 

1.07 

1.06 

1.04 

)< 

1.07 

1.06 

1.05 

1.04 

1.03 

K 

it 

1.03 

1.03 

1.02 

1.02 

1.01 












































Interim 104 Iowa 

IN'TERIM; intervening time. 

INTE'RIOR DEPART'MENT; has a Secretary, 
1st and 2nd Assist. Secy., Chief Clerk, Chief 
of Census Bureau, Dir. Geological Survey, 
Com. of Labor, Com. of Education, Com. of 
Railroads, Com. of Indian Affairs, Com. of 
Patents, Com. of Pensions, Com. of Land 
Office. [mestic products. 

INTER'NAL REV'ENUE TAX; that upon do- 

INTERNA'TIONAL; between nations. 

IN'TERSTATE; between different States. 

INTERSTATE COM'MERCE LAW; Feb. 4, 
1887; July 9, 1888. 

INTESTATE; dying without a will. 

INTESTINES; the bowels. [walls. 

IN'TRA, within. INTRAMU'RAL; within the 

IN TRAN'SIT; on the way. 

IN VACUO; in empty space. 

INVERTEBRATE; having no backbone. 

IN VI'NO VER'ITAS; there is truth in wine. 

INVISIBLE INK. Made of several substances, 
but the most curious known is that made 
from cobalt. It is a very remarkable phe¬ 
nomenon that this ink may be made to dis¬ 
appear and reappear at pleasure. This prop¬ 
erty is peculiar to inks obtained from co¬ 
balt, for all the other kinds are at first in¬ 
visible until some substance has been ap¬ 
plied to make them appear; but when once 
they have appeared they remain. To prepare 
this ink, take zaffre and dissolve it in nitro- 
muriatic acid till the acid extracts from it 
the metallic part of the cobalt, which com¬ 
municates to the zaffre a blue color; then 
dilute the solution, which is very acrid, with 
common water; if you write with this liquid 
on paper, the characters will be invisible; 
but when exposed to a sufficient degree of 
heat they will become green. When hetpaper 
has cooled they will disappear. Observe, if 
the paper be too much heated they will not 
disappear at all. 

10 (Myth.); a priestess of Juno, whom Jupiter 
courted; being detected by Juno, he turned 
Io into a beautiful heifer. Juno demanded 
the beast of Jupiter, and set the hundred¬ 
eyed Argus to watch her. Jupiter persuaded 
Mercury to destroy Argus, and Io was set at 
liberty and restored to human shape, but she 
had to wander about till she came to Egypt, 
where she became wife of Osiris, and after 
her death was worshipped as the goddess Isis. 

I'ODINE; made from sea-weed ashes. 

IOD'OFORM; a healing antiseptic dressing. 

ION'IC; a Greek style of architecture. 

IOTA; jot; particle. 

I. 0. U.; a written acknowledgment of a debt. 

IOWA, IA.; a French Indian name applied to the 
Indians meaning “ Drowsy. •* Nickname, “Hawk- 
eye State.” Area 56,270 sq. m.j pop,2,224,771. 
Settled at Burlington, by New Englanders, in 


Ipecac *05 Jack Ketcn 

1835^ admitted 1846. Packing 1 , dairying, stock 
raising and agriculture principal Industries. 
Temperature 32 to 104 degrees. Rainfall, 33 
inches. Railways 9,180 m. Among the mineral 
resources of the state are coal, lead, limestone, 
sandstone and gypsum. Manufactured articles, 
packing products, flour, foods, and dairy articles. 
Pottery and stone industry is well developed. 
Schools are among the best in the country. The 
more important colleges are Iowa College, at 
Grinnell, Cornell at Mt. Vernon, and State Univer¬ 
sity, at Iowa City. Electors 13. Republican since 
1876. Representatives 11. Governor elected for 
two years. Salary, $5,000. Cap. Des Moines. 

IP'ECAC; made from a Brazilian plant root. 

“I PROPOSE TO FIGHT IT OUT ON THIS LINE IF 
IT TAKES ALL SUMMER.”-Gen. Grant, 1864. 

IP'SE DIX'IT; He himself said it. 

IP'SO FAC'TO; by the act itself. 

IRE., IRE'LAND; most W. island of Europe, 
part of Brit. Empire; area 32,605 sq. m.; pop. 
4.458,775; cap. Dublin; famous famine 1846. 

I'RIS; a circle around the pupil of the eye. 

IRKUTSK'; city of Siberia; pop-51,434. 

IRON-CLADS; armored ships of war. 

IRON MASK; an unknown Fr. prisoner who 
died in 1703, and is believed to have been a 
twin brother of Louis XIV., incarcerated so as 
to avoid the possibility of internecine wars. 

IROQUOIS; a tribe of Indians in W. New York. 

IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT; cannot be sup¬ 
pressed; Seward, 1858. 

IR'VING, WASHINGTON; Amer. author, (Rip 
Van Winkle), 1783-1859. 

ISA'IAH; a Hebrew prophet, 740-701 B. C. 

ISH'MAEL; son of Abraham and Hagar; pro¬ 
genitor of the Arabic family. 

I'SINGLASS; made from sturgeons’ bladders. 

I'SIS; the chief Egyptian goddess. 

IS'LAM; the religion of the Mahommedans. 

ISLE OF MAN; off W. coast of England, pop. 
54,758; area 227 sq. m. 

ISLE OF WIGHT; in Eng. Channel, pop. 57,200. 

ISOP'ATHY; treating human diseased organs 
by eating similar healthy parts of animals. 

ISOS'CELES; a triangle with two equal sides. 

ISPAHAN'; a decaying city of Persia; pop. 
70,000. 

ISTHMUS; a strip of land beween two seas. 

lT'ALY; monarchy is S. Europe; area 110,646 sq. 
m.; pop. 32.961.000; cap. Rome since 1871; King 
V. Emanuele III., b. Nov. 21, I860. [sippi R. 

ITAS'CA LAKE; in Minn., source of Missis- 

IU'KA, MISS.; Battle of. Sept. 19, 1863. 

“I WAS BORN AN AMERICAN”; Webster, 
1850. [IDENT” ; Clay,1833. 

“I WOULD RATHER BE RIGHT THAN PRES- 

J 


J. A.; Judge Advocate. 

JACK KETCH; the English hangman. 


Jack O’Lantern 106 Japan 

JACK O'LANTERN; Ignis fatuus, q. v. 

JACK SCREW; for raising weights. 

J ACK'SON, ANDREW; (see Presidents). 

JACKSON, HELEN (HUNT); Amer. authoress. 
1831-85. 

JACK'SON, THOS. (STONEWALL); Confed. 
Gen. 1824-1863. 

JACK THE RIPPER; the mysterious assassin 
of Whitechapel, Eng., 1893. 

JA'COB; son of Isaac; Gen. xxviii, 12. 

JAC'OBINS; a French political club, founded 
1789, ruled over by Robespierre. [tury. 

JAC'OBITES; a Christian sect in the 6th cen- 

JACQUARD'; a Fr. loom using perforated 
cards, invented by M. Jacquard in 1801; 1762- 
1834. 

JADE; a green, precious stone. 

JA'EL; murderess of Sisera; Judges iv., 17. 

JAF'FA; a seaport 35 m. N. W. of Jerusalem. 

JAIN'ISM; the heterodox Hindoo religion. 

JAL'AP; a Mexican purgative plant. [581,000. 

JAMAI'CA; largest Eng. W. I. island; pop. 

JAMES; brother of Jesus; Matt, xiii., 55. 

JAMES I.; King of England, 1566-1627; under 
his reign the official Bible translation was 
brought out. [peake Bay. 

JAMES RIVER; S. E. Va.; flows into Chesa- 

JA'MESONITE; composed of antimony, lead 
and iron. 

JAMI; a Persian poet, 1414-1492. 

JAN'AUSCHEK, FANNIE; illustrious Bohemian 
actress, b. 1830. 

JAN'ITOR; from Janus, q.v. 

JANTZARY; formerly a Turkish soldier of the 
Sultan’s body guard. Had to be suppressed. 

JAN MAH'AN; an island in the Arctic ocean. 

JAN'SENISM; a R. C. church doctrine, con¬ 
demned by the Pope in XVIII. century. 

JAN'UARY; from Janus. 

JA'NUS (Myth); a king of Italy who sheltered 
Saturn when he was driven from heaven by 
Jupiter. Janus presided over highways, 
gates and locks, and is usually represented 
with two faces. A brazen temple was erected 
to him in Rome, which was always open in 
time of war, and closed during peace. 

JAPAN*; & kind of lacquer. 

JAPAN' SEA; between China, Corea and Japan. 

JAPAN ; emperor, Mutsuhito, b. Nov. 3, 1852; 
area 161,198 sq. m.; pop. 47,731.028, including 
Formosa and Pescadores ceded by China In 1895; 
cap. Tokio ; pop. 1900, 1,440,121. Number 
school children (6 to 14years), 1902,7,466,886. 
Schools 29,619. Religious freedom guaranteed. 
Chief religions Shintoism and Buddhism. Cons* 
titution adopted 1889. House of Peers, House 
of Representatives, a Cabinet and a Privy Coun 
cil under the Emperor constitute the govern* 
ment. Expenditures 1904, approximately $122,« 
376,173. Revenue $125,840,980. The devel- 
ment of Japanese industries since the Chinese 
war has been phenomenal. 


Japan 107 Japan 

ARMY, 1900. Number of men. 

Annual Cost. In Peace. In TFar. Gun*. 

$19,000,000,000 107,629 632,007 700 


NAVY. 

Effective. 

Building. 

1st Class Battleship... 

4 

2 

2nd M “ 

3 


3rd •* « 



4th “ * 

1 

MO 

5th •« 

1 


protected or Armored 
Cruisers. 

2nd Class.. 

• 


3rd “ . 

t 


4th “ ....... 



6th ** .. 



6th “ .... 

10 

t 

7th " . 

4 


Torpedo Gun Boats..... 

4 


Destroyers.. 

19 


Torpedo Roats .... ... 

<9 


Submarines............ 

— 

4 

Total. . 

109 

"s 


JAPAN ESE-RUSSI AN WAR. By virtue ot the 
Chinese-Japanese treaty of April 17, 1895, 
Formosa, the Peseadoree and the Liao-tong, Pen* 
Insula on which stands Port Arthur, was ceded to 
Japan, and an indemnity ot $32,000,000 paid. 
Korea was to be recognised as independent, but 
Japan was to oconpy Wei-hai-wei as security for 
the Indemnity. Japan's occupation of Port 
Arthur was resented by Russia as a manace to 
Korean Independence, and the squadrons of 
Russia, France and Germany suddenly appeared 
off the Port, and in response to Russia’s atti* 
tude, Japan evacuated the Port. The Russian 
squadron spent the following winter there 
against the protests of England and Japan, 
England subsequently taking possession of Wei* 
hai-wei. In the meantime the Trans-Siberian 
railway began to approach the Pacific, appear¬ 
ing in Manchurian territory, much to the sur¬ 
prise of the world at large. As Russian Influence 
In Korea grew Japan felt that she had been 
forced to relinquish to Russia by Intimidation 
what had been a lawful prise of war. Russian 
troops were landed at Chemulpo, and in 1898 a 
Russian fleet was commenced for service in the 
Far East. Japan now compelled Russia to recog¬ 
nise the integrity of Korea or fight, and as a con¬ 
sequence the treaty of Tokyo was signed. In 
1900 the Russians attempt to gain a coaling sta¬ 
tion at Masanpo, almost In sight ot Japanese 
Territory, was considered as a breach of treaty. 
Apparently powerless to resist Russian encroach¬ 
ment Japan nevertheless was not idle and 
with the funds from the Chinese Indemnity she 
prepared herself for emergencies. March 27, 
1898, Russia obtained from China a lease of 
Port Arthur, Talienwan and adjacent territory 
and waters for twenty-five years with privi- 
lege of extension, by agreement. This gave 
her the right to fortify And control by military 
fore# U necessary. AM A result ot the Beser 











Japan 108 July 

uprising Russia took possession of Manchuria, 
The protests of Japan were without effect and 
Japan’s note to Russia asking for a statement of 
that country’s intentions regarding Korea not 
being answered, Japan terminated diplomatle 
relations with Russia Feb. 5. 1904, and three 
days afterwards Japan fired the first shot precipl* 
tating the now famous Japanese Russian War. 
Russia claimed that Japan insisted upon incor¬ 
porating in the Tokio treaty a clause relating to 
occupancy of Manchuria by Russia, which quee- 
tion, the latter country said did not concern Japan 
except in that all powers were equally interested. 
Russia agreed to recognize Chinese sovereignty 
and the interest of other powers in Manchuria. 
This reply it was asserted was in course of trans¬ 
mission when Japan took the initiative. A long 
and bitter conflict was inaugurated, a war that 
bids fair to prove the bloodiest and most expen¬ 
sive of modern times. The commander in-chief 
of the Russian Armies in Manchuria and Korea 
was Gen. Kouropatkin. Gen. Stoessel in com¬ 
mand at Port Arthur has amazed the world in 
his heroic defense. Over 50,000 Japanese have 
fallen in numerous assaults upon the fort, and al¬ 
though nearly all the outlying and important 
fortifications were taken by the Japanese before 
October 1, bis position at that time seemed as 
impregnable as ever. Admiral Togo was in charge 
of the Japanese fleet. Field Marshal Oyama con¬ 
ducted the land forces with generals Kuroki, 
Oku and Nodzu. The nine days fighting about 
Liaoyang which commenced August 27, 1904, 
and at Shakhe River, Oct. 22, were probably the 
most bloody battles in modern history/ Sept. 1, 
the Russians retired in good order and the 
Japanese under Gen. Oku occupied the hills, and 
after three more da 3 ' 8 , assisted by a flanking 
movement by Gen. Kuroki, the Japanese took 
possession of the town at an awful sacrifice of life. 

After 241 days of continuous siege, Gen. Stoes¬ 
sel blew up the remaining forts, magazines and 
ships at Port Arthur and proposed terms of sur¬ 
render to Gen. Nogi, Jan, 1,1905, and at 4 :30 
o’clock, Jan. 2, 1905, negotiations for capitula¬ 
tion were completed. Of the principal forte 
about Port Arthur, ten were captured or de¬ 
stroyed, and eight held by the Russians. 

The Baltic squadron, under Vice Admiral Ro- 
jestvensky, sent to the relief of the Fort, arrived 
at Madagascar, with five battleships, three cruis¬ 
ers, two transports and hospital ship, Jan. 2. Es¬ 
timated loss, men and ships, during the siege as 
follows: Japan. Russia. 

Men killed, about. 65,000 25,000 

Battleships. v 1 7 

Cruisers. 3 5 

Gunboats . 1 ‘2 

Destroyers. 9 36 

Miscellaneous. 1 2 

Men engaged. 87,902 43,632 

Guns “ 608 778 

JULY'; seventh month; from Julius Caesar. 










June 109 Kansas 

JUNE; sixth month of the year, from Juno. 

JUNGFRAU (the Virgin); a high Swiss mt., 
13,718 ft. 

JU'NIPER; an evergreen tree. 

JUN'IUS; anonymous Eng. writer; wrote the 
famous “Letters of Junius/’ 1769-72. 

JUNK; a Chinese vessel. 

JUN'KER, W.; German explorer, 1845-90. 

JU'NO (Myth.); daughter of Saturn, and mar¬ 
ried to Jupiter; queen of all the gods and 
mistress of heaven and earth; the mother of 
Mars, Vulcan, Hebe and Lucina. Generally 
represented riding in a chariot drawn by pea¬ 
cocks, with a diadem on her head, and a 
sceptre in her hand. 

JUN'TA; a convention or governmental body. 

JU'PITER (Myth.); the God of Gods; son 
of Saturn, born on Mount Ida, in Crete, and 
nourished by the goat Amalthaea; with the 
help of Hercules, defeated the giants, the 
sons of earth, when they made war against 
heaven. Jupiter was worshipped with great 
solemnity under various names by most of 
the heathen nations. The Africans called him 
Ammon; the Babylonians, Belus; and the 
Egyptians, Osiris. Represented as a majestic 
personage seated on a throne, holding in his 
hands a sceptre and a thunderbolt; at his feet 
stood a spread eagle. (land. 

JU'RA; the mountains bet. France and Switzer- 

JURAS'SLC; the middle Mesozoic age. [oath. 

JU'RAT; certifying to one’s statement under 

JURYMAST; a temporary mast (“injury”). 

JU'ROR; a member of a jury. JU'RY; the 
first called together in England, 970 A. D. 

JUS AD REM; a right to it. [105-165. 

JUS'TIN MARTYR; a Greek Church father, 

JU'VENAL; a Roman satirical poet, 60-140 A.D. 

K 

KAF'FIRS; tribes in S. Africa. 

KAI'SER; title of the Ger. Emperor. 

KALAFAT'; a walled town in Roumania. 

KALEI'DOSCOPE; an optical instrument show' 
ing many designs in colors. 

KAL'SOMINE; a mixture of glue, Paris white 
and water. 

KALU'GA; a city of Russia, pop. 40,728. 

KA'MA; the chief affluent of the Volga River. 

KAMA'LA; an E. I. drug for removing tape 
worms. [1716. 

KAMP'FER, E.; Ger. traveler in Asia, 1651- 

KAMCHAT'KA; a peninsula of N. E. Asia. 

KANAK'A; original name for native Hawaiian. 

KANA'WHA; a river of W. Va. and O. 

KANE, DR. E. K.; Arctic explorer, 1820-1857. 

KANGAROO'; pouched Austalian quadruped. 

KANSAS, KANS.; an Indian word meaning “Smoky 
water”; nickname “Sunflower State”; area 82,- 
238 sq.m.; pop., 1910,1,690,949. Settled at 
Fort Leavenworth in 1850, organized as a Terri¬ 
tory 1854; admitted 1861. Agriculture and 
■tock raising principal, industry. Kansas City 


Kant ?**' Kentucky 

fcas second largest packing Industry of the coun¬ 
try. Temperature 119 to 108. Rainfall 38 Inches, 
Railways 9,168 m. The state ranks first In the 
production of zinc; coal and lead deposits are 
^extensive. Natural gas and petroleum fields are 
quite abundant. Kansas City is the most promi¬ 
nent commercial and railway center. Electors 10. 
Republican since 1876, except 1892 Populist, 
and 1896 Demoratio. Representatives eight; Gov- 
ernor elected Cor two years; salary $5,000, 
cap. Topeka. 

KANT, L; a Ger. philosopher, 1724-1804. 

KA'OLIN; porcelain clay; feldspar. [Thebes. 

KAR'NAK; Egyptian village and temple near 

KARS; Turkish city captured by Russians, 1877. 

KASHGAR'; a city and province of Turkestan. 

KASSA'LA; a town in Upper Egypt. 

KATAN'GA; a district in the Congo Free State. 

KATMANDU'; cap. of Nepaul, India; pop. 

50,000. 

KA'TYDID; a large American grasshopper. 

KATZ'BACH, GER.; Battle of, Aug. 26, 1813. 

KAUL'BACH, W.; a German painter, 1805-1874. 

KA'VA; a Polynesian liquor. 

KAY'AK; an Eskimo boat. [pop. 90,000. 

KAZAN'; a city and province of E. Russia, 

K. C. B.; Knight Commander of the Bath, a 
British order. - [India, a British order. 

K. C. S. I.; Knight Commander of the Star of 

KEAN, EDMUND; English actor, 1787-1833. 

KEAR'NY, PHIL.; American Gen., 1815-1862. 

KEAR'SARGE (Union); sunk Alabama (Confed- 
erate, June 19, 1864; lost, Feb. 1894. 

KEATS, JOHN; English poet, 1795-1821. 

KECSKEMET; a city of Hungary, pop. 67.812. 

KELAT'; cap. of Beloochistan, pop. 17,500. 

KEL'LERMAN, F. E.; Fr. Marshal, 1770-1835. 

KEL'LOGG, CLARA L.; Amer. singer, b. 1842. 

KEL'LOGG, I. S.; Amer. clergyman, 1832-1887. 

KEU'LY, JOHN; Amer. politician (Tammany 
“boss”), 1821-1886. 

KEM'BLE, FANNY; Eng. actress, 1811-1893. 

KEM'PIS, THOS. a'; a Ger. abbot, author of 
“Imitation of Christ,” 1380-1471. 

KEN'DALL, AMOS; Amer. politician, 1789-1869. 

KEN'EH; a city 33 m. N. of Thebes, Egypt, 
pop. 10,000. 


KEN'ESAW MT„ GA.; Battle of, June 27, 1864. 

KENN.EBEC'; a river and county of S. W. Me. 

KENTUCKY, KY.; Indian name meaning *‘at the 
head of the river" or, possibly, “dark and 
bloody ground”; nickname, “Blue Grass State •» 
Area 40,332 sq. m.; pop. 1910, 2,289,906. 
Settled by Virginians, at Harrodsburg, in 1774 
although it was explored in 1767 and in 1769 
by Daniel Boone. Organized as a Territory 1700 
Admitted June 1,1792. Tobacco is the principal 
product of the State; agriculture, the breeding 
of fine horses and manufacturing are the chief 
industries. Mean temperature 56 degrees. Rain- 
fall 45 inches. Railways 3,137 miles. The state 
la noted tor Ita fine whiskies, ranking first, and 


Kerosene Kltto 

•eeond in the production of tobacco* amount of 
tobacco raised in 1903, 314,988,050 pound*. 
Louisville is the center of the American tobacco 
market. Coal is the principal mineral mined. 
Electors 13. Democratic since 1876, except 1896, 
Representatives 11. Governor elected for four 
years; salary $6,500. Cap. Frankfort 

KER'OSENE; purified petroleum, first used in 1826. 

KER'RY; a S. W. province of Ireland. 

KET'TLEDRUM; an informal social party. 

KET'TLE RUN, VA.; Battle of, Aug. 27, 1862. 

KEW, ENGLAND; noted for its botanic gardens. 

KEY, F. S.; author “Star Spangled Banner," 
1780-1843. 

KEY WEST; an island S. W. of Florida. 

K. G.; Knight of the Garter (a British order). 

KHAMSIN'; violent desert wind of Egypt. 

KHAN; an Asiatic ruler. 

KHARTUM'* in Nubia, Egypt, at junction of 
White and Blue Niles, pop. 8,000* conquered 
by the English and Egyptians united under 
Sirdar Lord Kitchener; the Mahdi and Der¬ 
vishes defeated at the battle of Omdurman 
(1898). 

KHEDIVE (VICE-ROY) ; ruler of Egypt* f. y. 

KHER'SON; Russian city, pop. 69,219. 

KHIVA; city of Turkestan, pop. 7,000. 

KHORASSAN'; N. E. province of Persia. 

KHY'BER PASS; from E. Afghanistan into In¬ 
dia, 50 miles. [Foxeq. 

KICKAPOOS'; Indians related to the Sacs and 

KIDD, CAPT. WM.; b. in Scotland, 1650; hung 
in England, 1701. 

KID'DERMINSTER, ENG.; famous for carpet*. 

KID'RON; a valley E. of Jerusalem. 

KIEL; German naval seaport, pop. 107,938. 

KIEV; Russian city, pop. 247,432, 

KILAUEA; Hawaiian volcano, 4,000 ft. [20,000. 

KILIMANDJARO'; a mt. W. of Zanguabar, At., 

KILKEN'NY; a city of Ireland, pop. 15,609. 

KILLAR'NEY, three lakes and a town, Kerry 
Co., Ire. 

KIL'OGRAMME; 2.2046 lbs—about 2 1-5. 

KIL'OLITRE; 35,315 cubic ft.—264.18 gallons. 

KIL'OMETRE; 3,280.80 ft., about % of a mile. 

KILPAT'RICK, H. J.; Amer. Cav. Gen., 1836- 
1881. 

KILT; skirt of Scotch Highland costume. 

KINE'TOSCOPE; an instrument showing mov¬ 
ing figures 46 per sec., invented by Edison, 
1894. 

KING PHILIP’S WAR; 1675-1676; also 1689-1697. 

KING, THOS. STARR; Amer. clergyman, 1824- 
1864. [incorporated in 1886. 

KING’S DAUGHTERS; a charitable society, 

KING’S EVIL; scrofula. 

KINGS'TON; cap. of Jamaica, pop. 35,000. 

KIOSK'; a Turkish summer-house. 

KIO'TO; a city of Japan; pop. 853,136. 

KIRGHIZ'; nomads of Asiatic Russia. [faith. 

KIS'MET; destiny; fate, in the Mohammedan 

KIT'TO, JOHN; Biblical scholar, 1804-54. 


Klamath 112 Kummel 

KLA'MATH; a tribe of Indians; county in Cal. 

K. L. H.; Knight of the Legion of Honor (the 
French order). 

KLEPTOMA'NIAC; a thief through irresistible, 
diseased impulse, not through vicious inclina¬ 
tion or want. 

K. M.; Knight of Malta. KM.; kilometre. 

KLONDIKE; this region in the N. W. Terri¬ 
tory of Canada is found along the coast of 
the great river Yukon, and its tributaries, 
large and small. Since 1897 an enormous in¬ 
flux of pioneers has traveled over its desolate 
plains in quest of gold; the mines are all 
placers and can be worked at small expense. 
Large fortunes have been taken out of the 
frozen ground by a few lucky ones; hundreds 
died of want and abominable sufferings. Daw¬ 
son City, founded in 1896, has now 15,000 in¬ 
habitants. [1869; membership (1899), 200,000. 

KNIGHTS OF LABOR; organ, at Philadelphia, 

KNIGHTS OF THE MAC'CABEES; a ben. soc. 
founded 1881; membership, 1881, 700; 1899, 
322,696. 

K. P., KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS; a beneficial 
soc. founded 1864; membership, 1899, 469,291. 

K. T., KNIGHTS TEM'PLARS; a high order in 
Free Masonry; membership (1899), 113,918. 

KNOT; 6,080 ft.; a nautical mile. 

KNOUT; a Russian whip for criminals. 

KNOW NOTHING PARTY; organized in 1853; 
their motto was: “America for Americans and 
the Bible as a text-book.” 

KNOX, JOHN; Scotch reformer, 1505-1572. 

KNOX'VILLE, TENN. • Battles of, Nov. 17 and 
30, 1863. 

KOCH, DR. ROBT.; Ger. bacteriologist, b. 1843. 

KOCK, PAUL DE; French popular novelist, 
1794-1871. [367 k.; value, $3,600,000. 

KOHINOOR'; diamond in English crown, wt. 

KOHL; a stuff for darkening the eyelids. 

KOOMAS'SIE; cap. of Ashantee, Africa, pop. 
15,000. [hammedans. 

KO'RAN OR AL'KORAN; sacred book of Mo- 

KOREA, area: 82,000 sq. m.; pop. 10.000,000. 
Emperor, Yi Heui; up to Chinese-Japanese-War 
1894, an absolute monarchy, acknowledging 
Chinese suzerainty. May, 1895, China renoun¬ 
ced her claim and the Japanese instituted at 
their expense many reforms. The Russian- 
Japanese treaty later pledged Korean Indepen- 
^ dence. Merged in Japanese Empire in 1910. 
KRIS; a Malay dagger. 

KRISH'NA; a Hindoo deity. [1812-87. 

KRUPP, ALFRED; gun mfr. at Essen, Ger., 

K. S. E.; Knight of the Star of the East (Brit¬ 
ish). [13th century. 

KUB'LAI KHAN; 1st Mongol emperor of China, 

KUEN'LUN MTS.; a range in Thibet. ‘ 

KU'MISS OR KOU'MISS; drink made from 
mare’s milk. 

KUM'MEL; a caraway-flavored liquor; very 
popular in N. Germany and Russia. 


Kurdistan 113 Lake 

KURDISTAN'; Turkish province of W. Asia. 

KURILE ISLANDS; on the N. E. coast of Asia. 

KURRACHEE'; seaport of Scinde, India, pop. 
30,000. [place. 

KURSAAL; a room for guests at a watering- 

KYR'-I-E ELEI'SON; “Lord, have mercy upon 
us.” 

Tj 

LABOUCHERE, H.} an English radical M. P. pro¬ 
prietor of Truth} b. 1831. 

LABRADOR'} most easterly part of Arner.i area 
120,000 sq. m.; pop. 8047. 

LACCADIVE ISLANDS; S. W. of India. 

LACHES; (in law) negligence; inexcusable de¬ 
lay. 

LACHINE RAPIDS; in St. Lawrence River. 

LACROSSE; a peculiar game of ball. 

LACTOM'ETER; an instrument for testing milk. 

LACUS'TRINE; pertaining to lakes. 

LADRONE OR MARIANA ISLANDS, THE. 
Were captured in June, 1898, by the U. S. S. 
Charleston on its way to reinforce Admiral 
Dewey at Manila. The principal island, 
Guam, is in lat. 13 deg. 12 min. N. Faral- 
lone de Pajoros, the northernmost of the 
islands, is in lat. 20 deg. 32 min. N. The 
islands have an area of 200square miles, and 
a population of 9,000. Discovered by Magellan 
on Mar. 6, 1521. The Spaniards called them 
the Ladrones, the natives being incorrigible 
thieves. In 1668 they were named Marianas, 
for the widow of King Philip IV. of Spain. 
Commodore Anson, R. N., visited these islands 
in 1742, on his way to Manila in search of 
rich Spanish galleons. The chaplain of the 
ship wrote in glowing colors of these islands, 
with herds of thousands of cattle, guanacos, 
wild hogs and wild fowls; oranges, limes, 
guavas, bananas and cocoanuts, were found i| 
great abundance. Prior to the opening of the 
Japanese ports these islands were much fre¬ 
quented by American and English whalers for 
the fresh provisions so easily obtained. A 
large portion of the inhabitants now living 
there are light copper color, with very light 
hair. The temperature of the islands is very 
much cooler than the Philippines, and they 
have always been considered very healthful. 
By the treaty of peace between Spain and 
the U. S., Guam was ceded to the U, S. The 
balance of the islands were sold, in 1899, by 
Spain to Germany, together with the Carolina 
and Pelero islands. 

LAFAY'ETTE, MARQUIS DE; Fr. friend of 
America, 1757-1834. 

LAFITTE, JEAN; Fr. pirate, 1780-1826. 

LA FONTAINE; Fr. fabulist, 1621-95. [6,000. 

LA GUAYRA; a N. seaport of Venezuela, pop. 

LAHORE; cap. of Punjaub, pop. 120,068 

LAISSEZ FAIRE; non-interference. [Minn. 

LAKE OF THE WOODS; in Can., bordering 


Lake 114 Laplace 

ziAKE POETS; Coleridge, Southey and Worda- 
worth. 

LAMA; ruler of Thibet. [1790-1869. 

LAMAR'TINE, A. de; Fr. poet and statesman, 

LAMB, CHARLES; Eng. author. 1775-1834. 

LAMBREQUIN; an ornamental curtain. 

LANC'ASTER SOUND; in the Arctic, W. of 
Greenland. 

LAND'GRAVE; a German ruler; none are In 
power now; tha last one, the Landgrave of 
Hesse-Homburg, ceased to exist In 1866. 

LAND GRANTS; by the U. S., 118,600,000 acre* 
to railroads. [ors. 

LAND'-LUBBER; landsman, so called by sail- 

LAND O’ CAKES; Scotland. 

LAND OF NOD; sleep; (see Gen. iv., 16.) 

LAND OF THE MIDNIGHT SUN; Norway. 

LANDLORD AND TENANT. Don’t rent prop¬ 
erty except on written lease. Don’t depend 
on verbal promises of a landlord. Don’t 
look to a landlord for general repairs, unless 
specially provided for in the lease. Don’t 
remove a fixture (mantel, tile floor, station¬ 
ary tubs, etc.), unless you expect to restore 
the premises as you found them. Don’t fail 
to record a lease when drawn for three years 
or more. Don’t take a married woman for a 
tenant, unless the laws of the State permit 
her to make an executory contract. Don’t 
accept any shorter notice than thirty days 
when holding by the month. Don’t let prem¬ 
ises for illegal use, or arrears of rent upon 
ejectment will not be collectable. Don’t 
leave your landlord trade fixtures erected by 
you on the premises. Don’t erect a building 
upon foundations sunken into the ground, or 
it will become part of the realty. Don’t 
turn the premises over to the landlord until 
all questions of ownership of fixtures, addi¬ 
tions, etc., have been settled in writing. 
Don’t try to hold back the rent for repairs 
made by you. Don’t move into premises 
until you get your written lease or agree¬ 
ment. Don’t allow a provision not to sublet 
deter you from putting in a tenant of same 
standing as yourself. 

LAN'DOR, W. S.; English author, 1775-1864. 

LAND'SEER, EDWIN; English painter, 1802-73. 

LAND’S END; the W. point of Great Britain. 

LANDWEHR; Ger. soldiers in civil life; sub¬ 
ject to call, after the reserve (Ersatz). 

LAOC'OON (Myth.); a priest of Apollo, who 
was, with his two sons, crushed to death by 
serpents, because he opposed the admission of 
the wooden horse to Troy. Famous Roman 
statue in Tuileries garden, Paris. [cavity. 

LAPAROT'OMY; cutting into the abdominal 

LA PAZ; cap. of Bolivia, S. A., pop. 85,000. 

LA'PIS LAZ'ULI; a rich blue mineral, inlaid 
with gold streaks. [1827. 

LAPLACE, MARQUIS DE; Fr. astronomer, 1749- 


Lapland 115 Lee 

LAP'LAND; bordering the Arctic ocean. 

LAP'SUS LINGUAE; a slip of the tongue. 

LARCH; the American hemlock. 

LA'RES AND PENA'TES (Myth.); sons of Mer¬ 
cury, or, as others say, of Jupiter; belonged 
to the lower order of Roman gods, and pre¬ 
sided over homes and families. Their statues 
were found within the doors of houses or near 
the hearths. Lamps were sacred to them, as 
symbols of vigilance, and the dog was their 
sacrifice. 

LAR'YNX; the upper part of the throat. [1687 

LA SALLE; Fr. explorer through N. A. 1643- 

LAS'CAR; a E. India camp follower or sailor. 

LAS'SA; cap. of Thibet, pop. 50,000. 

LAS'SO; a rope with a noose; HerodotusVII., II 

LAST OF THE MOHICANS; Cooper’s Chief 
Uncas. 

LAT.; latitude. 

LAT'ERAN; Church of St. John, Rome. 

LAT'IN UN'ION; France, Italy, Belgium, 
Switzerland, Greece, Spain, Servla and Rou- 
mania, to regulate and limit silver currency. 

LAT'IN QUAR'TER; E. of Jardln du Luxem¬ 
bourg, Paris; even to this day the abiding- 
place of university students, artists, etc. 

LAT'TER DAY SAINT; a Mormon. 

LAUS DEO; Praise to God. 

L. A. W.; League of American Wheelmen; any 
amateur (white) .wheelman, of good character, 
eighteen years of age or over, with the In¬ 
dorsement of two League members, Is eligible 
to membership. Dues are |2 first year, and $1 
subsequent years.. 

LAW AND ORDER LEAGUE; organized in 1877. 

LAW, JOHN; Scotch financier, 1671-1729; under 
Louis XV. of France, engineered the ruinous 
Mississippi bubble, 1716-20. 

LAY'ARD, SIR AUSTEN H.; English archaeol¬ 
ogist, 1817-1894. [20. 

LAZ'ARUS; poor man In the Bible, Luke xvl., 

LAZZARO'NE; an Italian beggar of Naples. 

LEAN'ING TOWER OF PISA, ITALY; 176 ft. 
high, 50 ft. diameter, leans 13 ft. 

LEAP YEAR; one divisible by 4 without re¬ 
mainder, excepting Centennial years, when 
the first two figures must be so divisible, thus 
1896 was a leap year, also 1904, but not 1900; 
1600 was the latest centennial leap year. 

LEB'ANON, KY.; Battles of, July 12, 1862; 
June 1, 1863. 

LEBANON MTS.; a range in Syria. 

LECOMP'TON SLAVERY CONSTITUTION; 
Dec. 31, 1857. 

LE'DA (Myth.); the mother of Castor and Pol¬ 
lux, whose father was Jupiter, in the «hape 
of a swan. 

LEDRU'-ROL'LIN; French ardent Republican 
under Bourbon monarchy; an exile under the 
2nd empire, 1808-74. 

LEE, ANN; founder of the Shakers, 1736-84. 

LEE, R. E.; Commander of Confederate forces 


Leeds 116 Liberty Bell 


from June 3, 1862, until time of surrender, 
April 9, 1865; 1807-1870. 

LEEDS; a city of England, pop., 428,953 

LEEWARD ISLANDS; W. I.; N. of 15 deg. 

LEE'WARD; opposite the windy side. 

LE'GAL TENDER; authorized currency of the 
country, that must be accepted in payment of 
all debts. 

LEG'GETT, M.D.; Amer. Gen., b. 1821, d. 1896. 

LEGION OF HONOR; the French order of 
Knighthood; founded by Napoleon in 1802. 

LEIBNITZ, G. W. VON.; Ger. philosopher, 
1646-1716. 

LExPSIC; a city of Saxony, pop. 455,089 

LE'NA; a river of E. Siberia, 2,500 m. long. 

LENT; from Ash Wednesday to Easter Sunday. 

LEO XIII., POPE; Vincen'zo G. Pec'ci, b. 1810. 

LE'OPOLD II., King of Belgium, b. 1835. 

LE SAGE, A. R.; Fr. author, (Gil-Blas), 1668- 
1747. 

LESS FOR FEWER. "No Premier ever had 
less faults” should be "No Premier ever had 
fewer faults.” Less should only be applied to 
quantity, as "Less than a pint” and fewer to 
number, as "No fewer than twenty present.” 

LES'SOR; one who gives a lease. 

LE'THE (Myth.); one of the rivers of the In¬ 
fernal regions, of which the souls of the de¬ 
parted had to drink to forget everything they 
had done or known while on the earth. _ 

"LET NO GUILTY MAN ESCAPE;” Gen. 
Grant, 1875. 

LET'TER OF CREDIT; order to obtain money 
from foreign banks, when travelling. 

LET'TER OF MARQUE; a patent making of a 
trade-vessel a licensed war vessel. 

LEUK; a Swiss village noted for its baths. 

LEVANT'; the countries on E. coast of the 
Mediterranean; to leave suddenly. 

LE'VER, CHARLES; Irish novelist, 1806-72. 

LEVERRIER, U. J. J.; Fr. astronomer, 1811-77. 

LEVI'ATHAN; an aquatic monster. Job. xll., 1. 

LE'VI; a Hebrew patriarch, 1750-1613 B. C. 

LEW'IS, IDA; an American heroine, b. 1841. 

LEW'ISTON; a city of Me., pop. 21,701. 

LEXICOG'RAPHER; compiler of a dictionary. 

LEX'ICON; Greek or Latin dictionary; a dic¬ 
tionary. 


LEX'INGTON, MASS.; Battle of, Apr. 19, 1775; 

the Americans victorious over the English. 
LEX'INGTON, MO.; Battles of, Oct. 28, Not. 
23-5, 1863. 

LEX TALIO'NIS; the law of retaliation. 
LEY'DEN JAR; one coated with tin-foil and 
charged with electricity. 

L. I.; Long Island. 


LI ?^„ R . IA: a colored republic on the W. coast 
of Africa} area 35,000 sq. m.; Pop. 2,060,000 1 
cap. Monrovia; pop. 5,000; pres. J. G. W. Gibson. 
“LIBERTY AND UNION NOW AND FOREVER;** 
Webster. 


LIB'ERTY BELL; Inscription: "Proclaim lib* 


Libretto 117 Lighthouse 

erty throughout all the land, unto all the In¬ 
habitants thereof,” Leviticus xxv., 10; Aral 
cast in England, 1752; re-cast in Philadel¬ 
phia, 1753; cracked later and remains so now; 
wt. 2,000 lbs.; a new Liberty Bell was caat 
by Meneely at Troy, N. Y., 1893. 

LIBRET'TO; the words of an opera. [bla. 

LIB'YAN DES'ERT; bordering Egypt and Nu- 

LI'CHEN; a kind of moss. 

LICK OBSERV'ATORY; on Mt. Hamilton, Cal.; 
founded by James Lick, 1877; had formerly 
the largest telescope in the world, with a 
36-inch lens; a 40-inch lens has been made 
for Chicago, given by Charles Yerkes. A 50 
In. lens was cast for the gigantic telescope of the 
Paris Exposition 1900, which shows the moon as 
if only 40 miles away from us. 

LIC'TOR; a Roman officer's attendant. 

LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON; Ger. chemist, 180J-73. 

LIEGE; a city of Belgium, pop. 173.706 

LIFE, PROBABILITIES OF; 2-3 of the time 
bet. present age and 80. 

LIFE, DURATION OF HUMAN. It is about 3S 
years. One-quarter of the people on the earth 
die before age 6, one-half before age 16, and 
only about 1 person of each 100 born lives to 
age 65. The d'aths are calculated at 67 pat 
minute, 97,790 per day, and 35,639,835 per 
year; the births at 70 per minute, 100,800 per 
day, and 36,792,000 per year, the population of 
the globe thus increasing yearly by over on« 
million. 

LIFE, DURATION OP ANIMAL. Elephant, 100 
years end upward; rhinoceros, 20; camel, 100; 
lion, 25 to 70; tigers, leopards, jaguars, and 
hyenas (in confinement), about 25; bearer, 
50; deer, 20; wolf, 20; fox, 14 to 16; llamas, 
15; chamois, 25; monkeys and baboons, 16 to 
18; hare, 8; squirrel, 7; rabbit, 7; swine, 25; 
stag, under 50; horse, 30; ass, 30; sheep, 
under 10; cow, 20; ox, 30; swans, parrots and 
ravens, 200; eagle, 100; geese, 80; hens and 
pigeons, 10 to 16; hawks, 30 to 40; crane, t«; 
blackbird, 10 to 12; peacock, 20; pelican, 4# 
to 60; thrush, 8 to 10; wren, 2 to 3; nightin¬ 
gale, 15; blackcap, 15; linnet, 14 to 23; gold¬ 
finch, 20 to 24; redbreast, 10 to 12; skylark, 
10 to 30; titlark, 5 to 6; chaffinch, 20 to 24; 
starling, 10 to 12; carp, 70 to 150; pike, 30 to 
40; salmon, 16; codfish, 14 to 17; eel, 10; 
crocodile, 100; tortoise, 100 to 200; whale, 
estimated, 1,000; queen bees live 4 years; 
drones, 4 months; worker bees, 6 months. 

LIFT; English word for elevator. 

LIG’AMENT ; a fibrous tissue binding parts to¬ 
gether. 

LIGHT BRIGADE; (see Balaklava.) 

LIGHT'HOUSE; the oldest is at Corunna, 
Spain, built by Trajan 53 A. D. The first was 
the Pharos at Alexandria, Egypt, 280 B. C. 
The most famous, the Eddystone, England, 
built 1882, the fourth on the same site. 


Lightning 118 Liquid Air 

LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS [first invented by 
B. Franklin, in 1752.] Copper is the best ma¬ 
terial. When circumstances are not such as 
to promote corrosion iron may be used, but 
of larger dimensions. Its conductivity is 
about one-fifth that of copper. Copper light¬ 
ning conductors should be of the followiag 
dimensions: Rods % in. diam., tubes % in. 
diam., % in. thick, or bands 1% in. wide, 2-8 
In. thick. Iron lightning conductors should 
be either solid rods 1 in. diam., or bands S 
In. wide, % in. thick. Lightning conductors 
afford protection over a circle whose radius 
equals their height from the ground; formerly 
considered twice. 

LIGHT'SHIP; a floating lighthouse. 

LIGHT WEIGHT; a class of pugilists between 
feather and middle weight. 

LIG'NITE; a mineral coal from wood. 

LIG'NUM VITAE; the hardest wood known. 

LI HUNG CHANG; frequently Viceroy of China, 
b. 1821. d. 1903 

LIKE FOR AS. “Like the Democrats at the 
last election did” should be “As the Demo¬ 
crats," etc. "He is a Republican Ilka his 
father was” should be “as his father was." 

LI'LITH (a Jewish myth); said to have bean 
Adam’s first wife, but, refusing to submit to 
him, was turned from Paradise and made a 
spectre. A great enemy to newborn babes. 

LILLIPU'TIAN; very small (from Swift’s "Gul¬ 
liver’s Travels”). 

LIMA; the cap. of Peru, pop. 130,000. 

LIM'ERICK; a city of Ireland, pop. 49,070. 

LIMN; to draw or paint. [chinawars. 

LIMOGES; a city of France, noted for its 

LIMPO'PO; a large river in Africa. 

LINCOLN; (see Presidents). 

LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS; a legal center and 
square in London. 

LINO'LEUM; canvas covered with thick oil and 
ground cork. 

LIN'SEED OIL; made from flax seed. 

LIQUID AIR, Explosive Power of. In 1898, It 
was shown that cotton waste, when soaked 
with liquid air and fired with a match, de¬ 
veloped an explosive power greater than that 
of gun cotton, and small pieces of copper pipe 
and steel bicycle tubing were shown in which 
cotton so treated had been placed without 
packing. Both were split and torn as if they 
had been simply pasteboard. As to the prac¬ 
tical use of liquid air, many startling proposi¬ 
tions are already attracting capital. Its intense 
cold, (Its temperature being about 691 deg. be¬ 
low zero Centl.) will make it an unexcelled re¬ 
frigerating agent. It may be an Important power 
developer, as water poured into a tea kettls 
three parts full of the liquid causes an evo¬ 
lution of power apparently as great as would 
be given off by a pot of boiling water. It is 
also proved that metals treated with liquid 


Lira 110 London 

air offer no resistance to electricity, and thus 
by treating dynamos accordingly their power 
can be enormously increased. 

LIRA, pl» LIRE; an Italian coin of 18.7 cents. 
LIS'BON; cap. of Portugal, pop. 857.000. 
LILLE; a city of Prance, pop. 215,431. 

LIS PEND'EMS; a pending suit; a notice. 
LI'TER; 61.022 cubic inches; about 9-10 of a 
quart. 

LITERA'TI; learned or literary men. 
LITH'ARGE; a fused oxide of lead. 
LITHOG'RAPHY; art of printing from stone 
since 1798. 

LIT'MUS PAPER; that stained with litmus; 

acid turns it red. 

LIT'TER; to strew; a stretcher. 

LITTERATEUR; a literary man. 

LITTLE BIG HORN; a river in Wyoming. 
LIT'TLE COR'PORAL; Napoleon I, so-called by 
his soldiers. [euchre. 

LIT'TLE JOKER; the highest card in pack in 
“LITTLE MORE GRAPE, CAPT. BRAGG;” 
Gen. Taylor, 1847. 

LIV'ERPOOL; principal seaport of Eng., pop. 
684,947 

LIVINGSTONE, D.; African explorer, 1813-73. 
LL. D.; Doctor of Laws. 

LLOYDS; an English company insuring, regis¬ 
tering and classifying vessels. 

LLOYD, AUSTRIAN; a large S. S. Co. sailing 
its fleet from Triest (Austria). 

LLOYD, GERMAN; a large S. S. Co. sailing Its 
fleet from Bremen (Germany). 

LOCKE. JOHN; Eng. philosopher, 1*32-1704. 
LOCK'-OUT; to deny workmen admittance t# 
works. [cord. 

LOCOMO'TOR ATAX'IA; a disease of the spinal 
LO'CUM TE'NENS; a substitute or proxy. 

LOG; a float to which a knotted string is at¬ 
tached. The number of knots reeled off in % 
minute shows the number of miles per hour 
the vessel is sailing. The knots are 50% ft. 
apart. [1826-86. 

LO'GAN, J. A. ; Amer. Gen. and statesman, 
LOG'ARITHM; one of a series of numbers com¬ 
piled in advance, used for shortening calcula¬ 
tions. 

LOGGIA; a gallery in front of a building. 

LOG' ROL'LING; mutual assistance politically. 
LOIRE; a river and department of France. 
LO'LA MON'TEZ; Scotch adventuress, 1818-61. 
LOL'LARDS; followers of Wlckliffe, the flrat 
English reformer and translator of the Bible, 
1300-1500. 

LOM'BARD STREET; the London Wall street. 
LON.; longitude. 

LON'DON, ENG.; has 750,000 houses. 37,000 
streets, 99 banks, 400 newspapers issuing 
30,000,000 copies weekly; 37,000 marriages oc¬ 
cur each year; pop. 4,536,063 has more Scots 
than Edinburgh; more Irish than Dublin; 
more Jews than Palestine; delivers 10,000,000 


Londonderry 120 Loyal Legion 

letters yearly; burns 6,000,000 tons of coal 
yearly; spends $6,000,000 daily; the Bank of 
England issues $96,000,000 in notes weekly. 

LON'DONDERRY; a city of Ireland, pop. 29,460. 

‘‘LONE STAR STATE”; Texas. 

J.ONGEVITY; out of 1,000,000 persons, there will 
die about 150,000 during the first year, 63,000 
the second year, 28,000 the third year, 4,000 
the thirteenth year. At the end of forty-five 
years one half of the million will have died; at 
the end of sixty years 930,000; at the end of 
eighty years 923,000 will have died; at the end 
of hundred years there will be about 223 alive, 
and at the end of hundred and eight years onlv 
1 will be alive. 

LONG'STREET, JAMES; Confederate Gen- 

LOO'CHOO ISLANDS; between Japan and For¬ 
mosa. 

LOOKING GLASSES, HOW MADE. After the 
glass has been carefully polished on both 
sides it is laid on a firm table (usually of 
stone), with upturned edges, and one or more 
sheets of tin-foil are laid upon the plate. 
Quicksilver .is then spread over it, and at 
once forms an amalgam with the tin, mak¬ 
ing a reflecting surface. The process is sim- 
pie enough in theory, but requires experience 
and skill to put it into practice with satis- 

fjif'tnrv rPQiiUc 

LOOK'OUT MT., TENN.; Battles of, Oct. 26, 
Nov. 23-5, 1863; the Federals victorious. 

LO'PEZ; a Cuban revolutionist, 1791-1851. 

LORD’S SUPPER; a sacrament instituted by 
Christ the night before his crucifixion. 

LOTHA'RIO; a gay libertine. 

LOT'TA CRABTREE: Amer. actress, b. 1847. 

lOUISIANA, LA; named after Louis XIV of France. 
Nickname “The Creole State” also “The Pelican 
State.” Area 49,626 sq. m. ; pop. 1,656,388. 
Explored by De Soto, 1541; Marquette, 1673; La 
Salle, 1682. Settled by the French about 1700. 
Granted to Law’s Company 1717 ; reverted to 
France; ceded to Spain 1763; retroceded to 
France 1800; sold to U. S. 1803. Organized a 
territory 1804; admitted 1812; seceded Jan. 26, 
1861; re-admitted June, 1868. Raising of sugar 
cane, cotton and rice and manufacture of pro¬ 
ducts into commercial staples principal indus¬ 
tries. Stats is rich in yellow pine and cypress. The 
completion of the Panama canal will make New 
Orleans one of the most important southern cities. 
Temp. 1 to 107 deg.; electors nine; rep. in 1876 
dem. since ; Reprew. eight ; governor elected 
for 4 years; salary $5,000; cap. Baton Rouge. 

LOUIS D'OR; a Fr. gold coin of $3.86; also 
called “Napoleon” or “piece de vingt francs.” 

LOURDES; a R. C. shrine in the F. Pyrenees. 

LOW CHURCH; opposed to High Church, q.v. 

LOW COUNTRIES; the Netherlands. 

LOW'ELL, J. R.; American author, 1819-91. 
(The Bigelow Papers.) 

LOY'AL LEGION (U. S. private military or¬ 
der); membership, 10,000. 


Loyola 121 Machinery 

LOYO'LA, ST. IGNA'TIUS; founder of tho 
the Order of Jesuits, 1491-1556. 

L. S.; place of the seal. 

LUB'BOCK, SIR JOHN; Eng. physicist, b. 1834. 

LU'CIFER; Satan; a kind of match. 

LUCI'NA (Myth.); the goddess who presides 
at the birth of children; a daughter of Jupiter 
and Juno. [siege of. 1857. 

LUCK'NOW; cap. of Oude, India) pop. 263,951, 

LUCUL'LUS; a Rom. general, 109-57 B. C. 

LUKE, ST.; evangelist and physician, 1st cent. 

LUMBA'GO; rheumatism in the small of ths 
back. 

LUM'BAR; relating to the loins. [shaped. 

LU'NA; the moon, LUNE; anything crescent- 

LUPER'CUS, OR PAN. The Roman god of 
fertility; his festival day was February 15th; 
festivals were called Lupercalia. [1879. 

LURAY' CAVES; in Page Co., Va., discovered 

LUSIAD; a poem by the Portuguese Camoens. 

LUS'TRUM; a space of five years. 

LU'SUS NATU'RAE; a freak of nature. 

LU'THERANS; followers of Martin Luther. 
1583-1646; the official religion of most of Ger¬ 
many and the Scandinavian states. 

LUX'EMBOURG; a famous palace and museum 
in Paris. 

LUZON'; largest of the Philippine Islands, q.v. 

LYCUR'GUS; a Spartan lawgiver, 396-23 g. C. 

LYCE'UM; a lecture room. [1875. 

LY'ELL, SIR CHARLES; Eng. geologist, 1797- 

LYONS; a city of France, pop. 453,155. 

LYRE; a graceful musical instrument con¬ 
stantly associated with the ancient goda. 
Amphion built the walls of Thebes by the 
music of his lyre. Arion charmed the dol¬ 
phins in a similar way, and Orpheus tamed 
the most savage beasts. 

LYSAN'DER; a Spartan Gen., 3rd century B.C. 

M 

M. ; 1,000 in Roman figures: noon. 

MAB; queen of the fairies. 

MAC; a prefix signifying son. 

MACAU'LAY, T. B.; Eng. historian (History 

of England), 1800-59. 

MAC'CABEES; two books in the R. C. Bible, 
not used in the Protestant. [Cuba. 

MACHETE'; a heavy, sword-like knife, used in 

MACHIAVEL'LI, N.; It. statesman and famous 
writer of “The Education of a Prince," 1469- 
1527. 

MACHINERY, To Clean. Cleaning machinery 
by means of blotting paper is a regular prac¬ 
tice in German workshops. The German 
workman or engineer formerly received, on 
an average, 250 grams of cotton waste, one 
new sponge cloth and one or two renovated 
ones per week; now he is supplied with 150 
grams of cotton waste and eight or ten sheets 
of blotting paper, at a cost of 2% cents, In¬ 
stead of. as formerly, 6*4 cents. The paper 


Mackinaw 122 Maine 

Is not only cheaper, but It cannot soil the 
machine with fibers and dust like sponge 
cloth and woolen refuse, and it is far prefer¬ 
able to cotton waste. Beyond this, it is not 
■o combustible, as other cleaning materials, 
and if it should get caught while parts of 
engines in motion are being cleaned, it tears 
easily and runs no risk of drawing the hand 
of the workman into the machinery. 

MACK'INAW; straits connecting Lakes Huron 
and Michigan. [invented 1835. 

MACKINTOSH; a water-proof outer garment, 

MACLURE, W.; Amer. geologist, 1763-1840. 

MACMAHON, M. E. P.; Count de; Duke de 
Magenta; Fr. Marshal, and 2nd President of 
the Republique, 1808-93. 

MACPHELAH, CAVE OF; Gen. xlix., 30. 

MACREA'DY, W. C.; Eng. tragedian, 1793-1873. 

MADAGAS'CAR; island in Ind. Ocean, S. E. of 
Africa; area227,750 sq.m.; pop. 1901, 2,505, 
237; cap. Antananarivo, pop.55,000; conquered 
by France (1893). 

MAD'DER; coloring matter from a root. 

MADEI'RA; Portuguese Island N. W. of Africa, 
pop. 150,574; area 314 eq. m. r woman. 

MADEMOISELLE; Fr. word for an unmarried 

MAD'ISON, JAMES; (see Presidents). 

MADON'NA; my lady in Italian; "the’' Ma- 
donna, the Holy Virgin. 

MADRAS; city of E. India; pop. 509,89?.' 

MADRID; cap. of Spain, pop. 512,169i 

MAELSTROM; the Norway whirlpool. [1521. 

MAGELLAN, F.; Portuguese navigator, 1480- 

MAGEL'LAN, STRAITS OF; bet. S. America 
and Terra del Fuego. 

MAGGIORE; largest lake in N. Italy. 

MA'GI; priests or wise men of the East, whe 
followed the star to Jesus’ manger. 

MAG'NA CHARTA; a constitution guaranteeing 
rights to the English Nobles, by King John 
of England, 1215. 

MAGNO'LIA; a white or reddish flowering tree. 

MAG'PIE; a chattering bird. MAG'YAR; a 
Hungarian. 

MAHARA'JAH; a ruling prince in India. 

MAH'DI; Mahommed Ahmet, a Soudanese 
prophet and leader of the armed dervishes, d. 
1886. [W. India. 

MAHRAT'TAS; Mohammedan Inhabitants of S. 

MAINE, ME.; name from a district In France; 
nickname, the “Pine Tree State”; area 33,039 
eq. m.; pop, 1910,742,371. Visited in 1602 
by Gosnold. First settlement by the French on 
Kennebec river 1604. Permanent settlement, 
1622, at Monhega*. Admitted March 15,1820. 
Manufacture of cotton and woolen goods chief 
industry. Lumbering and ship-building, al¬ 
though well developed, are still In their in¬ 
fancy. Temperature 21 to 97 degree*. Rainfall 
42 inches. Railways 2,597 m. The state ranks 
second in the production of granite and slate. 
Wild game Is extensive, thousands of deer 


Maine 123 Manitoba 

having been slain annually without any seem 
ing decrease in their number. Maine also 
ranks second in fisheries. Electors six; rep. since 
1876 ; representatives four; governor elected for 
two yearsj salary $3,000. Capital, Augusta. 
MAINE; U. S. battleship, blown up in Havana 
harbor, Feb. 15, 1898. Loss of life, 260 offi¬ 
cers and sailors. 

MAINE LAW; one prohibiting the manufacture 
or sale of liquors. 

MAINTENON', MME.; second wife of Louil 
XIV., 1635-1719; urged him to persecute the 
Protestants. 

MAJOR-DO'MO; a steward or chief man. 
MALABAR'; a W. province on the Peninsula of 
India. 

MALAC'CA; a province of the Malay Peninsula. 
MAL'ACHI; the last of the Hebrew prophets. 
MALACHITE; a carbonate of copper; a fine 
green marble. 

MAL'AGA; a city and province of Spain. 
MAL'AKOFF; a Crimean fortress, stormed by 
the French (1855). 

MALAP'ROPOS; out of place; ill-timed. 
MALAYS'; inhabitants of the Ij. an archipel¬ 
ago. 

MALDIVES; islands in the Ind. Ocean. (36. 
MAL'IBRAN, MARIE F.; Spanish singer, 1808- 
MALM'SEY; a sweet wine from the Canary 
Islands, [193,316. 

MAL'TA; a Brit, island S. W. of Sicily, pop. 
MALTHU'SIAN; a theory held by T. R. Mal- 
thus, 1766-1834, that population increased 
faster than subsistence and that it is a crime 
to add to it. 

MALVERN HILLS, VA.; Battles of, June 26-30 
and Au«?. 1, 1862; the Federals victorious. 
MAMMA'LIA; animals that suckle their young. 
MAM'MON (Myth.); the money-god. 
MAM'MOTH; a large, extinct elephant. 
MAM'MOTH CAVE; largest in the world. In 
Edmondson Co., Ky. 

MAM'MOTH TREES; found in two redwood 
groves in Mariposa and Calveras Counties,Cal. 
MANASSAS, Battle of, (or 2d Bull Run), Aug. 

28, 1862; the Confederates victorious. 
MAN'CHESTER; a city of Eng., pop. 543,969 
MANCHITRIA; N. E. China; area 363,610 sq. m.; 
pop. 8,500,000. In consequence of the Boxer up¬ 
rising in 1900 Russia took possession of Manchu¬ 
ria. By agreement with China, in 1898 Russia 
leased Port Arthur, Talienwan and surround¬ 
ing territory. The Russian railway from the 
Manchurian frontier is 1,180 m., and from Khar- 
vin to Vladivostok, 462 m. Harbin is about 350 
m. west of Vladivostok, and 600 m. N. of Port 
Arthur. Population, exclusive of soldiers, 60,- 
000. Over $250,000,000 have been expended in 
this territory by Russia since her occupation 
began. ‘'See Japanese-Chinese War, page 107. 
MANDALAY*; cap. of Burmah, pop. 182,498. 
MANITOBA'; a province of Canada, cap. Winn) 

* peg; area 73,732 sq. m.; pop. 255,211. 


Maui ton 124 Marseilles 

MAN'ITOU; a great Indian spirit. 

MANNHEIM; a German city, pop. 141,121, 
MAN'SARD; a roof having two slopes; from the 
great Fr. architect, F. Mansard, XVII. cent. 
MAN'SLAUGHTER; a killing without malice. 
MANTCHOO'RIA; in S. E. China, pop. 7,000,000. 
MAN'TUA; city of Italy, pop. 27,460. 

MANX; a native of the Isle of Man. 

MAO'RI; a native of New Zealand. 

MAP, England’s Costly. The largest map of 
the world is the ordnance survey map of Eng¬ 
land, containing over 108,000 sheets, and cost¬ 
ing $1,000,000 a year for twenty years. The 
scale varies from ten feet to one-eighth of an 
inch to the mile. The details are so minute 
that maps having a scale of twenty-five inches 
“show every hedge, fence, wall, building and 
even every isolated tree in the country. The 
plans show not only the exact shape of every 
building, but every porch, area, doorstep, 
lamppost, railway and fireplug.’’ 

MAR'ABOUT; a Mohammedan zealot and saint. 
MARACAIBO; city of Venezuela, pop. 34,284 
MARANHAO, a city of Brazil, pop. 29.308 
MAR'ATHON; Battle of, Greece, won by Mil- 
tiades, the Athenian, over Persian forces ten 
times stronger, Sept. 28, 490 B. C. [B.C. 

MARCEL'LUS, M. C.; Roman Gen., 268-208 
MARCH; the 3rd month—the 1st of the Romans 
—from Mars, god of war. [180. 

MAR'CUS AURELIUS; Roman Emperor, 121- 
MARDI GRAS; greatest carnival day; the. 

Tuesday before Lent. 

MARE CLAUSUM; a closed sea. 

MAREN'GO, ITALY; Battle of, June 14, 1800, 
Bonaparte victorious over the Austrians. 
MARGARET, QUEEN OF NAVARRE; author¬ 
ess, 1492-1549 (Heptameron). 

MAR'GUERITE; Fr. name for an ox-eyed daisy. 
MARIA THERESA; Austrian empress, 1717-80. 
MARIE ANTOINETTE; Queen of France, wife 
of Louis XVI.; both died on the scaffold, 
1755-93. 

MARIE LOUISE; second wife of Napoleon, 
daughter of the Austrian emperor, 1791-1847. 
MARIPO'SA; an E. county of California. 
MARK ANTONY; Roman General, 83-30 B. C. 
MARK, ST.; Author of the 2nd Gospel. 

MARK TWAIN; Samuel L. Clemens, b. 1835. 
MAR'LOWE, C.; Eng. author, 1564-93. 
MAR'MORA; sea bet. European and Asiatic 
Turkey. [France. 

MARQUESAS IS.; in the S. Pacific; belong to 
MARQUETTE, FATHER; a Fr. Jesuit mission¬ 
ary and explorer, 1637-75. 

MARS; the God of war; a son of Jupiter 
and Juno. Venus was his sweetheart, and 
amongst their children were Cupid and Har- 
monia. 

MARS; a planet, distance 48,000,000 m. 
MARSEILLAISE; the Fr. national anthem. 494,- 
MARSEILLES; a sea-port of France, pep. I7G9 


Martel 125 Massachusetts 

MARTEL', C.; 690-741; by his victory of Poi¬ 
tiers he stopped the invasion of the Mussul¬ 
mans; his son Pepin was king of France. 

MAR’THA’S VINEYARD j an Island off the ft coast 
of Mass. 

MARTINIQUE; a W. I. Island; area, 381 *q. m., 
pop. 1901, 203,781, noted for the eruption of 
Mt. Pelee May 8,1902, resulting in loss of 30,000 
people. Belongs to France. 

MARY STUART; Queen of Scots; b. 1542, d. 1587; 
beheaded by order of Queen Elizabeth. 

MARYLAND, MD.; named in honor of Henrietta 
Maiie, queen of Charles I of England. Nick¬ 
name, “Old line State.” Area, 12,297 sq. m.; 
Pop. 1,295,346. First settlement made in 1631 
and in 1634 at St. Mary’s. In 1730 Baltimore 
was founded. Most important industry fruit 
canning and preserving, iron and steel manufac¬ 
tures and fisheries. Temp. 6 to 102 deg i electors 
eight; dem. from 1876-1896; Rep. 1896-1904; 
dem. 1908; reprs. 6; governor elected for four 
years; salary $4,500; cap. Annapolis. 

MAS'COT, or MAS'COTTE; anything young and 
pure whioh brings good luck. 

MASONS, FREE. There are 831,022 members of 
masonic lodges in the U. S. and British America. 
New York leads with 111,365 members. The ori 
gin of the craft is obscure but it is said to be the 
oldest institution in existence. 

MASON AND DIXON’S LINE; boundary be¬ 
tween Penn, and Md., surveyed by Chas. 
Mason and Jere. Dixon, 1763-7. 

MA'SON AND SLIDELL'; Confederate envoys, 
taken by Union ship from Eng. steamer 
Trent, Nov. 8; released, Dec. 27, 1861. 

MASS; a service held in the Roman and Greek 
Catholic churches. In the R. C. it consists of 
four parts—the introitus or preparation, con¬ 
sisting of prayers, psalms, the Gloria In Ex- 
celsis, the epistle and gospel of the day, the 
Creed, etc.; the consecration of the bread 
and wine; the communion; the post-com¬ 
munion, which consists of the prayers and 
blessings given by the priest turning toward 
the congregation as he pronounces them. 

Solemn high mass is performed only upon 
certain festivals and solemn occasions by 
a priest or higher dignitary assisted by a 
deacon and sub-deacon. Parts of this mass 
are sung by a choir, accompanied by the 
organ and sometimes other musical instru¬ 
ments. The Kyrie, Credo, Sanctus, Gloria, 
etc., have elaborate musical settings. 

Low mass is performed by one priest with 
one or two altar attendants. 

MASSACHUSETTS, MASS.; Indian name meaning 
• Blue Hills.*' Nickname. “Bay State"; area 
8,546 sq. m.{ pop. 3,366,416. Settled in 1620 
at Plymouth, by Englishmen who came over in 
the “Mayflower.” The cotton mills of the State 
have long been the largest and most extensive in 
the country. Manufacturing is the principal 


Massowah 129 Meagher 

Industry. Temp. 20 to 100 degrees; electors 18 
rep. since 1876; representatives 14; governor 
elected for one year; salary $8,000; capita* 
Boston. [Sea. 

MAS'SOWAH; a seaport of Abyssinia on the Red 

MASTER AND SERVANT. An employe may be dis¬ 
charged or may leave at any time if duration of 
contract is not specified. If time extends over 
one year, contract must be in writing. A day’s 
work may be fixed by agreement although many 
States specify the number of hours. An em¬ 
ploye discharged for cause if entitled to wages 
to day of discharge. An employer is liable for 
injuries sustained by his employees, if caused 
through neglect to provide safeguards in his 
place of business, but he is not liable for an 
employee’s negligence. 

MAS'SOWAH; a seaport of Abyssinia on the 
Red Sea. 

MATABELELAND, S. Afrioa, area 240,000 sq. m. 

MAT'ADORfe; a bull fighter in Spain. 

MATAMO'RAS; a city of Mex., pop. 13,000. 

MATAN'ZAS; a seaport of Cuba, pop. 88,000. 

MATCHES; invented 1835 by Janos Irinyl, 
Hungary. 

MATER DOLORO'SA; Sorrowful Mother; the 
Holy Virgin standing before her crucified Son. 

MATE'RIA MED'ICA; curative agents in medi¬ 
cine. [1728. 

MATH'ER, COT'TON; Amer. clergyman, 1663- 

MAT'TERHORN; a Swiss mt., 14,835 ft. high. 

MAT'THEW, ST.; an evangelist and disciple of 
Christ. 

MAU'NA LO'A; an Hawaiian volcano, 13,750 ft. 

MAURI'TIUS; an Eng Is. in Ind. Ocean, area 70S 
sq. in.; pop. 378,195. 

MAXIMIL'IAN; Emperor of Mexico, 1832-67. 

MAY; 5th month, from the goddess Mai. 

MAY'FLOWER; in N. Eng. the trailing arbutus. 

MAY'HEM; depriving a person of some mem¬ 
ber of his body. [1602-61. 

MAZARIN, J.; Fr. cardinal and statesman, 

MAZATLAN'; seaport of Mex., pop. 16,500. 

MAZEP'PA; a Russian hetman, 1644-1709; his 
revolt crushed by Czar Peter I. 

MAZZINI, G.; Italian revolutionist, 1805-72. 

M. C.; Member of Congress. 

McCLEL'LAN, G. B.; Amer. Gen., 1826-85. 

McCLIN'TOCK, SIR F.; Eng. Arctic explorer, 
b. 1819. [of Princeton University, 1811-1894. 

McCOSH', J.; Scotch-Amer. scholar; president 

McDOW'ELL, I.; Amer. Gen., 1818-85. 

McGLYNN, FATHER EDWARD; R. C. priest; 
deposed for advocating Henry George’s the¬ 
ory; re-instated 1893; b. 1837. 

McKEN'ZIE; a river in Brit. N. America. 

McKIN'LEY TARIFF BILL; became a law Oct. 
1, 1890; amended Apr. 7, Apr. 9 and July 8, 
1892. 

McKIN'LEY, W.; (see Presidents). 

MEADE, G. G.; Amer. Gen., 1815-72. 

MEAGHER, T. F.; Amer. Gen., 1823-67. 


Measuring 127 Mennonite 

MEASURING, Corn in Crib, Hay in a Mow, 
etc. This rule will apply to a crib of any 
kind. Two cubic feet of sound, dry corn 
in the ear will make a bushel shelled. To 
get the quantity of shelled corn in a crib 
of corn in the ear, measure the length, 
breadth and height of the crib. Inside of 
the rail; multiply the length by the breadth 
and the product by the height; then divide 
the product by two, and you have the num¬ 
ber of bushels in the crib. To find the num¬ 
ber of bushels of apples, potatoes, etc., in e 
bin, multiply the length, breadth and thick¬ 
ness together, and this product by 8, and 
point off one figure in the product for deci¬ 
mals. To find the amount of hay in a mow, 
allow 512 cubic feet for a ton, and it will 
come out very near correct. 

MEAT, FRESH: Hams, fish, etc., can be kept 
for a long time without salt, by brushing 
them over lightly with pyroligneous acid. 

MEAT, TO RESTORE: When the brine taints 
the meat pour it off, boil and skim it; after 
washing the meat, pour the brine back hot. 

MEC'CA; in Arabia, birthplace of Mahomet. 

MECHAN'ICAL POW'ERS; the lever, wheel 
and axle inclined plane, screw, wedge and 
pulley. 

MECHLIN, Belgium; noted for its laces. 

ME'DIA; an ancient country S. E. of Armenia. 

MEDIAE'VAL AGES; from 476 A. D. to 1453. 

MEDICI; a famous Florentine family, 1351-1737. 

MEDICINE MAN; an Indian doctor. [hornet. 

MEDI'NA, ARABIA; contains the Tomb of Ma- 

MEDITERRA'NEAN; a sea separating Africa 
and W. Asia from Europe. 

MEDU'SA (Myth.); Minerva changed her beau¬ 
tiful hair into serpents. She was conquered 
by Perseus who cut off her head and placed 
it on Minerva’s shield. Every one who looked 
at the head was turned into stone. 

MEISSONIER; Fr. painter, 1815-91. [1560. 

MELANCH'TON, P.; Lutheran reformer, 1497- 

MEL'BOURNE; chief city of Australia, pop. 
493,956 

MELCHIZ'EDEK; a high priest, Gen. xiv., 18. 

MELPOM'ENE (Myth.); the muse of tragedy. 

MEL'VILLE SOUND and ISLAND; in the Arc¬ 
tic Ocean. 

MEM'NON; a statue near Thebes that uttered 
sounds when struck by the sun’s rays. 

MEM'PHIS; the ancient capital of Egypt. 

MEM'PHIS, TENN.; surrendered to the Fed¬ 
eral, June 6, 1862. [1809-47. 

MEN'DELSSOHN, B. F.; German composer, 

MENELA'US; a Spartan king. The elopement 
of his wife Helen with Paris was the cause 
of the siege of Troy. [B. C. 

ME'NES; the first king of Egypt, about 6,000 

MENINGI'TIS; inflammation of the spinal cord. 

MEN'NONITE; a Russian religious sect that 
refuse to bear arms. 


Menthol 128 Metal* 

MEN'THOL; extract of oil of peppermint. 

MEN'TOR; an adviser; from the Story of Telem- 
achus by Fr. Archbishop Fenelon. 

MENU'; bill of fare. 

MERCA'TOR, G.; Flemish geographer, 1512-94. 

MER'CURY (Myth.); the son of Jupiter and 
Mala, was the messenger of the gods, and the 
conductor of the souls of the dead to Hades. 
He was the supposed inventor of weights and 
measures and presided over orators and mer¬ 
chants. Mercury was accounted a most cun¬ 
ning thief, for he stole the bow and quiver 
of Apollo, the girdle of Venus, the trident of 
Neptune, the tools of Vulcan, and the sword 
of Mars, and he is therefore called the god 
of thieves. He is the supposed inventor of 
the lyre, which he exchanged with Apollo for 
the Caduceus. There was also an Egyptian 
Mercury, under the name of Thot, who is 
credited with having taught the Egyptians 
geometry and hieroglyphics. [1830. 

MER'CY, SISTERS OF; a R. C. order founded 

MER DE GLACE; an Alpine glacier, at the foot 
of Mt. Blanc, q.v. 

MERIDTAN; noon; the highest point. 

MERO'E; an island in the Upper Nile. 

MERV; a Russian town in Turkestan. 

MESA; a high table-land. [pulque. 

MESCAL'; a Mexican liquor distilled from 

MESH'ED; a Persian city, pop. 60,000. 

MES'MERISM; (see Hypnotism.) 

MESOPOTA'MIA; ancient country of W. Asia. 

MESQUIT; a tree growing W. of Rocky Mts. 

MESSI'AH; Hebrew for deliverer; Christ. 

MESSRS.; gentlemen or sirs. 

METALS, Value of Precious. If asked to name 
the most precious metals, most people would 
mention gold as first, platinum as second, 
silver as third. Let ub see how near the 
truth they would be. Gold is worth about 
$240 per pound, troy; platinum, $130, and sil¬ 
ver about $7.20. 

Here are the prices of the rarer and less 
well known metals. In alphabetical order 
Barium sells for $975 a pound, and calcium 
is worth $1,800 a pound, while cerium is 
$1,920 a pound. Chromium brings $200, while 
didymium is the same price as cerium, and 
calcium is $1,680 per pound. 

If the wealth of the Vanderbilts be not 
overestimated, it amounts to over $200,000,000. 
With this sum they could purchase 312 tons 
of gold, but they couldn’t buy two tons of 
gallium, that rare metal being worth $4,250 
an ounce. This metal may well be called the 
rarest and most precious of metals. 

Glucinum is worth $250 per ounce; indium, 
$168; irinium, $658 per pound; lanthanium, 
$175, and llnthium, $160 per ounce. Niobium 
costs $128 per ounce; asmium, paladium, plat¬ 
inum, potassium and rhodium bring, respect¬ 
ively, $640, $400, $39, $32, and $512 per pound. 



Metamorphosis 129 Mexican War 

Radium is almost priceless; Strontium cost $123 
an ounce; tantium, $144; tellurium, $9: atho- 
rium, $272; vanadium, $320; vitrium, $144, 
and ziconium, $250 an ounce. 

Iridium seems to be chiefly used for point¬ 
ing gold pens, and many of the metals men¬ 
tioned have but a limited sphere of useful¬ 
ness. 

METAMOR'PHOSIS; change of form. 

METAPHYS'ICS; science of first principles. 

METEMP'SYCHO'SIS; transmigration or trans¬ 
fer of soul. 


ME'TER; a measure; 39.37 inches. 

METES AND BOUNDS; measures and limits. 

MET'RIC SYSTEM, THE. How to master it 
quickly. The advantage of this system of 
weights and measures is so great as to make 
its adoption in all countries exceedingly de¬ 
sirable. (For complete comparison see pp. 

1 meter—39.37 inches. ffT-1#.) 

1 liter—.908 dry qt. or 1,056 liq. qt. 

1 gram—15.432 gr. troy or .035 oz. avoirdu¬ 
pois. 

The principles are very few, being as fol¬ 
lows: 

1. The distance from the pole to the equator 
is ten thousand kilometers, or ten million 
meters. 

2. Milli—one-thousandth; cent! — one-hun¬ 
dredth; deci—one-tenth; deka—ten times; 
hekto—a hundred times; kilo—a thousand 
times; and myria—ten thousand times. 

3. The liter is a cubic decimeter. The kilo- 
liter is a cubic meter. The hektoliter is a 
tenth of a kiloliter or one hundred liters. The 
liter is used for liquids; the hektoliter for 
grain, and the kiloliter for wood, stone, etc. 

4. The gram is the weight of a cubic centi¬ 
meter of water. The kilogram is a liter of 
water in weight. Seepage 275. 

METZ; a fortified town of Lorraine, pop. 58.462 

ME'UM ET TU'UM; mine and yours. 

MEXICO; a Republics. W. of U. S.; area 767,005 
sq. m.; pop. 13,605,919, 17.7 to the sq. m. 
Constitution adopted Feb. 5,1857. Gen. D. Por- 
flrio Diaz, Pres., abdicated 1911. Divided into 
27 States, two Territories and the Federal Dis¬ 
trict. Representatives are elected and hold for 
two years; Senate consists of two members from 
each State; salary $3,000 a year. Presidential 
term four years. Mexico, the capital, has popu¬ 
lation of 344,721. Religious freedom is guar¬ 
anteed and education is free and compulsory. 
Army consist of 28,155 men; total strength, 
146,500 men; navy is insignificant. Rice, wheat, 
sugar, molasses, cotton, logwood, coffee, tobacco 
and rubber are principal products; stock raising 
is extensive and mining is still in its infancy, 
In 1909 the total exports amounted to $115. 
089,000; imports $77,939,000. 

MEX’ICAN WAR; 1846-48; 112,230 U. S. Soldiers 
engaged. 


5 


Mgr. 130 Million 

MGR., manager, MONSEIGNEUR; Fr. appellation 
given to dignitaries of the Church or court. 

MI'CHAELAN'GELO BUNOARROT'I; Italian paint¬ 
er and sculptor, architect, engineer, poet; b. 
1475, d. 1564. 

MICHIGAN, MICH.; an Indian word, meaning a 
“Lake Country.” Nickname “Wolverine State.” 
Area 97,990 sq. m; pop. 2,810,173. Site of 
Detroit visited in 1610 by Frenchmen. Settled 
1670. Sault Ste. Marie founded by Marquette, 
1668. Admitted 1837. Lumber, fruit raising 
and agriculture principal industries. Tempera¬ 
ture 33 to 101 degrees. Rainfall 32 inches. 
Railways, 8,930 miles. The State ranks second 
in the lumber industry. The total value of stand¬ 
ing timber is estimated at over $35,000,000. 
Michigan is destined to become the great center 
of summer resorts for Chicago and other west¬ 
ern cities. In the production of iron the State 
ranks next to Minnesota, and the Lake Superior 
copper mines have been famous for the past cen¬ 
tury. Electors 15; rep. since 1876, except in 
1892, when the vote was divided; representa¬ 
tives 12; governor elected for two years; salary 
$5,000; capital, Lansing. 

MICHIGAN, LAKE; in U. S., area 22,000 sq.m. 

MI'CROBE; (see Bacteria). [sound. 

MI'CROPHONE; an instrument intensifying 

MI'CROSCOPE; a magnifying instrument. 

MI'DAS (Myth.); a king of Phrygia; begged of 
Bacchus the gift that everything he touched 
might turn into gold. The request was 
granted, but food also was turned to gold, 
and for fear of starving he asked the god to 
withdraw the power. He bathed in the river 
Pactolus, and its sands were golden ever since. 

MILAN'; an It. city; pop. 493,956 cathedral 
built 1387. 

MILE; a land mile is 5,280 ft. long; a nautical 
m. is 6,086.7; a sq. mile contains 640 acres. 

MILE'SIAN; any native of Ireland. 

MILITARY FORCE OF U. S., 116,453; non-com¬ 
missioned officers, privates and musicians, 107,- 
671; commissioned, 8,782; company officers, 
5,560; regimental, field and staff officers, 2,421; 
general staff officers, 753; general officers, 48. 

MILL, JOHN STUART, Eng. philosopher, 1806-73. 

MILLAIS, SIR J. E.; Eng. painter, 1829-96. 

MILLEN'NIUM; Christ’s reign upon earth, Rev. 
xx., 1-5. 

MTL'LER, HUGH; Scotch geologist, 1802-56. 

MILL'ER, JOAQUIN; Amer. poet, b. 1841. 

MILLET, AIME; Famous Fr. sculptor, 1819-91. 

MILLET, J. F.; Fr. painter, 1814-75; author of 
“The Angelus.” 

MILLION DOLLARS, WEIGHT OF. The 
United States gold dollar contains 25.8 troy 
grains. A troy pound contains 5,760 troy 
grains, but the ordinary pound of currency, 
avoirdupois, weighs 7,000 troy grains. There¬ 
fore, $1,000,000 in United States gold coin 
weigh 3,686.4 pounds, avoirdupois. A United 

4 


Mill Springs 131 Mirabile Dicta 

States standard silver dollar weighs 412.5 
troy grains, and $1,000,000 in United States 
silver coin of the present standard weigh 
56,931 pounds avoirdupois, or nearly 28 Vi tons. 

MILL SPRINGS, KY.; Battle of, Jan. 19, 1862. 

MI'LO; a celebrated Greek athlete; said to have 
felled an ox with his fist, and to have eaten 
the beast in one day. His statue is often 
seen with one hand in the rift of a tree 
trunk, out of which he is vainly trying to 
withdraw it. The fable says he died in that 
way, of starvation. [1,000 equals $1.08. 

MILREIS; Portuguese and Brazilian money; 

MILTI'ADES; Athenian general, 500 B. C. 

MIL'TON, JOHN; Eng. poet, 1603-74. 

MIN'ARET: a tower of a mosque. 

MINER’S INCH; water that will pass, In 24 
hours through opening 1 in. sq. under 6-in. 
pressure. 

MINE RUN, VA.; Battle of, Nov. 27, 1863. 

MINER'VA (Myth.); the goddess of wisdom, 
war and the liberal arts; also called Pallas; 
said to have sprung fully armed, from the 
head of Jupiter. The tutelar deity of the 
city of Athens, and her temple at Athens, 
the Parthenon, still remains. Represented 
wearing a golden helmet encircled with an 
olive branch; in her right hand she carries 
a lance, and by her side is the famousAegis or 
shield, having at its center the head of Me¬ 
dusa, q.v. An owl, the emblem of medita¬ 
tion, is on the left; and a cock, the emblem 
of courage, on the right. 

MINNEHA'HA; Laughing Water; Indian 
maiden, Longfellow’s heroine. 

MINNESOTA, MINN.; Indian word meaning “Cloudy 
water;" Nickname “Gopher State.” Area 86,. 
335 sq. m.; pop. 2,705,708 Explored in 1680 
by Hennepin and La Salle. Fort Snelling estab¬ 
lished in 1812. Territory organized, March 3, 
1849. Admitted as a State 1857. Lumbering, 
agriculture and mining principal industries. The 
State leads in flour and grist milling. Rain¬ 
fall 43 inches. Railways 8,761 miles. Min¬ 
neapolis is the world’s flour center. The lumber¬ 
ing industry is very extensive, and the total cut 
from 1880 to 1890 in the Duluth district alone 
amounted to over five billion ft. The State ranks 
second in the production of iron, furnishing over 
one third of the entire product of the country. 
Temp. 54 to 103 degrees. Electors 12. Repub, 
lican since 1876; representatives 10; governor 
elected for two years; salary $7,000; capital 
St. Paul. 

MI'NOS; (see Judges). [E. of Boston. 

MI'NOT’S LEDGE LIGHTHOUSE; 8 m. E. S. 

MIN'OTAUR (Myth.); the monster, half man, 
half bull, which Theseus slew, and which fed 
on virgins. 

MI'NUS; less; sign of—. 

MI'OCENE; middle of the third strata. 

MIRABILE DIC'TU; wonderful to tell. 


Mirage 132 Mistassini 

MIRAGE; an optical illusion caused by refrac 
tion of light through contiguous masses of air 
of different densities. In many cases, water 
is plainly seen where none exists, [other race, 

MISCEGENA'TION; marriage bet. whites and 

MISE EN SCENE; preparing a theatrical stage 

MISERERE; the 50th Psalm. 

MISH'NA; the text of the Talmud. 

MIS'SAL; a mass book. [25, 1863. 

MISSIONARY RIDGE, TENN.; Battle of, Nov. 

MISSISSIPPI, MISS.; an Indian name for “Father of 
Waters.” Nickname “Bayou State.” Area 46,- 
919 sq. m.; pop. 1.797,114. Explored by De 
Soto, and in 1682 by La Salle.v. In 1699 
Iberville erected a fort at Biloxi, and in 1716 
Fort Rosalie was established. The Territory was 
organized April 7, 1798; admitted as a State 
June 10,1817; seceded Jan. 9,1861 ; re-admit¬ 
ted 1870. Principal industry agriculture. Temp. 
3 to 101 deg. Rainfall 65 ins. Railways, 3,975 
miles. Manufacturing industry is still undevel¬ 
oped being confined to cotton products and lum¬ 
ber milling. The State ranks third in the pro 
duction of cotton. Corn, rice and sugar cane 
are also extensively cultivated. Large areas are 
rapidly being set apart for orchards. Peaches, 
pears and apricots flourish and the sub-tropical 
fruits in the gulf region. Electors 10; dem. since 
1876; representatives 8; governor elected for 
four years; salary $3,500; capital, Jackson. 

MISSISSIPPI RIVER; rises in Minn., empties into 
the Gulf of Mexico; 4,382 m. long, including the 
Missouri; discovered by De Soto,1541. 

MISSOLON'GHI; town of Greece; pop. 6,000, where 
Lord Byron died. ✓ 

MISSOURI, MO.; an Indian word meaning “Muddy 
Waters.’’ Area 69,137 sq. m. Pop. 3,293,335 
Settled at Ste. Genevieve, in 1755. In 1795 St. 
Louis contained about 800 inhabitants. The 
State was admitted 1821. Manufacturing, lead 
and zinc smelting and slaughtering are the prin¬ 
cipal industries aside from agriculture. Temp. 
22 to 106 degrees. Rainfall 41 inches. Rail¬ 
ways 6,900. St. Louis is the principal manu¬ 
facturing center of the State and of the entire 
south western part of the country. Apples, 
peaches, grapes and small fruits form an import 
industry that is rapidly expanding. The south¬ 
ern part of the State is well timbered. Electors, 
18; dem. since 1876, except 1904-1908, repub¬ 
lican. Representatives 8; governor elected for 
four years; salary $5,000; cap. Jefferson City. 

MISSOU'RI COMPROMISE; 1820; Missouri was 
to be admitted as a slave State, but none 
thereafter N. of 36 deg. 30 min.; annulled 
1854. 

MISSOU'RI RIVER; rises in Montana in the 
Rocky Mts.; empties into the Mississippi 16 
m. above St. Louis; 2,900 m. long. 

MISTASSI'NI; a lake in Northern B. C. 


Mitchell 133 Money Interest 

MITCH'ELL, MARIA; Amer. astronomer (Vas- 
sar College), 1818-89. [ruler of the universe. 

MI'THRA (Myth.); a Persian divinity, the 

MIT'TIMUS; a prison warrant. 

MIZ'PAH; an ancient city; true friendship. 

MNEMOS'YNE (Myth.); the Muse of memory. 

MOBILE'; a city of Ala., pop. 38,469 

MO'CHA; a seaport on the Red Sea; gives its 
name to the most expensive coffee. 

MODE OF EXECUTION IN EVERY COUN¬ 
TRY: Austria, gallows; Bavaria, guillotine; 
Belgium, guillotine; Brunswick, ax; China, 
sword or cord; Denmark, guillotine; Ecuador, 
musket; France, guillotine; Great Britain, 
gallows; Hanover, guillgtine; Italy, sword or 
gallows; Netherlands, gallows; Oldenberg, 
musket; Portugal, gallows; Prussia, sword; 
Russia, musket, gallows, or sword; Saxony, 
guillotine; Spain, garrote; Switzerland, fifteen 
cantons, sword; four cantons, guillotine; 
United States (other than New York), gallows; 
New York, electricity. 

MOD'ICUM; a small portion. 

MODJES'KA; Polish actress, b. 1843. 

MO'DOC WAR; Gen. Canby killed, 1872. 

MO'DUS OPERAN'DI; manner of doing things. 

MO'DUS VIVEN'DI; agreement between parties. 

MOERIS; an artificial lake in Central Egypt. 

MO'HAIR; a fabric made from Angora wool. 

MOHAM'MEDANISM; the religion or doctrine 
and precepts of Mohammed, contained in the 
Koran. 

MOHAlk'MED; the Arab founder of Mohamme¬ 
danism; b. 569 at Mecca, d. at Medina 632. 

MOLIERE; a Fr. dramatist, 1622-73. 

MOL'LY MAGUIRES; a lawless society formed 
in Ireland in 1843, and in Pa. in 1854 and 1876. 

MO'LOCH (Myth.); a god of the Phoenicians, 
to whom human victims, principally children, 
were sacrificed. 

MOLTKE, COUNT H. VON; Ger. Gen., 1800-91. 

MOMEN'TUM; the force of a moving body. 

MO'MUS (Myth.); the god of mirth, laughter 
and sarcasm; represented holding an image 
of Folly in one hand, and raising a mask 
from his face with the other. 

MON'ACO; an independent principality S. of 
France, noted for its large Monte Carlo gam¬ 
bling house. Area 8 sq.m-; population, 13,304. 
Prince Albert. 

MONEY, INTEREST ON ANY SUM OF; at 
any Given Per Cent., for any Given Time. 
Finding Quickly the. 

Rule.—1st. Divide the principal by 12, and 
multiply the result by the rate per cent, ex¬ 
pressed decimally; this gives the interest for 
one month. 2d. Multiply the years by 12 and 
add the number of months, then place 1-3 of 
the number of days to the right as a decimal. 

Multiply 1st and 2d results, gives the inter- 

Example.—What is the interest on $120.06 


Mongols 134 Mont Cents 

at 8 per cent., for 2 years, 3 months, and 9 
days ? 

12)$120 Principal 

2 yrs. 1-3 mo. 3)9 days. 

12 — 

— 3 

24 

3 months. 

27.3 
.80 


Interest, $21,840 

What is the interest on $62.50 at 5 per cent, 
for 4 months and 27 days? 

12)$62.50 4 months and 27 days. 


5.2166 

.05 


.260830 

4.9 


■ 10 
.08 

.80 Int. 1 mo. 


2347470 

1043320 


$1.278670 Interest, or $1.28. 

MON'GOLS; Chinese, Japanese, etc. 

MON'ITOR; a low, turreted vessel. 

MON'ITOR AND MER'RIMAC; Battle between, 
March 9, 1862, in Hampton Roads, V^.; the 
Federals (Monitor) victorious. 

MONOC'ACY, MD.; Battle of, July 6, 1864; the 
Confederates victorious. 

MON'OLITH; a single stone pillar. [currency. 

MONOMET'ALLISM; one metal only ruling the 

MON'OTHEISM; belief in one God only. 

MONROE'; (see Presidents.) 

MONROE DOCTRINE; That no foreign govern¬ 
ment shall interfere with affairs on this con¬ 
tinent; Dec. 2, 1823. 

MONSIEUR; Fr. for mister or sir. 

MONTA'NA, MONT.; a Spanish word meaning 
“mountains”; nickname, “Stubtoe State” area 
147,061 sq. m.; pop. 376,053. J. Explored in 
1743 by Verendrye, and in 1804 6 by Lewis and 
Clark First permanent settlement was at Fort 
Union in 1829. Organized as a Territory in 
1864. Famous for the battle of the Little Big 
Horn, where Gen. Custer and his men were mas¬ 
sacred, in 1878. Admitted as a State in 1889, 
Principal industries, mining and stock raising. 
Mean annual temperature 44 degrees. Rainfall 
13 ins. Railways 3,375 m. Electors 4. Repub¬ 
lican in 1892, 1904.1908; Dem. 1896, 1900. 
Representatives. 1. Governor elected for four 
years; salary $5,000. Capital, Helena. 

MONT BLANC; on frontier of France and Italy, 
15,781 ft.; highest mountain in Europe. 

MONT CENTS TUNNEL; connects Italy and 
France; opened Sept. 17, 1871- 7% miles; cost 
$15,000,000. 







Mont* 135 Mother Goose 

MON'TE; a Spanish game of cards. 

MONTENE'GRO; an independent principality 
in S. Europe on the Balkan Peninsula; area 
3.030sq. m. pop. 228,000 cap. Cettinje; pop. 
2,000; Prince Nicholas I. 

MONTEVID'EO; cap. of Uruguay, pop.268,334 

MONTEZU'MA; two emperors of Mexico, 1390- 
1520. 

MONTREAL'; a city of Canada, pop. 507,000 

MOON, THE. Is It Inhabited? From what is 
now known of the moon it is certain that if 
that body is inhabited it must be by beings 
organized very differently from the human 
race or any animals on the earth. The moon 
is without water and without atmosphere; 
and, owing to the fact that it revolves on its 
axis but once a month, so that the lunar days 
and nights are each nearly thirty times as 
long as our days and nights, tne extremes of 
heat and cold range every month from 400 
degrees Fahrenheit above zero to 300 below. 

MOOR’S CROSS ROADS, N. C.; Battles of. 
March 16-17, 1865. 

MORA'VIANS; a German-Protestant religious 
sect dating from 900. 

MOR'GAN, W.; (Free Mason), disappeared Sept. 
26, 1826; caused great anti-Masonic excitation, 
as he was supposed by some to have been 
suppressed on account of his betrayal of 
masonic secrets. [1826-44. 

MOR'GAN, GEN.; Confederate guerilla chief; 

MORGANAT'IC; a marriage by a monarch or 
prince to one below him in rank; their off¬ 
spring can never occupy the throne, but the 
marriage is otherwise legal. 

MORI'AH; a mountain in N. E. Jerusalem. 

MOORE, THOS.; an Irish poet, 1779-1852. 

MOOSE'HEAD; a large lake in N. E. Maine. 

MORE, SIR THOS.; an Eng. statesman, 1478- 
1535. 

MOR'MONISM; founded in 1827 by Joseph 
Smith; at Salt Lake, 1847. 

MOROC'CO; in N. W. Africa; area 219,000 sq. 
miles; pop. (mixed blood), 5,000000; cap. 
Fez; pop. 140,000; Ruler, Abdul Azziz, b. 1878. 

MOR'PHEUS (Myth.); the god of sleep and 
dreams; the minister of Somnus. 

MOR'PHINE; narcotic principle of opium. 

MOR'PHY, PAUL; most famous Amer. chess 
player, 1837-84. 

MOR'RIS, CLARA; Amer. actress, b. 1846. 

MORSE, S. F. B.; Amer. inventor of telegraph. 
1791-1872. [004. 

MOS'COW;a city of Central Russia; pop. 1,035,- 

MO'SES; a Hebrew lawgiver, 1568-1448 B. C. 

MOS'LEM; a Mohammedan. 

MOSQUE; a Mohammedan church. 

MOSQUI'TO COAST; on the E. of Nicaragua. 

MOTH'ER CAREY’S CHICKEN; a small ocean 
bird. 

MOTH'ER GOOSE’S MELODIES; from the orig¬ 
inal tales, first collected in France, under 


Moultrie 136 Mountains 

the title of “La Mere l’Oie,” by Chas. Per- 
rault, 1697; accredited to Mrs. Goose of Bos¬ 
ton, 1719. 

MOUL'TRIE, FORT; Charleston (S. C.) harbor. 

MOUN'TAIN MEADOW MASSACRE, UTAH; 
emigrants murdered by Mormons, 1857. 

MOUNTAINS, THE HIGHEST: Feet. 

Mt. Everest, Himalayas. 29,922 

Kunchainyunga, Himalayas . 28,178 

Sorata, Andes . 25,380 

Illimani, Bolivia . 21,780 

Chimborazo, Ecuador . 21,444 

Hindoo-Koosh, Afghanistan . 20,600 

Cotopaxi, Ecuador . 19,408 

Antisana, Ecuador . 19,150 

St. Elias, British America. 18,000 

Popocatapetl, Mexico . 17,735 

Mt. Roa, Hawaii . 16,000 

Mt. Brown . 15,900 

Mont Blanc . 15,777 

Mowna Roas, Owhyhee . 15,700 

Mt. Rosa, Switzerland. 15,550 

Pinchinca, Ecuador . 15,200 

Mt. Whitney, Cal. 15,000 

Mt. Fairweather, Alaska . 14,796 

Mt. Rainier, Washington. 14,444 

Mt. Shasta, Cal. 14,450 

Pike’s Peak, Colorado . 14,320 

Mt. Ophir, Sumatra . 13,800 

Fremont’s Peak, Wyoming . 13,570 

Long’s Peak, Cal... 13,400 

Mt. Ranier, Washington . 13,000 

Mt. Ararat, Armenia. 12,700 

Peak of Teneriffe, Canaries. 12,236 

Miltsin, Morocco . 12,000 

Mt. Hood, Oregon . 11,570 

Simplon, Alps . 11,542 

Mt. Lebanon, Syria... 11,000 

Mt. Perdu, France .. 10,950 

Mt. St. Helen’s, Oregon. 10,158 

Mt. Etna, Sicily . 10,050 

Olympus, Greece . 9,754 

St. Gothard, Alps . 9,080 

Pilate, Alps . 9,050 

Mt. Sinai, Arabia . 8,000 

Pindus, Greece . 7,677 

Black Mountain, New Caledonia.. 6,467 

Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. 6,234 

Mt. Katahdin, Maine. 5,385 

Mt. Marcy, New York. 5,467 

Mt. Hecla, Iceland .. 5,000 

Ben Nevis, Scotland . 4,400 

Mansfield, Vermont . 4,280 

Peaks of Otter, Virginia. 4,260 

Mt. Hamilton, California. 4,029 

Ben Lawers, Scotland . 4,030 

Parnassus, Greece . 3,950 

Vesuvius, Naples . 3,932 

Snowdon, England . 3,500 

Stromboli, Lipari Island. 3,850 

Ben Lomond, Scotland. 3,280 

Mount Carmel, Palestine. 2,000 

Gibraltar . 1,470 


























































Mount Desert 137 Nanteg 

MOUNT DESERT; an island in E. Maine. 

MOUNT OLIVET; near E. Jerusalem. 

MOUNT VERNON, VA.; home of Washington. 

MOZAMBIQUE'; a country in S. E. Africa, be¬ 
longing to Portugal; area 283.000 sq. m.; pop. 
% 00,000; cap. Mozambique, on a small island; 
pop. 8,000. [and Madagascar. 

MOZAMBIQUE' CHANNEL; bet. Mozambique 

MOZART', W. VON; Austrian composer, 1756-91. 

M. P.; Member of Parliament. 

MS.; Manuscript. MT.; mount., mountain. 

MUEZZIN; one who calls to prayer in the 
mosques. 

MUF'TI; a Mohammedan official; half priest. 

MUIR GLACIER; on N. W. coast of Alaska. 

MUG'WUMP; an independent voter. 

MULLAGATAW'NY; a highly-seasoned soup. 

MUL'LIGAN LETTERS; between Jas. G. Blaine 
and Warren Fisher, from 1864 to 1872, on R. 
R. matters; harmed greatly the candidacy of 
Blaine to the Presidency (1884). 

MUL'TUM IN PAR'VO; much in little. 

MUNCHAU'SEN, BARON; Ger., 1720-97; a liar. 

MU'NICH; cap. of Bavaria, pop. 499,959. 

MURAT, J.; a Fr. Marshal, and King of 
Naples, 1771-1815. [1871. 

MUR'CHISON, SIR R.; Scotch geologist, 1792- 

MURFREESBORO; Battle of, Jan. 2, 1863; Fed- 
erals victorious. 

MURIAT'IC ACID; hydrochloric acid. 

MUR'RAIN; a fatal cattle disease. [1826. 

MUR'RAY, LINDLEY; Amer. grammarian, 1745- 

MUSCAT'; a city of Arabia, pop. 35,000. 

MUSCOVITES; the ancient Russians, from their 
old capital, Moscow. 

MUSES, THE (Myth.); the nine daughters of 
Jupiter and Mnemosyne; presided over the 
arts and sciences, music and poetry. Their 
names were Calliope, Clio, Erato, Thalia, 
Melpomene, Terpsichore, Euterpe, Polyhym¬ 
nia, and Urania; resided on Mt. Parnassus. 

MUS'KELLUNGE; a large pike. 

MUS'TANG; a hardy Mexican horse. 

MYO'PIA; short-sightedness. 

MYR'IAD; an immense number. 

MYRRH; a strong aromatic gum. 

MYSORE; a city of S. India, pop. 68,151. 

MYTHOL'OGY; treating of myths and ancient 
religions. 

N 

N. ; North. N. A.; North America. 

NA'BOB; a man of wealth. 

NAGASAK'I; a seaport of Japan, pop. 107,422. 

NA'HUM II., 4; prophecy of railroads. 

NA'IADS, THE (Myth.); beautiful nymphs of 
human form presiding over springs and wells. 

NA'NA SA'HIB; leader of Sepoy rebels against 
the British, 1857. 

NANKING'; a city of E. China, pop. 450.000 

NANTES; an important harbor, France, 128;349 
in.; famous for the Edict concerning the 
status of the Protestants, q.v. 


Naples 138 Naturalization 

NA'PLES; a city of Italy,- pop. 463,751. 

NAPO'LEON I.; Emperor of France; b. at Cor¬ 
sica, 1769; died in exile at St. Helena, 1821. 

NAPO'LEON II.; son of the former, 1811-32; 
never reigned; was educated in Austria by 
his grandfather. Emperor of Austria and lived 
under the name of Duke of Reichstadt. 

NAPO'LEON III.; Emperor of France, nephew 
of Napoleon I.; d. in exile in England in 
1873; b. 1808. [leum. 

NAPH'THA; an inflammable liquid from petro- 

NARCIS'SUS (Myth.); a beautiful youth, so 
pleased with the reflection of himself in a 
fountain that he fell in love with it, imagin¬ 
ing that it must be some beautiful nymph, 
and in his despair he killed himself. There 
sprang from his blood a flower, which was 
named after him. Narcissus. 

NAR'GILEH; a Turkish pipe. 

NARRAGAN'SETT BAY; on S. E. coast of R. I. 

NASH'VILLE, TENN.; Battle of, Dec. 15-16, 
1864; the Federals victorious. 

NASSAU; cap. of N. P. Is., pop. 10,000. 

NAST, THOS.; Amer. caricaturist, b. 1840. 

NATAL'; an Eng. colony, E. of Cape Colony, 
Africa; area 29,200sq. m.; pop. 959,384;cap. 
Pietermaritzburg; pop. 30,000. [the Federals. 

NATCH'EZ, MISS.; captured May 12, 1862 by 

NA'TIONAL BANKING SYSTEM; organ. 1863. 

NATURALIZATION LAWS OF THE UNITED 
STATES. The conditions under and the 
manner in which an alien may be admitted 
to become a citizen of the United States are 
prescribed by Sections 2165-74 of the Raised 
Statutes of the United States. 

"Declaration of Intention." The alien must 
declare upon oath, before a circuit or district 
court of the United States, or a district or 
supreme court of the Territories, or a court 
of record of any of the States having com¬ 
mon law jurisdiction, and a seal and clerk, 
two years at least prior to his admission, 
that it is, bona fide, his intention to become 
a citizen of the United States, and to re¬ 
nounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to 
any foreign prince or State, and particularly 
to the one of which he may be at the time 
a citizen or subject. 

"Oath on Application for Admission." He 
must, at the time of his application to be 
admitted, declare on oath, before some one 
of the courts above specified, "that he will 
support the Constitution of the United States, 
and that he absolutely and entirely renounces 
and abjures all allegiance and fidelity to 
every foreign prince, potentate, State or 
sovereignty and particuarly, by name, to 
the prince, potentate. State or sovereignty 
of which he was before a citizen or subject," 
which proceedings must be recorded by tho 
clerk of the court. 

"Conditions for Citizenship." If It shall 


Naturalization 139 Navy 

appear to the satisfaction of the court to 

which the alien has applied that he has re¬ 
sided continuously within the United States 
for at least five years, and within the State 
or Territory where such court is at the time 
held one year at least; and that during that 
time “he has behaved as a man of good 

moral character, attached to the principles 
of the Constitution of the United States, and 
well disposed to the good order and happi¬ 
ness of the same,” he will be admitted to 
citizenship. 

“Titles of Nobility.” If the applicant has 
borne any hereditary title or order of nobil¬ 
ity, he must make an express renunciation 
of the same at the time of his application. 

“Soldiers.” Any alien of the age of 

twenty-one years and upward, who has been 
in the armies of the United States and has 
been honorably discharged therefrom, may 
become a citizen on his petition, without any 
previous declaration of intention, provided 
that he has resided in the United States at 
least one year previous to his application, 

and is of good moral character. 

“Minors.” Any alien under the age of 
twenty-one years who has resided in the 
United States three years next preceding his 
arriving at that age, and who has continued 
to reside therein to the time he may make 
application to be admitted a citizen thereof, 
may, after' he arrives at the age of twenty- 
one years, and after he has resided five yeans 
within the United States, including the three 
years of his minority, be admitted a citizen; 
but he must make a declaration on oath and 
prove to the satisfaction of the court that 
for two years next preceding it has been His 
bona-fide intention to become a citizen. 

“Children of Naturalized Citizens.” The 
children of persons wno nave been duly nat¬ 
uralized, being under the age of twenty-one 
years at the time or the naturalization of 
their parents, shall. If dwelling in the United 
States, be considered as citizens thereof. 

“Citizens’ Children Who are Born Abroad.” 
The children of persons who now are or have 
been citizens of tne United States are, 
though born out of the limits and jurisdic¬ 
tion of the United States, considered a3 citi¬ 
zens thereof. 

“Protection Abroad to Naturalized Citi¬ 
zens.” Section 2000 of the Revised Statutes 
of the United States declares that “all natu¬ 
ralized citizens of the United States while 
in foreign countries are entitled to and shall 
receive from this Government the same pro¬ 
tection of persons and property which is ac¬ 
corded to native-born citizens.” 

NAVAJOES; Indians in N. M. and Ariz. 

NAVY; Compared with Those of European 
States, The United States ranks as follows: 


THE WORLD'S NAVIES 


Navies of 


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Protected Cruisers. Armored Cruisers. First-class Battleships. 


Navies of 141 the World 

PRINCIPAL SHIPS OF THE U. S. NAVY; 

Battery, guns. 


Massachusetts.... 


New Hampshire.. 
New Jersey.... 
North Dakota.. 


Rhode Island 
South Carolina.. 


. 4 

13-in. 

, 14 

6-in.' 



. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

12 

7-in. 

10 

12 in. 

, 14 

5-in. 



.10 

12-in. 

,16 

5-in. 



. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

12 

6-in. 

. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

8 

7-in. 

. 4 

13-in. 

, 14 

6-in. 



. 4 

13-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

4 

6-in. 


12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

4 

4 in. 

. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

12 

7-in. 

. 4 

13-in. 

, 4 

8-in., 

14 

5 in. 

. 4 

13-in. 

, 4 

8-in., 

14 

5-in. 

. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

12 

7-in. 

. 4 

12-in. 

,1« 

6-in. 



. 4 

13-in. 

, 8 

8-in. 



. 8 

12-in. 

,22 

3-in. 


i 

. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

12 

7-in. 

. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

8 

7-in. 


12-in. 

i 16 

6-in. 



. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8 in., 

12 

6-in. 

. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

12 

7-in. 

. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

12 

6-in. 

10 

12-in. 

,14 

5-in. 



. 4 

12-in. 

,16 

6-in. 



. 4 

13-in. 

, 8 

8-in. 



. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

12 

6-in. 

.. 8 

12-in. 

,22 

3-in. 



.10 

12-in. 

,16 

5-in. 



. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

12 

7-in. 

. 4 

12-in. 

, 8 

8-in., 

12 

6-in. 

. 4 

13-in. 

,14 

6-in. 




Brooklyn. 8 

California. 4 

Colorado. 4 

Maryland 


8-inch, 12 5-inch. 
8-inch, 14 6-inch. 
8-inch, 14 6-inch. 
8-inch, 14 6-inch. 


Montana. 4 10-inch, 16 6-inch. 


North Carolina.. 
Pennsylvania.... 

Saratoga. 4 

South Dakota. 




4 10-inch, 16 6-inch. 

4 8-inch, 14 6-inch. 

8-inch, 10 5-inch. 

4 8-inch, 14 6-inch. 
Tennessee...... 4 10-inch, 16 6-inch. 

Washington. 4 10-inch, 16 6-inch. 

West Virginia ... 4 8-inch, 14 6-inch. 

Albany.10 5-inch. 

Atlanta......... 28 inch, 6 6-inch. 

Baltimore ..12 6-inch. 

Charleston.14 6-inch. 

Chattanooga.10 5-inch. 

Chicago. 4 8-inch, 14 5-inch. 

Cincinnati.11 5-inch. 

Cleveland.10 5-inch. 

Columbia. 1 8 inch, 2 6-in., 8 4-in. 

Denver.10 5-inch. 

Des Moines. 10 5-inch. 

Galveston.10 5-inch. 

Milwaukee.14 6-inch. 

Minneapolis. 1 8-inch, 2 6-in., 8 4-in. 

Newark .12 6-inch. 

New Orleans.10 5-inch. 

Olympia. 4 8-inch, 10 5-inch. 

Raleigh.11 5-inch. 

San Francisco.... 12 6-inch. 

St. Louis.14 6-inch. 
























































Navy Dept. 142 Nestorians 

NA'VY DEPART'MENT; has a Sec'y, 1 Asst. 
Sec’y, Dept. Medicines and Surgery, Dept. 
Steam Engineering, Judge-Advocate-General; 
Commandant Marine Corps; Bureau of Con¬ 
struction and Repairs; Provisions and Sup¬ 
plies; Ordnance, Navigation, Yards and Docks. 

NAX'OS; island of Greece, pop. 12,000. 

N. B.; take notice; New Brunswick. 

N. E.; North East. 

NEAPOLITAN; one from Naples, Italy. 

NEBRASKA, NEB.; Indian word meaning “Water 
Valley” or “Shallow River.” Nickname, “Black 
Water State.” Area 76,777 sq.m.; pop. 1,192,- 
214.^, Settled at Bellevue, in 1810.# Organized 
as a territory May 30, 1854. Admitted 1867. 
Meat packing is one of the principal industries of 
the State. Agriculture, stock raising and dairy¬ 
ing are large factors contributing to the wealth 
of the State. Rainfall 31 in. Railways 5,700 
m. The Union Pacific was the first railroad built 
in the State. Work was commenced in 1863. 
Opened in 1869. The fruit industry is a growing 
one, and apples are the chief crop. Small fruit 
and plums flourish and peaches are also grown. 
Temp. 25 to 107 deg. Electors eight; rep. 1876 
to 1904; except during 1896; democratic again 
in 1908; representatives six; governor elected 
for two years; salary $2,500; capital, Lincoln. 

NEBUCHADNEZ'ZAR; King of Babylon, 605-562 

NECROP'OLIS; a city of the dead. 

NECRO'SIS; gangrene, or death of the bone. 

NE'GUS; title of ruler of Abyssinia. 

NEM'ESIS (Myth.); the goddess of vengeance 
or justice, and one of the infernal deities; 
supposed to be constantly traveling about the 
earth in search of wickedness, which she 
punished severely. The Romans always sac¬ 
rificed to her before they went to war, so as 
to signify that they never took up arms but 
in the cause of Justice’ [000 

NEPAL'; N. India; area 54,000 sq. m.; pop. 3,000,- 

NEPEN'THE; a drug to relieve pain. 

NEPHRIT'IC; * Dertaining to the kidneys. 

NE PLUS ULTRA: the highest point is reached. 

NEP'TUNE (Myth.); god of the sea; quarrelled 
with his brotner Jupiter because he did not 
consider that the sea was equal to Jupiter’s 
empire of neaven and earth; banished from 
Olympus for conspiring with Pluto to de¬ 
throne Jupiter: married to Amphitrite, by 
whom he haa Triton; represented seated in a 
shell chariot drawn by sea horses, surrounded 
by Tritons ana sea nymphs, and holding in 
his hand a trident. Though a marine deity 
he was reputed to have presided over horse¬ 
training and horse races. Ships were under 
his protection, as whenever he appeared on 
the ocean, tnere was a dead calm. 

NER'OLI; thw oil of orange flowers. 

NES'TOR (Myth.): a grandson of Neptune, and 
one of the ureek heroes who took a leading 
part in the Troian war, as narrated by Homer. 

NESTO'RIANB: believers in the doctrine that 
the divino and human natures were not 
merged into one in Christ. 


Netherlands 143 New Jersey 

NETHER'LANDS, or HOLLAND; monarchy in W. 
Europe; area 12,648 sq. m.; pop. 6,347,200; 
cap. The Hague; Queen Wilhelmina, b. Aug. 31, 
1880; crowned 1898. 

NEUCHATEL; city of W. Switzerland; pop. 20,916. 

NEURAL'GIA; a disease of the nerves. To Cure: 
Use phenacitine to 5 gr. doses every two or three 
hours until relieved. 

NEVADA, NEV.; from the Spanish meaning “White 
with snow.” Nickname the “Silver State” also 
“Sage Hen State. Area 110,679 sq. m.; pop. 
81,875. First settled by Mormons at Genoa, in 
1848. Organized as a territory March 2, 1861. 
Admitted as a State Oct. 31, 1864. Famous for 
its silver mines discovered 1859. In the valleys 
and irrigated sections agriculture is well advan¬ 
ced. Temperature 40 to 115 deg. This State is 
in the irrigation zone, and under the provisions of 
the new government law, it is destined to become 
one of the most fertile states of Uncle Sam’s 
domains. Electors three; rep. 1876-84-88-1904; 
dem. 1880-96-1900, 1908; pop. 1892; repre¬ 
sentatives one; governor elected for four years; 
salary $4,000 ; capital, Carson City. 

NEW CALEDO'NIA; Fr. island in S. Pacific; pop. 
75,000. A convict:station; 29,585 prisoners. 

NEWFOUNDLAND; Is. off E. coast of Canada; area 
40,200 sq. m.; pop. 195,000; noted for its fish¬ 
eries; capital, St. Johns. 

NEW GUINEA or PAPUA; island N. of Australia. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE, N. H.; named from Hampshire 
in England. Nickname “Granite State.” Area 
9,377 sq. m.; pop. 430,572, Visited in 1614. 
Settled at Dover in 1623 by Englishmen. One of 
the original thirteen states. Manufacturing is 
the chief industry. Woolen goods, boots and 
shoes, hosiery and knit goods being among the 
principal productions. Rainfall 43 in. Rail¬ 
ways 1,568 miles. Manchester is the largest 
city and one of the principal centers of the cotton 
and woolen manufacturing industries in the U. S. 
Portsmouth noted for ship building is the State’s 
only seaport. Temp. 49 to 94 degrees. Electors 
four; rep. since 1876; representatives two; 
governor elected for two years; salary $3,000; 
capital, Concord. 

NEW JERSEY, N. J.; named after the island of 
Jersey. Sobriquet "Jersey Blue.” Area 8,173 
sq. m.; pop. 1910, 2,537,167. Settled at Bergen, 
between 1617 and 1620 by the Dutch. State 
constitution adopted 1776. The State is sixth in 
importance in manufacturing. Temp. 10 to 101 
degrees. Rainfall 42 inches. Railways 2,250 
miles. New Jersey is noted for its fruit and sweet- 
potatoes. Cranberry swamps are very extensive. 
Market gardens are especially productive and the 
proximity to large cities make the industry an 
unusually attractive one. The sea side resorts 
have long been famous. Among them are 
Atlantic City, Cape May, Long Beach and Rock- 
->,way. Electors 14; dem. from 1876 to 1892; 

• 1896 to 1908; repres. 10; governor elected 
three years; salary $10,000; cap. Trenton, 


New Market 144 Nicaragua 

NEW MARKET HEIGHTS, Battle of; September 30, 
1864; the federals victorious. 

NEW MEXICO, N. M.; From the Aztec “Mexitl”, 
name of their god of war. Area 122,687 sq. m.j 
pop. 327,396. Visited by the Spaniards in 1637; 
San Gabriel settled in 1598; Ceded to the 
United States in 1848. Admitted as a State in 
1912. Mining, Stock raising and ^agriculture 
principal industries. 205,000 acres under irri¬ 
gation at cost of less than $5,000,000. Railways 
1,750 miles. The mining of precious stones is a 
rapidly growing industry. The irrigated sections 
yield abundantly. Pomegranates, melons, apri¬ 
cots, peaches and grapes flourish. Temp. 15 to 
115 deg,; rainfall 14.2 in. Electors 3; governor 

elected for 4 yrs.; salary $5,000; cap. Santa Fe. 

NEW OR'LEANS, LA.; victory over the English, 
Jan, 8,1815 ; Union victory, April 24, ‘62. 

NEW SO. WALES; Eng. colony of S. E. Australia; 
pop. 1,359,133. [1727. 

NEW'TON, SIR ISAAC; Eng. philosopher; 1642- 

NEW YORK, N. Y.; named in honor of the “Duke 
of York.’' Nickname “The Empire State.” Area 
53,719 sq. m. Pop. 9,113,614. Settled at New 
York City in 1623 by Dutchmen. One of the 
original thirteen states. Agriculture, dairying, 
fruit raising and manufacturing are the prin- 
pal industries. Tern. 23 to 100 deg. Rainfall 
37 inches. Railways 8,461 miles. Among the 
minerals mined extensively are iron and salt. 
Limestone, sandstone, marble and slate quarries 
are also well developed. In the western part of 
the State petroleum yielded nearly 1,500,000 
bbls. during 1900. In manufacturing the State 
leads all others, also in the value and extent of 
its nurseries. The state is noted for its pictur¬ 
esque scenery, its lakes and its summer resorts. 
The Catskills, the Adirondacks and the Hudson 
are the principal attractions. Electors 45 •. dem. 
in 1876,1884, 1902; rep. 1880, 1888, 1896 to 
1908; representatives, 43; governor elected for 
three years; salary $10,000 and residence; cap. 
Albany. 

NEW YORK CITY; the metropolis of America, 
situated on Manhattan Island, N. Y., and includ¬ 
ing Staten island, part of Long Island (the whole 
of Brooklyn). “Greater N. Y.” has 3,437,202 
inhabitants; the chief port of entry of the U. S. 

NEW ZEALAND; Eng. colony in So. Pacific. 

NEY, MARSHALL; Fr. soldier, 1869-1815. 

NIAG'ARA FALLS AND RIVER; be*. N. Y. and 
Canada, connects Lakes Erie and Ontario, 36 m.; 
Falls are 154 ft. high and 2,000 ft. across. For 
the first time in over half a century, on March 
22, 1904, the American falls, at Niagara, went 
dry, allowing people to walk in the bed of the 
river. This phenomena w'as due to a jam of ice 
in shallow places of the river above the falls. 

NICARAGUA; republic in C. America; area 49,- 
200 square miles; population, 600,000; capital, 
Nicaragua. Through this country the pro¬ 
posed Nicaragua Canal was to have been con¬ 
structed 169-8 miles, from Greytown on the 


Nlcane Cread 145 Norseman 

Atlantic, along the San Juan Elver to LakS 
Nicaragua, across the lake to Brito, on the 
Pacific; from the lake to Brito is 17 miles, 
across the lake 90 m.; estimated cost 4100,- 
000,000, with annual revenue of $1,700,000. 
See Panama Canal. 

NI'CENE CREED; an early statement of the Christ¬ 
ian doctrine by Councils of the Church held at 
Nice or Nicaea, in Asia Minor, 325 and 787 A. D. 

NIE’BELUNGENLIED; Ger. poem, arranged in 38 
song, 1210. 

NIGHT' SWEATS; Cure for: 10 drops of are- 
matic sulphuric acid in a little water at bad¬ 
time. 

NI'HIL, Nil. or NIX; nothing. 

NI'HILISM; doctrine of a secret Russian so¬ 
ciety believing in the destruction of all forms 
of government, and common ownership in 
lands; resorts to crime. 

NIL DESPERANDUM; never despair. 

NILE; river in Egypt; 4,000 m. long; rises In 
Lake Victoria Nyanza; empties into the Med- 
i tsrrRnQftn • 

NIM'ROD; famous hunter, Gen. x., 8-12. 

NIN'EVEH; cap. of ancient Assyria, destroyed 
610 B. C. 

NI'OBE (Myth.); is the personification of grief. 
By her husband Amphiofi she had seven sons 
and seven daughters. The father and sons 
were killed by Apollo, and the daughters (ex¬ 
cept Chloris) by Diana. Niobe, overwhelmed 
with grief, was turned into a marble statue. 

NIRVA'NA; state of absolute rest (Hindoo doc? 
trine). 

NI'TRATE; a salt of nitric acid. 

NI'TRIC ACID; a nitrate distilled With sul¬ 
phuric acid. 

NITRO-GLYC'ERINE; glycerine treated with 
sulphuric and nitric acids; an explosive. 

NIZAM'; title given to the ruler of Hydera¬ 
bad, India. 

NIZH'NI-NOV'GOROD; city of C. Russia; pop. 
95,124 famous for its yearly fairs. 

NOAH; builder of the Ark, 2360 B. C. 

NO'LENS VO'LENS; whether you will or not. 

NOL'LE PROS'EQUI; non pros.; unwilling to 
proceed for want of evidence; thrown out. 

NOM' DE PLUME; an assumed literary name. 

NON COM'POS MEN'TIS; not sound of mind; 
crazy. 

NONES; the 9th day before the Ides, in the 
Roman calendar. 

NON EST; it is not. 

NON EST INVEN’TUS; he cannot be found. 

NON POS'SUMUS; we are not able. 

NONRES'IDENT; belonging elsewhere. 

NON SEQUITUR or NON SEQ.; it does not 
follow. ' 

NON SUIT; a Judgment against the plaintiff. 

NORDENSKJOLD, A. E.; Swedish Arctic ex¬ 
plorer, b. 1832. 

NORSE'MEN; the ancient Scandinavians. 


North Anna 146 Nottingham 

NORTH ANNA, Battle of; May 27, 1864, the Coiv 
federates victorious. 

NORTH CAROLINA, N. C,; in honor of Charles II, 
of England. Nickname “Tar State,” also “Tur¬ 
pentine State.” Area 52,526 sq. m.; pop. 1910, 
2,206,287. Settlement commenced as early as 
1585 at Roanoke Island. One of the original 
thirteen States. Lumbering and its by-products, 
cotton and tobacco with the manufacture of the 
same are the principal industries. Temp. 5 to 
107 degrees. Electors 12; since 1876 demo¬ 
cratic; representatives 10; governor elected for 
four years; salary $4,000 and residence; cap. 
Raleigh. , 

NORTH DAKOTA, N. DAK.; an Indian name mean¬ 
ing “Confederated.” Area 70,879 sq. m.; pop. 
1910, 577,056. Organized as a territory, March 
2, 1861. Admitted as a State Nov. 2, 1899. 
First settlement made in 1859 in southeastern 
part of what is now So. Dakota. Principal indus¬ 
tries are agriculture and stock raising. The Red 
River Valley has become famous for its immense 
wheat farms. The western part of the State is 
sparsely settled and given over to stock-raising. 
Electors five; in 1892, the vote was divided, re¬ 
publican and dem.; 1896 to 1908 republican; 
representatives 3 ; governor elected for two 
years; capital, Bismarck. 

NORTH SEA; between England and the continent. 

NORTH STAR, THE. In view all over the 
globe N. of the equator; can not be seen 
S. of that line; is always on or near the 
horizon of a person at the equator, and rises 
Vith the distance of the observer N. of the 
fquator. It is higher as viewed from the 
northern part of the United States than as 
seen from Cuba, and is higher still in the 
northern section of Canada. It would be 
near the zenith of a person at the north 
pole. It is about a degree and a half away 
from the true north point in the firmament, 
and hence has an apparent movement to the 
west like the other stars. There Is no prom¬ 
inent star near enough to the other pole to 
warrant its being termed the South Star. 

NOR'WAY; a country in the N. W. of Europe; 
areal24,445sq. m.; pop.2,240,030;cap. Chris¬ 
tiania; King, Oscar II., b. Jan. 21, 1829. 

NORWE'GIAN; a native of Norway. 

NOTE of Hand: 



AN ORDINARY NOTE OF HAND. 

NOTRE DAME; cathedral in Paris, built 1163- 
NOT'TINGHAM, ENG.; pop. 239,753. [1420. 













Nous Verrons 147 Oceania 

NOUS YERRONS; we shall see. 

NO'VA SCO'TIA; a province of Canada; cap. 
Halifax. Area 21.428 sq. m; pop. 1901, 459,574 

NO'VA ZEM'BLA; island in Arctic Ocean; be¬ 
longs to Russia. 

NOX (Myth.); the daughter of Chaos, and sis¬ 
ter of Erebus and Mors; personified ni-ght, 
and was the mother of Nemesis and the 
Fates. 

N. S.; new style. 

NU'BIA; country of Upper Egypt. 

NUMERALS, ROMAN AND ARABIC. 


I . 

II . 

III..... 

IV . 

V . 

VI .. . 

VII. ... 

VIII. . 

IX . 

X . 

XI .... 

XII. ... 

XIII. . 


... 1 
... 2 
... 3 
.... 4 
... 5 
... 6 
... 7 
... 8 
... 9 
...10 
...11 
...12 
...13 


XIV .14 

XV .15 

XVI .16 

XVII .17 

XVIII ....18 


XIX. 
XX ... 
XXX. 
XL ... 

L. 

LX ... 
LXX 


.19 

.20 

.30 

.40 

.50 

.60 

.70 


LXXX...80 


MDCCCXCIX. 


XC..., 

c. 

cc ... 
ccc.. 
.cccc 

D... . 
DC... 
DCC . 
DCCC 
CM... 

M. 

MM.., 

...1899 


. 90 
. 100 
200 
300 
, 400 
500 
600 
700 
800 
900 
1000 
2000 


NUMISMATICS; the science of reading and 
explaining coins. [only. 

NUNCUPATIVE WILL; one by word of mourn 
NU'REMBERG; a city of Bavaria; pop. 261,022 
NUT'MEG STATE; Connecticut. 

NUX VOM'ICA; the seed of a Malabar tree 
used medically. [ the Nile. 

NYAN'ZA VICTO'RIA; a lake; the source of 
NYMPHS (Myth.); inferior female deities, at¬ 
tendants of the gods. Some presided over 
springs, woods and the sea. They are spoken 
of as land nymphs or Naiads, and sea or 
water nymphs or Nereides. The Dryades lived 
in forests and the Hamadrvades were found 
in groves of oak-trees—the oak being special¬ 
ly venerated by the ancients. 


O 

OAHU; an Hawaiian island. 

OAJACA; a city of Mex.; pop. 33,000. 

OATES, TITUS; contriver of bogus Popish plot, 
in London, 1649-1705. 

O'BER-AM'MERGAU; city of W. Bavaria; pop. 
3,500; famous for the production of Passion 
Play by the Peasants themselves and in the 
open air. 

OBES'ITY;incumberance of flesh. To reduce: 
Take sea wrack, 1 teaspoonful 3 times a day 
and increase the dose to 3 or 4. 

OBI; a river in W. Siberia, 2,000 m. 
OB'ITER DIC'TUM; said inadvertently. 
OBSIDIAN; volcanic glass. 

OBSTET'RICS; relating to chlld-birU- 
OC'CIDENT; the West; Western. 

OCEAN'IA; (see Ooe«ni«*» 





































Oceanica 148 Okhotsk 

ICEAN'ICA; all the islands in the Pacific Ocean 
and Indian Ocean, divided into Australasia, 
Polynesia, and Malay Archipelago, 

OCEAIf'IDES (Myth.); sea-nymphs, daughters of 
Oceanus and Tethys; some poets say there were as 
many as 3,000, others say they were as few as lb. 


Names. 
Pacific Oci 
Atlantic 
Indian 
Artie 
Antartic 
Salt Lake 


Lake Erie. 

Lake Ontario ... 
Lake Nicaragua 
Caspian Sea .... 

Dead Sea. 

Sea of Aral. 

Mediterranean S« 

Lake Tchad. 

Lake Baikal .... 


Greatest depth 

Aree in 

in feet. 

sq. miles. 

.... 46,000 

78,000.000 

.... 34,000 

35,000,000 

.... 24,000 

28,000,000 

.... 22,000 

8,500,000 

.... 14,000 

4.500,000 

1,400 

1,875 

.... 1,200 

12.000 

.... 1,000 

32,000 

.... 1,400 

22,000 

.... 1,000 

20,000 

204 

10,000 

412 

6,600 

300 

6,000 

250 

176,000 

200 

300 

100 

30,000 


1,000,000 

350 

14,000 

750 

12,000 


OCE’ANUS (Myth); son of Coelus and Terra, hus¬ 
band of Tethys, he also personified the immense 
stream which was supposed tosurround the earth, 
and into which the sun and moon and other heav¬ 
enly bodies sank every day. 

OCHRE: a fine clay of yellowish tint. 

OCCIP’ ITAL; pertaining to the back of the head. 

O'CON'NELL, DANIEL; Irish statesman,1775-1847. 

OCTA'VO; folded 8 times; a book 6x10; 8vo. 

OCTO'BER, OCT.; the tenth month (the eighth 
month for the Romans, hence the name). 

OC'TOPUS; a sea animal having eight long arms. 

OCTOROON'; one having one-eighth colored blood. 

ODD' FELLOWS; a secret society, founded in 1812; 
membership in 1903 in America 1,032,573. The 
total relief disbursed to date, $96,468,625. 

ODES'SA; a seaport of S. W. Russia; pop. 405,041. 

OFFENBACH, J.; French composer of operettas, 
1819-1880. (La Grande Duchesse). 

OG; king of Bashan, Numbers xxxii, 33. [1785* 

OGLETHORPE, J. E.; founder of Georgia. 1696- 

OHIO, O.; an Indian word meaning “beautiful.'* 
Nickname “Buckeye State.” Area44,464 sq. m.; 
pop. 1910, 4,767,121. First explored in 1680, 
by the French. Admitted as a State in 1803. 
Manufacturing of iron and steel leading industry. 
Natural gas and coal are found in certain parts 
of the State. Temp. 28 to 104 degrees; electors 
24; rep. since 1876, except in 1892, when the 
vote was divided; representatives 22; governor 
elected for two years; salary $10,000; capital, 
Columbus. 

OHI'O RIVER; a west river, 975 miles long. 

OHM; the unit of electrical resistance. 

O. K.; “Oil Korrect”; all correct. 

O’KHQTSK; sea and town of Siberia. 





















Oklahoma 149 Opening Mail 

OKLAHOMA, OKL.: an Indian word meaning 
“beautiful land.” Area 70,470 sq.m. Pop., 1910, 
1,657,155. Organized as a territory, June, 1890. 
Combined with Indian Ter. and admitted as 
State of Oklahoma Nov. 1907, with an area of 
more than 19,000,000 acres. Extensive salt de¬ 
posits have been found with traces of gold, lead, 
zinc and copper. Representatives 8. Mean tem. 
60 deg. Dem. 1908; dem. governor elected 
1910. Governor elected for fouryeurs; salary 
$4,500- Capital, Oklahoma City. [ity. 

OLD CATH'OLICS; a sect opposing Papal infallibil- 
OLD DOMINION; State of Virginia. [Park. 

OLD FAITH'FUL; a geyser in Yellowstone Nat, 
OLD IRONSIDES; famous U. S. frigate Con¬ 
stitution. 

OLD LANG SYNE; In days past. 

OLD MAN ELOQUENT; John Q. Adams. 

OLD POINT COMFORT; cape near Fortress 
Monroe. [1729. 

OLD SOUTH CHURCH; Boston, Mass., built 
OLIVES, MOUNT OF; near to and E. of 
Jerusalem. [Confederates victorious. 

OLUS'TEE, FLA.; Battle of, Feb. 20, 1864. 
OLYM'PUS; the magnificent mountain on the 
coast of Thessaly, 9,745 feet high, where the 
gods were supposed to reside. 

O'MAR KHAYYAM; a Persian poet of the 12th 
century (The Rubaiyat). [end. 

OME'GA; the last letter of Greek alphabet; the 
OM'PHALE (Myth.); the Queen of Lydia, to 
whom Hercules was sold as a bondsman for 
three years for the murder of Iphitus. Her¬ 
cules fell in love with her, and led an ef¬ 
feminate life in her society, wearing female 
apparel, while Omphale wore the lien's skin. 
ON DIT; they say; a current rumor. 

ONEI'DA; a free-love community, founded at 
Oneida, N. Y., 1847, by J. H. Noyes. 
ONONDA'GAS; tribe of N. A. Indians. 

ON'SET or ON'SLAUGHT; the first rush or 
assault. [7,500 sq. m. 

ONTA'RIO, LAKE; between U. S. and Canada, 
ONTA'RIO; province of Canada. [1,376 ft. 
ONTA'RIO VILLAGE; highest point in Ontario, 
ON THE FENCE; undecided. [of proof. 

O'NUS; burden. O'NUS PROBAN'DI; burden 
O'O; a beautiful bird of the Sandwich Island*. 
O'OLITE; a kind of limestone. 

O'PAL; an iridescent stone. 

OP'EQUAN, VA.; Battle of, Sept. 19, 1864, the 
Federals victorious. 

OPENING ANOTHER’S MAIL, Penalty for: 
Any person who shall take any letter, postal 
card or packet, although it does not contain 
any article of value or evidence thereof, out 
of a postofflee or branch postofflee, or from a 
letter or mail carrier, or which has been in 
any postofflee or branch postofflee, o r in the 
custody of any letter or mail carriei, before 
it has been delivered to the person to whom 
(t was directed, with a design to obstruct th* 


Open Sesame 150 Orpheus 

correspondence, or to pry into the business or 
secrets of another, or shall secretly embezzle 
or destroy the same, shall, for every such 
offense, be punishable by,a fine of not more 
than five hundred dollars ($500), or by im¬ 
prisonment at hard labor for not more than 
one year, or by both.—Postal Laws, Sec. 3892. 

OPEN SES'AME; a password in the Arabian 
Nights. 

OPHTHAL'MOSCOPE; an eye-examining device. 

OPHTHAL'MIA; inflammation of the eyes, very 
conn-on in Egypt. 

O'PIATE; anything producing sleep. 

O'PIUM; narcotic juice of the white poppy. 

OPODEL'DOC; a camphorated liniment. 

ORANGE RIVER COLONY; formerly Orange Free 
States, S. African Republic, annexed by Grt. Brit., 
May 24,1901. Acknowledged by the burghers in 
in arms May 31, 1902. Railways about 800 
miles. All school instruction is in English unless 
Dutch is requested. Agriculture and stock rais¬ 
ing principal industries. An extensive system of 
irrigation is now under contemplation. Area 48,- 
320 sq. m.; pop. 207,503; cap. Bloemfontein. 

OR'ATORIO; a sacred musical drama. Jk 

OREGON, ORE.; supposed to be an Indian word. 
Nickname “The Beaver State.” Area 96,834 sq. 
miles; pop. 672,765. First exploration 1792. 
First settlement in 1811, at Astoria. Organized 
as a territory Aug. 14, 1848- Admitted as a 
State in 1850. Principal industries lumbering, 
manufacturing and agriculture. The Columbia 
River salmon fisheries are noted the world over. 
The possibilities of trade development in the Far 
East will result in a great influx of capital along 
the western coast, and it is not at all improbable 
that Pacific ship building w-ill rival that industry 
on the Atlantic Coast. Tern. 39 to 110 degrees; 
electors five; rep. since 1876, except in 1892, 
when the vote was divided; representatives 3; 
governor elected for 4 years; saletry $5,000; 
capital, Salem. 

OR'IGEN; Christian father, 185-254. 

ORINO'CO RIVER- in Venezuela, 1,500 m. long. 

ORTON (Myth.); a famous giant, blinded for a 
grievous wrong done to Merope. The sound 
of the Cyclopes’ hammers led him to the 
abode of Vulcan; he consulted an oracle and 
had his sight restored, as Longfellow says, by 
fixing “His blank eyes upon the sun.” After¬ 
ward slain by Diana and placed amongst the 
stars where his constellation is one of the 
most splendid. [32,274. 

ORK'NEY IS.; off N. coast of Scotland, pop. 

OR'LEANS, MAID OF; Joan of Arc, q. v. 

OR'MUZD (Myth.); in Persian mythology, the 
creator of all things. 

ORMTHOL'OGY; classification of birds. 

OR'PHEUS fMvth.);son of Apollo and the Mu«# 
(of Music) Calliope. He was married to Euryd- 
ice; but she was stung by a serpent and 
died. He went down to Hades to claim her. 


Ortheopy 151 Paderewski 

and played the lute so sweetly that Pluto 
allowed Eurydice to return to the earth with 
Orpheus, but on condition that he did not 
look behind him until he had reached the 
terrestrial regions. Orpheus, however, looked 
round, and Eurydice disappeared instantly 
and forever. 

OR'THOEPY; correct pronunciation. 

ORTHOG'RAPHY; correct spelling. 

OR'TON, ARTHUR; Tichborne claimant con¬ 
victed of forgery, 1867, in England. 

O. S.; Old Style. 

O'SAGE INDIANS; a tribe of Sioux. 

OSCEO'LA; Seminole chief, 1804-38. 

OSI'RIS (Myth.); the Egyptian god of the sun; 
he was worshipped under the form of an ox. 

OS'SA (Myth.); one of the mountains which 
the giants piled on the top of Olympus to 
enable them to ascend to heaven and attack 
the gods; hence “Pile Ossa on Pelion." 

OSTEND'; a seaside resort of Belgium, pop. 
40,575. 

OSTEOL'OGY; the science of the bones. 

OTAHEITE; (see Society Islands). 

O TEM'PORA! O MO'RES! O the times! 

OTH'MAN; founder of Ottoman or Turkish 
empire, 1259-1326. 

OTOL'OGY; the science of the ear. 

OTIUM CUM DIGNITATE; dignified ease. 

OTRAN'TO; port of Italy, pop. 3,000. 

OT'TAWA; cap. of Canada, pop. 59,928. 

OT'TOMAN; pertaining to all the subjects of 
the Sultan of Turkey whatever their religion 
or nationality. 

OUDE, INDIA; province and city. 

OUNCE; 1-12 or 1-16 lb. [b. 1840. 

OUIDA; Louise de la Ramee, English novelist, 

O'VAL; To draw out an: Lay out the dimen¬ 
sions in the form of a cross and put a pin in 
the end of one of the short arms, now put a 
pin in each of the long a ms a sufficient dis¬ 
tance from the end that a string drawn 
around the three pins shall, when the first 
pin is removed, reach the end of the long 
arm; leave the two pins and carry your pen¬ 
cil around inside the string to strike your 
oval. 

O'VID; Roman poet, 43 B. C. to 18 A. D. 

OW'EN’S LAKE; Inyo County, Cal., 300 ft. 
below sea level. 

OX'IDIZED; combined with oxygen. 

OX'US; river in W. Asia, 1,300 m. long. 

OX'YGEN; a gas found in air and water. 

O'YER; a hearing or inspection. 

O'YEZ; a court crier’s exclamation, “Hear ye! 

OZARK' MTS.; a range in Missouri. 

O'ZONE; oxygen charged with electricity. 

P 

PAB'ULUM; food; nourishment. 

PAOIF'IC; the largest ocean on the globe. 

PACTO'LUS (Myth.); (see Midas). 


Palladium 152 Panama Canal 

PALLA'DIUM; a famous statue of the goddess 
Pallas (Minerva). She is sitting with a spear in 
her right hand, and in her left a distaff and 
spindle. Various accounts given of the ori¬ 
gin of it. Some writers say ii fell from the 3kies. 
It was supposed that the preservation of the 
statue would be the preservation of Troy; hence 
the word ‘-palladium” used to mean some heav¬ 
enly protection. 

PALL-MALL; a street in London. 

PALM'ISTRY; science of hand-reading. The most 
famous writers on the subject: d’Arpentigny, 
Desbarrolles and Count Saint-Germain, 

PAN (Myth.); the Arcadian god of shepherds, hunts¬ 
men and country folk, and chief of the inferior 
deities, depicted as a horned, long-eared man, 
with the lower half the body like a goat; gener¬ 
ally seen playing a pipe made of reeds from 
which he could produce music which charmed 
even the gods. Pan’s terrific appearance once so 
frightened the Gauls, when they invaded Greece, 
that they ran away though no one pursued them; 
and the word “panic” is said to have been 
derived from this episode. 

PANAMA' CANAL; across the Isthmus of Panama, 
through the Republic of Panama, from Colon, 
on the Atlantic, to Panama, on the Pacific.; length 
49 m., with 150 ft. depth, 35 ft.; estimated 
cost, not more than $375,000,000. Work was 
commenced by the De Lessep Company 1881. 
The enterprise proving a gigantic failure it 
was suspended 1889,12 miles havihgbeen com¬ 
pleted at an expense of $260,000,000. The con¬ 
cessions obtained by this company from the 
Columbian government were renewed several 
times, the final one expiring Oct. 31,1910. June 
28, 1902, Pres. Roosevelt signed the bill for the 
construction of an American canal over the old 
Panama route on a basis that good title could be 
procured from the old company and further con¬ 
cessions from Columbia. The treaty arranged 
between the two governments in 1903 was 
rejected by the Colombian Congress, and the 
United States turned to the Nicaraguan as the 
next most available route, but the action of 
Colombia precipitated the Panama revolution. 
The latter was recognized as a republic by the 
U. S Nov. 13, 1903,and a new canal treaty was 
made with Panama, Nov. 18, 1903. The Amer. 
Government to have absolute sovereignty over 
the canal strip, ten miles wide, with privilege of 
a monopoly of any system of communication 
across the Isthmus, with right to establish coal¬ 
ing stations and fortifications within the canal 
zone. $40,000,000 was paid to the Fr. for their 
interests. $10,000,000 to theRepublic ofPanama, 
and $250,000 a year is to be paid Panama after 
the lapse of 9 years for 100 years. At the end of 
that time the U. S. is to have right to continue on 
the same basis or to enter into new arrange¬ 
ments satisfactory to both governments. Follow¬ 
ing is a comparison of distances from various 
Atlantic and Pacific ports by way of present 
routes and via the new canal when completed. 


Pandora 


153 


Paper 


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15,870 

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11.585 

19,930 

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PANDO'RA (Myth); was the first mortal female. 
Vulcan made her of clay and gave her life. Venus 
gave her beauty, and the art of captivating was 
bestowed upon her by the Graces. She was taught 
singing by Apollo, and Mercury taught her Ora¬ 
tory. Jupiter gave her a box, the famous “Pan¬ 
dora’s Box,” which she was told to give to her 
husband. As soon as he opened it there issued 
from it numberless diseases and evils which, from 
that moment, have afflicted the human race. It 
is said that hope alone remained in the box. 


PAPER, SIZES OF. 

Flat Foolscap ..13x16 

Cap .14x17 

Crown.15x19 

Demy .16x21 

Folio Post.17x22 

Medium ........18x23 

Double Flat Fools¬ 
cap ..16x26 

Royal.19x24 

Pouble Cap... 17x28 


Super Royal.20x28 

Double Demy.16x42 

Imperial. ..23x31 

Dl.Medium, n’row, 23x36 
“ “ broad, 18x46 

Elephant...23x28 

Colombier.23x34 

Atlas.26x33 

Double Royal.24x38 

Donble Elephant..27x40 
Antiquarian.31x53 


































Paris 154 Parl’ry Rules 

PAR'IS (Myth.); son of Priam, King of Troy. 
Under the inspiration of Venus, to whom he 
had awarded the golden apple of supreme 
beauty, he eloped with Helen, the wife of 
Menelaus, King of Sparta, and this gave rise 
to the celebrated war between the Greeks and 
the Trojans, which ended in the destruction 
of Troy. Paris was amongst the Trojans who 
fell during or after the siege. 

PAR'IS; cap. of France; pop. 2,660,550. 

PARIS GREEN; arsenite of copper. [1771-1806. 

PARK, MUNGO; Scottish explorer in Africa, 

PARKER, THEO.; Amer. clergyman, 1810-60. 

PARLIAMENTARY RULES: A quorum is a 
sufficient number of the members of an asso¬ 
ciation to legally transact business. It is 
the duty of the chairman to open the meet¬ 
ing, calling the house to order; to announce 
the business before the house in its order; to 
receive and submit all motions; to put tc 
vote all questions regularly moved, and an¬ 
nounce the result; to restrain every one with¬ 
in the rules of order; to enforce the ob¬ 
servance of order and decorum; to appoint 
committees; to authenticate by his signature 
all the acts of the house. If the house Is 
evenly divided he may give the casting vote. 
It is the duty of the secretary to keep cor¬ 
rect minutes of the proceedings; to read all 
papers when ordered; to call the roll, and 
state the answer when a vote is taken by 
yeas and nays; to have the custody of all 
papers and documents, and to authenticate 
the acts and proceedings of the house by his 
signature. Standing committees sit perma¬ 
nently; special committees perform only 
some special duty. Every committee has a 
right to Belect its own chairman. It Is con¬ 
sidered bad form to elect any other person 
than the first-named. In the appointment of 
the committee no person directly opposed to 
the measure committed should be named. 
The chair appoints all committees. Com¬ 
mittees when they have concluded their de¬ 
liberations, should rise and report through 
the chairman. The committee of the whole is 
an expedient to simplify the business of legis¬ 
lative bodies. No record is made of its pro¬ 
ceedings. The presiding officer puts the ques¬ 
tion, and, if same is carried, appoints some 
person as chairman and then vacates the 
chair. 

The letters following the motions refer to 
the explanatory table below. All motions re¬ 
quire seconding if not so designated. Only 
majorities are required unless marked other¬ 
wise. A motion to reconsider must be made 
on the day of voting and by one on the pre¬ 
vailing side. 

The motions are here given in their order 
of rank, the word "Motion” being under¬ 
stood. No motion can be made while a 


j Parl’ry Rules 155 Parthenon 

speaker has the floor, nor while another mo¬ 
tion is pending, except it be a question of 
privilege. When a question is under debate, 
no motion shall be received, except to ad¬ 
journ; to lay on the table; for the previous 
question; to postpone to a day certain; to 
commit; to amend; to postpone indefinitely. 
These motions have precedence in the order 
in which they stand arranged, and are called 
privileged questions. 

A motion to adjourn is always in order and 
takes precedence of all other motions, and an 
order of the day takes precedence over all 
questions except adjournment. 


To adjourn to a fixed date.. 

To adjourn . 

For orders of the day. 

To lay on the table. 

For previous question. 

To postpone to a fixed date. 

To commit. 

To amend . 

To postpone indefinitely. 

To limit debate. 

To close debate. 

To take from the table. 

To reconsider . 

To amend an amendment.... 

To refer . 

To extend debate. 

To withdraw a motion. 

To amend the rules. 

To suspend the rules. 

Objecting to, before debate. 

For priority of business. 

To take up out of order. 

To substitute an amendment 


To appeal from Chair’s decision.D.*A.R.O. 


On question of privilege. 


,..*D.R.*A. 

..R.*D.O.*A. 

-*D.*A.R.O.Z. 

.*D.*A.II. 

.*D.*A.R.2-3. 

.A.R.X. 

.D.Q.A.R. 

.D.A.R. 

.D.Q*A.R. 

.*D. A.R.2-3. 

.*D. A.R.2-3. 

.A.*D.H.2-3. 

..*R.*A.Q.D. 

.R.*A.D. 

..*R. A.Q.D. 

.R. A.*D. 

.*D.*A.R.2-3. 

.R. A.D.2-3. 

.R.A.D. 

.*D.*A.R.Z.0.2-3. 

.R.A.*D. 

.R.O.'A.D. 

.R.A.D. 


.R.A.D. 


EXPLANATORY TABLE. 

2-3—A 2-3 vote required. 

A—Can be amended. 

*A—Cannot be amended. 

D—Debatable. 

*D—Undebatable. 

R—Can be reconsidered. 

*R—Cannot be reconsidered. 

H—Cannot be reconsidered if affirmative. 

Q—Opens main question. 

O—Always in order. 

X—Debate as to advisability only. 

Z—Does not require seconding. 

PAR'NELL, CHAS. S.; Irish statesman, 1846-91. 
PARR, THOS.; Eng. centenarian, 1483-1636. 
PAR'SEE; a follower of Zoroaster; a fire wor¬ 
shiper. 

PAR'THENON; the temple of Minerva (or Pal¬ 
las) at Athens. It was destroyed by the 
Persians, and rebuilt by Pericles; magnificent 
remains are still standing. 









Patent 


Parvenu 156 

PAR'VENU; an upstart. 

PAS'CHAL; relating to the passover. 

PASHA'; a Turkish governor. 

PAS'SION PLAY; one representing life and death of 
Christ. 

PASTEUR, L.; Fr. scientist, inventor of the cure 
for hydrophobia, 1822-1895. 

PATAGO'NIA; country in the S. of S. Amer.; area 
235,000 sq. miles; divided between Chili and 
Argentine in 1881; W. of Andes belong to Chili; 
pop. 30,000. 

PATCHOU'LY; perfume from an E. Ind. plant. 

PATE'-DE-FOIE-GRAS; pie of geese livers. 

PATENT, HOW TO SECURE A U. S.: Patents 
are issued in the name of the United States 
to any person who has invented or discovered 
any new and useful art, machine, manufac¬ 
ture, or composition of matter or any new 
and useful improvement thereof, not known 
or used by others in this country, and not 
patented or described in any printed publi¬ 
cation in any country, before his invention or 
discovery thereof, and not in public use or on 
sale for more than two years prior to his ap¬ 
plication, unless the same is proved to have 
been abandoned; and by any person who, by 
his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense 
has invented and produced any new and 
original design. 

Every patent contains a grant to the pat¬ 
entee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of 
seventeen years, of the exclusive right to 
make, use, and vend the invention or discov¬ 
ery throughout the United States and the Ter¬ 
ritories. 

Joint inventors are entitled to a Joint pat¬ 
ent; neither can claim one separately. 

Applications for a patent must be made in 
writing to the Commissioner of Patents. It 
must include a written description of the 
same, and of the manner and process of 
constructing, compounding, and using it, in 
such exact, terms as to enable any person 
skilled in the art or science to which it ap¬ 
pertains, to construct, compound, and use the 
same; and in case of a machine, he must ex¬ 
plain the principle thereof, and the best mode 
in which he has contemplated applying that 
principle, so as to distinguish it from other 
inventions. The specification and claim must 
be signed by the inventor and attested by two 
witnesses. 

When the nature of the case admits of 
drawings, the applicant must furnish a draw¬ 
ing of the required size, signed by the in¬ 
ventor or his attorney in fact, and attested 
by two witnesses. 

The applicant shall make oath that he veri¬ 
ly believes himself to be the original and first 
inventor or discoverer of tne art, machine, 
manufacture, composition, or improvement for 
which he solicits a patent. 


Patent-Office 157 Patent-Office 

On the filing of such application and the 
payment of the fees required by law, if it ap¬ 
pears that the claimant is entitled to a patent 
under the law, the Commissioner will issue a 
patent therefor. 

Caveats.— Any citizen of the United State* 
who has made a new invention or discovery, 
and desires further time to mature the same, 
may file in the Patent-Office a caveat setting 
forth the distinguishing characteristics of the 
invention, and praying protection oi nis right 
until he shall have matured his invention. 
Such caveat shall be preserved in secrecy, 
and shall be operative for the term of one 
year from the filing. 

Fees must be paid in advance, and are as 
follows: On filing each original application 
for a patent, $15. On issuing each original 
patent, $20. In design cases: For three year* 
and six months, $10; for seven years, $15; for 
fourteen years, $30. On filing each caveat, 
$10. For certified copies of patents and other 
papers in manuscript, ten cents per hundred 
words; for certified copies of printed patents, 
eighty-five cents; for uncertified copies of 
printed patents, ten cents. 

HISTORY OF THE PATENT SYSTEM; the first law 
was passed April 10, 1790; in 1793 the law was 
amended, and principal features continued in 
force until 1836, when it was again revised prac¬ 
tically as it stands at the present time. In 1861 
the term was increased from 14 to 17 years ; in 
1870 the law was once more revised. First 
patent granted by the Government was issued to 
Samuel Hopkins, July 31, 1790, for an improve¬ 
ment in the manufacture of pearl ash. 25,000 to 
30,000 trade marks, prints and labels are passed 
upon annually. The patent office library con¬ 
sists of more than 75,000 volumes which is con¬ 
stantly increased, an annual appropriation being 
made for this purpose. Foreign governments are 
supplied with publications of patents issued, and 
copies of foreign patents are in return supplied 
to the government. Nearly 430,000 patents were 
issued during the past century. The number of 
applications filed for the year ending June 30, 
1903, is 50,156, and caveats filed, 1,767; trade 
marks, etc., 4,100 ; patents granted, 29,329 ; 
receipts, $1,591,251; expenditures, $1,423,094; 
number of employees, 722. During the year 
1900, New York led in the number of patents 
granted its citizens (3,788) followed by Penn¬ 
sylvania (2,564) and Illinois (2,439). 

PATENTS ISSUED in foreign countries 1870-1902. 

Austria-Hungary. *82>933 

Fiance.. 

Germany .155,266 

Great Britain.309,237 

Netherlands.• *’*>35 

Norway.13.010 

Spain. . •••• .•••27.185 

Sweden... 

Switzerland.24, n 












Paterfamilias 158 Pennsylvania 

PATERFAMIL'IAS j'lhe head of the family. 
PA'TERNOSTER; the Lord’s prayer. 
PATHOL'OGY; the science of diseases. [4,000. 
PAT'MOS IS. (Turkish); S. E. of Greece, pop. 
PAT'NA; cap. of Bengal, India, pop. 135.172. 
PATOIS; a provincial form of speech or dialect. 
PAT'RICK, ST.; patron saint of Ireland, 396- 
469. PAT'RICK’S DAY, ST.; March 17. 
PAT'TI, ADELINA; Italian singer, b. 1843. 
PAUL'IST; a R. C. missionary priest; order 
est. 1858 in New York. 

PAVIA; city of Italy, pop. 35,447. At a famous 
battle won there by Charles V., Emperor of 
Germany, over Francis I ,of France, whom 
he made prisoner, the latter exclaimed; "All 
is lost, save honor.” (1525.) 

P. E.; Protestant Episcopal; Prince Edw’d Is. 
PEA'BODY, G.; Amer. philanthropist, 1795-1869. 
“PEACE, PEACE, WHEN THERE IS NO 
PEACE;” Jer. vi., 14. 

PEACH TREE CREEK, Battle of, July 20, 

1864; the Federals victorious. [victorious. 

PEA RIDGE, Battle of, Mar. 8, 1862; Federals 
PECCADIL'LO; a petty fault. [sinned. 

PECCA'VI; confession of an offense; I have 
PECHIL'LI; gulf N. E. of China. 
PEjjOM'ETER; a step indicator or register. 
PEEL, SIR ROBT.; an Eng. statesman, 1788- 
1850. 

PEG'ASUS (Mym.) • the famous winged horse 
said to have sprung from the blood of 

Medusa, when her head was cut off by 

Perseus. By striking the ground with his 

hoof, he caused water to spring forth, which 
formed the fountain afterwards called Hip- 
pocrene. Poets are supposed to use him in 
their flights toward ideal regions. [1,650,000. 
PEKING'; cap. of China in the N. E., pop. 
PELAG'IC; pertaining to the open sea. 
PEL'ICAN; a web-footed aquatic bird. 
PELL-MELL; in utter confusion. 
PELOPONNE'SUS; the S. peninsula of Greece. 
PE'LOPS (Myth.); son of Tantalus, King of 
Phrygia. His father killed him and served 
him up to be eaten at a feast given to the 
gods; when they found it out they restored 
the son to life. [organs. 

PEL'VIS ; the bony basin, supporting abdominal 
PEM'MICAN; meat cut, dried and pressed; 

much used in Arctic expeditions. 

PENANG'; W. of Malay penln., pop. 190,597. 
PEN'DULUM; a swinging weight. 

PENEL'OPE; wife of Homer’s Ulysses. 
PENIN'SULA; land surrounded by water on all 
sides but one; ex.: Spain. [1718. 

PENN WM.; founder of Pennsylvania, 1644- 
PENNSYLVANIA, PA.; named in honor of Wra. 
Penn. Penn’s “sylvania” forest country. Nick¬ 
name “Keystone State.” Area 45,928 sq. m. 
pop. 7,665,111. Settled by Swedes at Tinicum, 
1643, ana followed by permanent settlements 
*■ under Wm. Penn, 1682. One of original thirteen 
w. 


Pennyroyal 159 Pensions 

States. One of the most important of the manu¬ 
facturing States, leading all others in production 
of iron and steel. The coal mines have long been 
the most extensively worked mines in the U. S. 
Petroleum, oils of all kind, natural gas, cement 
and clay products are other extensive industries. 
Mean temperature 53 degrees. Rainfall 39 in.; 
Nearly 15,000 miles of railway in operation; 
Among the important colleges are the University 
of Penn, and Girard College. Electors 38 ; since 
1876 rep.; representatives 36; governor elected 
for four years; salary $10,000; cap. Harrisburg. 

PENNYROY’AL; a species of mint. 

PENOB'SCOT; a river of Maine. 

PENSIONS, WHO ARE ENTITLED TO; Nearly one 
million persons are on Uncle Sam’s pension rolls, 
including survivors of all the wars, but the Revo¬ 
lutionary War. Over 5,000 of these are residing 
outside of the U.S. Average value of all $132 : The 
following persons are entitled to pensions: Revo¬ 
lutionary War.—The act of Mar. 18, 1818, 
was the first general act passed granting a 
pension for service only. Its beneficiaries 
were required to be in indigent circumstances 
and in need of assistance. On May 15, 1828, 
service pension was granted to those who 
served to the end of the war of the Revolu¬ 
tion. On June 7, 1832, a general law was 
enacted pensioning all survivors who served 
not less than six months in said war. On 
July 4, 1836, an act was passed granting pen¬ 
sion for five years to Revolutionary war wid¬ 
ows, provided they were married to the sol¬ 
dier or sailor before the close of his last 
service and that his service was not less 
than six months. On February 3. 1853, an act 
was passed striking out all limitation as to 
date of marriage. On June 30, 1898, thers 
were still five widows of revolutionary heroes 
on the roll of pensions. 

War of 1812.—The first law granting pen* 
sion for service in that war was passed Feb. 
14, 1871. This act required sixty days’ serv¬ 
ice, and widows were not entitled unless they 
were married to soldier or sailor prior to the 
treaty of peaoe, February 17, 1815. The act 
of Mar. 9, 1878, reduced the period of service 
to fourteen days, and made no limitation as 
to date of marriage in case of widows. Three 
soldiers and two widows on roll, June 30, ’98. 

War with Mexico.—On Jan. 29, 1887, an act 
was passed providing for soldiers and sailors 
and their widows for service of sixty days, if 
62 years of age, or disabled, or dependent. 
There are 10,012 survivors and 8,143 widows. 

Indian Wars.—On July 27, 1892, nension was 
provided for those who served thirty days in 
the Black Hawk, Creek, Cherokee and Florida 
war with Seminole Indians, from 1832 to 1842, 
and to their widows. June 30, 1898, there 
were 2,019 survivors and 4,067 widows. 

There has never been any law pensioning 


Pensions 160 Penult 

widows of soldiers whose death was due to 
service in time of peace prior to Mar. 4, 1861. 

No provision has ever been made for moth¬ 
ers and fathers and brothers and sisters if 
the death of soldier or sailor ^suited from 
service prior to March 4, 1861. 

The laws relating to pension have been 
more liberal since 1861 than they were prior 
to that date. 

Acts of July 14, 1862, and March 3, 1873.— 
Any officer, soldier, sailor, or marine, dis¬ 
abled by reason of wound received or disease 
contracted in the service of the United States, 
and in the line of duty, may be pensioned 
for such disability during its continuance. 

In case of his death from causes originating 
as above set forth, his widow or his child or 
children under 16 years of age become en¬ 
titled to pension. If he left no widow or 
child under 16, his dependent mother, father, 
or orphan sisters and brothers are entitled in 
the order named. 

Act of June 27, 1890.—An-"- officer, soldier, 
sailor or marine who served ninety days or 
more in the military or naval service of the 
United States during the late Civil war, who 
has been honorably discharged therefrom, and 
who is sunering from debility of a per¬ 
manent character, not the result of his own 
vicious habits, which incapacitates him from 
the performance of manual labor in such a 
degree as to render him unable to earn a 
support, is entitled to pension under this act 
of not less than $6 per month nor more than 
$12 per month. 

In case of the death of any person named 
above, his widow becomes entitled to pension, 
provided she married him prior to June 27, 
1890, and that she is without other means of 
support than her daily labor. If she re¬ 
marries or dies, the child or children of such 
soldier or sailor under the age of 16 years be¬ 
come entitled. 

Act of August 5, 1892.—All women employed 
by the Surgeon-General of the Army as 
nurses during the late Civil war for a period 
of six months or more, and who were honor¬ 
ably relieved from such service, are granted 
a pension, provided they are unable to earn 
a support. 

June 30, 1903, there were 721,202 invalids, 
and 275,343 widows or dependents on the roll, 
and a total amount of $139,013,666.92 had 
been spent on them. 

War with Spain, 1898.—The first pensioner on 
account of this war is Jesse T. Gates, of the 
Second United States Artillery, who lost a 
part of his upper lip and had his Jaw badly 
shattered. [Bible. 

PEN'TATEUCH; the first five books of the 
PEN'TECOST; a Jewish festival; Whlt-Sunday. 
PE'NULT; the syllable before the last- 


Penumbra 161 Pharyngitis 

?ENUM'BRA; a faint shadow. 

PEP'YS, SAMUEL: Eng., Diary of, 1633-1703. 

PER AN'NUM; by the year. PER CAPITA: by 
the head. 

PER CENT. OR PER CENTUM; by the 100. 

PER DI'EM; by the day. 

PERE-LA-CHAISE; famous cemetery in Paris. 

PERICAR'DIUM; the sack enclosing the heart. 

PER'ICLES; Athenian statesman, 495-429 B. C. 

PERIHEL'ION; the point nearest the sun. 

PERITONE'UM; the lining of the abdomen. 

PERITONI'TIS; inflammation of the peritoneum. 

PER'IWIG; a wig; a peruke. 

PER'MIAN; next after the carboniferous age. 

PERRY, O. H., COMMODORE; U. S. Navy. 

1785-1819. [erals victorious. 

PERRYVILLE, Battle of, Oct. 8, 1862, the Fed- 

PER SE; by itself considered. 

PERSEP'OLIS; an ancient city of Persia. 

PER'SEUS (Myth.); a son of Jupiter. His first 
famous exploit was against Medusa; assisted 
by Pluto, who gave him a helmet which 
would make him invisible, by Pallas, who 
lent him her shield, and Mercury, who sup¬ 
plied him with wings. He cut off Medusa’s 
head and from the blood sprang the winged 
horse Pegasus. 

FER'SIA; in W. part of Asia; area 628,000 sq. 
m.; pop. 9,000,000; cap. Teheran; ruler, Muz- 
affar-ed Din; acceded May 1,1896. 

PER'SIAN GULF; between Persia and Arabia. 

PERU'; republic in S. Amer.; area 695,733 sq. m.; 
pop. 4,609,999; cap. Lima; Pres. Manuel Can- 
dano, acceded Sept. 8, 1903. 

PE'TER, ST.; apostle, martyred at Rome. 

PETER, THE GREAT; Emperor of Russia, 
1672-1725. [sade. 

PETER, “THE HERMIT;” apostle of first Cru- 

PE'TER’S PENCE; offerings in R. C. churches 
for the Pope since the 8th century. 

PETERSBURG, VA.; Battles of, June 15-30, 
1864, and April 2,1865; the Federals victorious. 

PET'ROGLYPHS; paintings on rocks. 

PETRO'LEUM; crude mineral oil. 

PFEN'NIG; a Ger. coin of 1-4 cent. 

PHA'ETON (Myth.); a son of Apollo; anxious 
to display his skill in horsemanship, he was 
allowed to drive the chariot of the Sun for 
one day. The horses became unmanageable, 
and overturned the chariot. Jove, to stop the 
impending disaster to heaven and earth, killed 
Phaeton with a thunderbolt. [picture. 

PHANTASMA GO'RIA: an illusive image or 

PHA'RAOH; a title of ancient Egyptian rulers. 

PHAR'ISEE; a follower of the letter, not the 
spirit of the Jewish law. 

PHARMACOPOEIA; a treatise on drugs. 

PHA'ROS; a lighthousfe, q. v. 

PHAR'YNX; the back of the mouth. 

PHARYNGI'TIS • inflammation of the pharynx. 
Cure: Carbonate of ammonia 1-4 oz.. tinct. 


6 


Pli. D. 162 Phillipines 

oapslcum 1-8 oz., water 4 oz.; 2 teaspoonfulls 
before meals. Rub with muriate of ammonia 
i -4 oz., fluid ex. belladonna 10 drops, water 
3 oz. 

PH. D.; Doctor of Philosophy. 

PHENAC'ITINE; (see Neuralgia). 

PHE'NIX; a bird renewed from its ashes. 

PHI BE'TA KAP'PA; a college society. 

PHID'IAS ; Gr. sculptor, 488-432 B. C. 

PHI'LAE; island in the upper Nile. 

PHILAT'ELIST; a collector of postage stamps. 

PHIL'IP, KING; Indian chief, killed by N. E. 
colonists, 1676. 

PHILIP'PIC; an invective discourse. 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, THE; ceded by Spain 
to the U. S. by the treaty of peace of Dec. 10 v 

1898; consideration: $20,000,000, gold and spe- 

clal trade conditions. The islands are off thfr 
southern coast of Asia, and number about 
2.000 islands. The land area is about 114.000 sq. 
miles. The island of Luzon, on which the 
capital city (Manila) is situated, is the larg¬ 
est of the group. Mindanao is nearly as 
large. A conservative estimate of the popu¬ 
lation is 8,000,000. Racially the inhabitants 
are principally Malays. The country has‘beeu 
in the possession of Spain since 1565, and the 
religion introduced by the proprietors has 
long been that of the natives, so that the 
Roman church has been a strong ruling pow¬ 
er. 

There is considerable variety in the cl'mate, 
and for the tropics it is not excessively hot. 
On the western side of Luzon the hot season 
is from March till June, May being the hot¬ 
test month, when the temperature ranges 
from 80 to 100 degrees. The mean temperature 
for the month is 84 degrees, 2 degrees above 
the Summer temperature of New Orleans and 
9 degrees above the hottest month in Wash¬ 
ington. From October to March is a cool, 
dry season. There is but one railway in the 
islands—from Manila to Dagupin—a distance 
of 123 miles. v It is single-track and well 
built and has paid more than 10 per cent, per 
annum to shareholders. The Compania Trans- 
atlantica (Manila-Liverpool) maintains a 
monthly service to Europe; there are four 
lines of steamers to Hong Kong, and many 
local lines plying between Manila and the 
provinces, the largest having twenty-eight 
steamers of 25,000 tonnage. 

There are about 25,000 Europeans resident 
in the islands, of course, not counting the 
troops. Some 12,000 are established in the 
capital, Manila. English, Spanish, and Ger¬ 
man houses are engaged in trade, advancing 
money to the natives on their crops. Such 
business methods involve risks, but the profits 
are immense. The land is fertile. 

The chief products are rice, com hsm n 
sugar, tobacco, cocanuts and cacao. Coffee and 


Philiips 163 Photography 

cotton were formerly extensively cultivated. The 
rice and corn produced principally in Luzon and 
Mindoro are consumed in the Islands. The rice 
crop is not enough to supply the demands of the 
home market; amounts’ to less than800,000 tons. 
Over 50,000 tons are imported from China. 
Sugar cane is raised in the Visayas, yielding 
about 250,000 tons of raw sugar, one tenth of 
which is consumed in the islands. The hemp is 
produced in southern Luzon, Mindoro, Mindanao 
and the Visayas, and amounts to about 100,000 
tons annually. Manilla hemp is perennial and 
requires little cultivation, About a million bales 
are exported annually, nearly all of it going to 
England or coming to this country, and our im¬ 
portation of the fibre has been increasing. The 
best tobacco comes from Luzon although it grows 
on all the islands. The tobacco is as well known 
in Europe and Asia as the tobacco of Cuba is in 
our country; it is extensively cultivated and its 
manufacture is the Btaple business of the capital 
city. The indigo is famous for its superior qual¬ 
ities. Cotton spinning and work in bamboo are 
among the chief industries. Cocanut production 
is profitable and cocoa flourishes in the damp dis¬ 
tricts. The bark, branches, leaves, fruit, shell and 
husk, of the cocoa, are all used. Mangoes, plain- 
tains, Jack fruits and the malayan fruits are also 
raised. Among the vegetables, potatoes and peas 
do well. The principal woods are ebony, cedar, 
iron wood, sapan, logwood, bamboo, areca palms 
and gum trees. The pineapples are grown prin¬ 
cipally for their fiber. The “banava” and “nia- 
lave” woods which resist the destructive action 
of water for centuries, are destined to prove 
invaluable. It has been estimated that the exten¬ 
sive forests could not be exhausted in 300 years. 
Over sixty varieties of woods have been found. 
The resources of the country are practically inex¬ 
haustible and only require capital and energy to 
develop them. The governmont is offering land 
to settlers on very liberal terms. The wonderful 
exhibit made by the Islands at the St. Louis Fair 
demonstrated the almost inexhaustible possibi¬ 
lity awaiting capital, labor and American energy. 
The next decade will witness marvelous develop¬ 
ments in all parts of our Philippine possessions. 

PHIL'LIPS, WENDELL; Amer. orator, 1811-84. 

PHILOME'LA (Myth.); a daughter of Pandlon, 
King of Athens, who was transformed into a 
nightingale. 

PHILOPE'NA; a kind of forfeit. 

PHLEGETHON (Myth.); a river of fire in the 
infernal regions; nothing could grow on lta 
parched and withered banks. 

PHOTO-ENGRAVING or GRAV'URE; made 
from & photograph. 

PHOTOG'RAPHY; the art of making pictures 
by light; by T. Wedgewood, 1802; later placed 
on a practical basis by the Frenchman, Da¬ 
guerre, hence the word “daguerreotype,” 
used for the first photographs on metal. 


Photometer 164 Platen 

PHOTOM'ETER; a light measurer. 

PHOTO'PHONE; a light, sound recorder. 

PHRENOL OGY- science of head formation. 

PHTHI'SIS; pulmonary consumption. 

PHYLAC'TERY; a reminder; numbers xv., S3. 

PHYLOXE'RA; a grapevine pest, originally 
Imported from America to France; now partly 
conquered. 

PHYS'ICS; science of natural laws. 

PHYSIOL'OGi: the science of the organs. 

PI; a confused mixture of type. 

PIANIS'SIMO; to be played softly. 

PIANOFOR'TE; a large musical instrument. 

PIEDMONT, VA.; Battle of, June 5, 1864; the 
Federals victorious. 

PIED'MONT; N. W. province of Italy. 

PIERCE, FRANKLIN; (see Presidents). 

PIL'GRIM FATHERS; landed, J620, at Plym¬ 
outh, Mass. 

PIlLAU' ; a Turkish or Arabian dish of rice. 

PILOT KNOB, MO.; Battle of, Sept. 28, 1864. 

PINES, ISLE OF; in Caribbean Sea; ceded to 
the U. S. by the Spanish-American treaty of 
io98. 

PIN MONEY; small sums for extras, generally 
given to the wife of one of the contracting 
parties. 

PINX'IT; painted this; (after artist's name). 

PIP; a disease of fowls. 

PI'QUANT; sharp; pungent; lively. 

PIS'GAH; Mt. of Palestine, E. of the Jordan. 

PIS'TIL: the embryo fruit. 

PISIS'TRATUS; tyrant of Athens, 612-527 B. C. 

PIS'TOLE: an old Spanish goiu coin, $3.90. 

PIS'TON; the movable part within a cylinder. 

PIT'CAIRN; an island E. of Australia. 

PITTS'BURG LANDING, TENN.; Battle of, 
April 6-7, 1862; the Federals victorious. 

PITT, WM.; an English statesman, 1759-1806. 

PIZAR'RO: Span, conqueror of Peru, 1471-1641. 

PLACEN'TIA; a seaport of Newfoundland. 

PLA'CER; mineral bearing earth or sand. 

PLAN'ET; a body revolving around the sun. 

PLANETA'RIUM; for exhibiting motions of 
planets. 

PLANTAGENET; family of kings of England, 
originally from French Touraine; 1154-1399. 

PLANTING; How Deep in the Ground to Plant 
Com. % inch, sprout appeared in 8 days; 
1 inch, sprout appeared in 8% days; 1% inch, 
sprout appeared in 9% days; 2 inches, sprout 
appeared in 10 days; 2% inches, sprout ap¬ 
peared in 11% days; 3 inches, sprout appeared 
in 12 days; 3% inches, sprout appeared in 13 
days; 4 Inches, sprout appeared in 13% days. 
The more shallow the seed was covered with 
earth, the more rapidly the sprout made its 
appearance, and the stronger afterward was 
the stalk. 

PLAT'INUM; an expensive whitish metal. 

PLA'TO; a Greek philosopher, 429-347 B. C. 

PLAT'EN; that against which the type strlkd 


Pleasant Hill 165 Ptlliweg 

in a printing press or typewriter. 

PLEAS'ANT HILL, LA.; Battle of, April 9, 
1864; the Federals victorious. [question. 

PLEBISCITE; a popular vote on some weighty 

PLE'IADES (The), (Myth.); seven daughters 
of Atlas, named Electra, Alcyone, Celaeno, 
Maia, Sterope, Taygete, and Merope. They 
were made into a constellation; as there are 
only six stars visible in the group, it was 
believed that Merope, having married a mor¬ 
tal, was ashamed to show herself amongst 
her sisters, all married to gods. 

PLENIPOTENTIARY; a diplomatic envoy hav¬ 
ing full power to act for his country. 

PLESIOSAU'RUS; an extinct marine reptile. 

PLEU'RA; a membrane covering the lungs. 

PLEU'RISY; an inflammation of the pleura. 

PLEU'RO-PNEUMO'NIA; contagious disease in 
cattle. [vessel may load. 

PLIM'SOLL’S MARK; one showing how deep a 

PLINTH; the lower part of a column. 

PLIN'Y ELDER, 23-79, and PLINY YOUNGER. 
61-116; Roman authors. [Tertiary age. 

PLI'OCENE; the most recent period of the 

PLUMBA'GO; a mineral used for pencils. 

PLUMED KNIGHT; sobriquet of James G. 
Blain^ during the Presidential campaign of 
1884. 

PLUM'MET; lead attached to sounding line. 

PLUS; more; a sign of addition. 

PLU'TARCH; Greek biographer, 50-120. 

FLU'TO (Myth.); king of the infernal regions. 
A son of Saturn, brother of Jupiter and hus¬ 
band of Prosperine. His principal attendant 
was the three-headed dog Cerberus, and about 
his throne were the Eumenides, the Harpies, 
and the Furies. 

PLUTOC'RACY; moneyed aristocracy. 

PLU'TUS (Myth.); the god of riches, and son 
of Jason and Ceres; described as blind and 
lame; because so often injudiciously bestow¬ 
ing his riches, and because fortunes come so 
slowly. 

P. M., Postmaster; afternoon. 

P. M. G.; Postmaster-General. 

PNEUMAT'IC; operated by air. 

PNEUMO'NIA; inflammation of the lungs. 

P. O., Post Office. PO; river in N. Italy. 

POCAHON'TAS; Indian princess from Virginia, 
married John Rolfe, 1595-1617. 

POCOTALIGO BRIDGE, S. C.; Battle of, Oct. 
6, 1862. 

POE, EDGAR A.; Amer. poet, 1809-49. 

PO'I or POY; Hawaiian national dish. 

POI'SON, RELIEF FOR INSECT AND SNAKE; 
for bites of any kind, take several spoonfuls 
of olive oil and rub it on freely. 

POLE; end of earth’s axis; native of Poland. 

POLITICAL ECON'OMY; the science of ma¬ 
terial production and preservation of a nation. 

POLK, JAMES K.; (see Presidents). 

POL'LIWOG; a tadpole; embryo frog. 




follus 166 Port Hudson 

POLLUX (Myth.); twin brother of Castor and 
eon of Jupiter. He and his brother form 
the constellation Gemini. 

POLYAN'DRY; plurality of husbands. 

POLYCLIN'IC; one for treatment of many 
d i S6&S6S 

POLYC'RATES; tyrant of Samos 6th cent. B.C. 

POLYG'AMY; plurality of wives; Gen. iv„ 19. 

POL'YGLOT; many languages. 

POL'YGON; to strike, approximately; strike a 
circle and draw a diameter line; divide it 
Into ten parts; a little over three of these 
will give 10 sides upon the circumference; & 
trifle less than 4 will give 8 sides; 5 will 
give 6 sides; a trifle less than 6 will give S 
sides; a trifle over 7 of them will give 4 sides. 

POLYHYMNIA (Myth.); the Muse who presided 
over singing and rhetoric. 

POLYPHEMUS (Myth.); a celebrated one-eyed 
Cyclop, who captured Ulysses and twelve of 
his companions. It is said that six of them 
were eaten; the rest escaped thanks to Ulys¬ 
ses who destroyed the Cyclop’s one eye with 
a firebrand. [Australia. 

POLYNE'SIA; islands in the Pacific N. E. of 

POL'YPUS; a tumor. 

POL'YSYLLABLE; a word of many syllables. 

POLYTECH'NIC; relating to many arts and 
sciences 

POL'YTHEISM; belief in many gods. 

POMERA'NIA; Ger. province on the Baltic Sea. 

POMOL'OGY; science of fruits. 

POMPEII AND HERCULANEUM; two Italian 
cities destroyed by Mt. V uvius, Aug. 24, 79. 

PONCE DE LEON; Sp. discoverer, 1460-1521. 

PON'CHO; an Indian cloak. 

PONGEE'; undyed Chinese or Japanese silk. 

PON'TINE; marshy district around Rome. 

POOD; Russian weight, 36 lbs. 

POOR RICHARD’S ALMANAC; by Ben. Frank¬ 
lin, 1732-1757. 

POPE, ALEX.; Eng. poet, 1688-1744. 

POPE; declared infallible when speaking “ex 
cathedra,” on matters referring to church 
dogma or discipline, July 18, 1870. 

POP'PY; the opium plant. 

POR'CELAIN TOWER OF NANKIN, CHINA; 
finest structure ever built excepting Taj Ma¬ 
hal; finished 1430; cost $4,000,000; destroyed 
by rebels 1856. 

PORT ARxHUR, CHINA; at the entrance to 
Pechili Gulf; a fortress, now leased for 99 
years to Russia. See Japanese-Russian War. 

PORT'AGE; carrying goods over land. 

PORT-AU-PRINCE; cap. of Hayti, pop. 21,000. 

PORT-CUL'LIS; a vertically sliding iron gate. 

PORTE, THE SUBLIME; Turkish Foreign Of¬ 
fice. [91. 

PORTER, DAVID; second Amer. admiral, 1813- 

PORT GIBSON; Battle of, May 1, 1863; the 
Federals victorious. 

PORT HUDSON, MISS.; Battle of. May 27, 
1863; the Confederates victorious. 


Porto Rico 167 Porto Rico 

PORTO Rich; a West Indian Island oyer which 
tue flag of the United States was raised on 
October 18, 1898, is the most eastern of the 
Greater Antilles and separated on the east 
from the island of St. Thomas by a distance 
of about fifty miles, and from Haytl on the 
west by the Mona passage, seventy miles 
wide. 

The island is 108 miles from E. to W., and 
from 37 to 43 miles across; the area 3,600 
square miles. The population in 1887 was 798,- 
565, of -whom 474,933 were whites, and 323,551 
colored. The population for 1910 was 1,118,- 
012. The most of the population is situated 
on the lowlands at the sea front. For lack of 
roads, the interior is accessible only by mule 
trails and it is covered * vast forests. 
Forty-seven very considerable rivers have 
been enumerated; they are short and rapid. 
The mountains intercept the northeast trade 
winds blowing from the Atlantic So that the 
rainfall of the north section is very copious. 
South of the mountains severe droughts occur 
and agriculture demands irrigation. 

The climate is hot, but the temperature 
seldom exceeds 97 degrees Fahrenheit in the 
shade during the hottest hours. At night It 
sinks to 68 or 69 degrees. The mean annual 
average rainfall is 64 1-2 inches. The pre¬ 
vailing diseases are yellow fever, elephantia¬ 
sis, tetanus, marsh fever, and dysentery. 

Porto Rico is unusually fertile, and its dom¬ 
inant industries are agriculture and lumber¬ 
ing. There are more than 500 varieties of 
trees found in the forests, and the plains are 
full of palm, orange, and other trees. The 
principal crops are sugar, coffee, tobacco, cot¬ 
ton, maize, bananas, rice, pineapples, and 
many other fruits. 

The principal minerals found in Porto Ric* 
are gold, carbonates, and sulphides of copper 
and magnetic oxide of iron in large quan¬ 
tities. There are salt works at Guanica and 
Salinac on the south coast, and at Cape Rojo 
on the west, and these constitute the prin¬ 
cipal mineral industry in Porto Rico. 

There are 137 miles of railway, with 170 
miles under construction, and 470 miles of 
telegraph lines. Submarine cables run from 
San Juan to St. Thomas and Jamaica. 

The capital of Porto Rico is SaD Juan 
Bautista, founded by Ponce de Leon. It ia 
aituated on the small island of Morro, now 
connected with the mainland b” the San An¬ 
tonio Bridge. The district of its name con¬ 
tains 27,000 inhabitants. Besides the capital. 
San Juan, there are some sixty or seventy 
towns and villages of considerable size in the 
island. Of these the most important are 
Ponce and Arecibo, each with a larger popu¬ 
lation than San Juan (that of Ponce being 


Port Said 168 Postal Rules 

about 35,000 or 40,000, while that of San Juan 
Is estimated at 25,000); Mayaguez (also larger 
than the capital) and Aguadilla, on the west 
coast; Fajardo and Humacao, on the east 
coast; Guanica and Aroyo, on the south, and 
Pepino and Cayey, in the interior. 

The foreign trade of Porto Rico'In 1896 
amounted to $36,624,120, the imports being 
valued at $18,945,793, and the exports at $17,- 
296,535. The largest trade was done with 
Spain, being $11,259,702, and the next largest 
with the United States, $6,626,029. In the 
year 1897 the imports from the United States 
were $1,988,888, and the exports to the United 
States $2,181,024. The imports from the Uni¬ 
ted States included petroleum, iron-ware, 
dried and salted meats, textiles, and dairy 
products. 

The largest article of export from Porto 
Rico is coffee, which is over 63 per cent, of 
the whole. The next largest is sugar, 28 per 
cent. The other exports are tobacco, honey, 
molasses, cattle, timber, and hides. 

PORT SAID; Egyptian city at entrance of 
Suez canal. 

PORTUGAL; in S. W. Europe; pop. 6,912.520; 
area 36,538 sq. m.; cap. Lisbon. Became a re¬ 
public October 3,1910. 

PORT WAL'THAL, VA. • Battle of. May 16. *64. 

PORT WINE; from Oporto, Portugal. 

POSADA; an Inn; a hotel in Spain. 

POS'SE COMITA'TUS: a sheriff’s posse or 
company. 

POST'AL UNION; with foreign nations July 1, 
1875 and 1885. 

POST MOR'TEM: after death. 

POSTAL INFORMATION; Numbers found be¬ 
low refer to first numbers in explanatory 
table; the amount for postage follows: 


All matter not mentioned below.,..l 

Blank books and paper....1 

Circulars .3 

Cuttings .3 

General advertising matter.3 

Letters and all written matter. 2 

Lithographs .3 

Manuscripts accompanying proof-sheets.3 

Merchandise .1 

Newspapers entered as 2d-class matter.4 

Ores .1 

Periodicals entered as 2d-class matter.4 

Plants, etc.3 

Printed Looks and other matter.3 

Roots .3 

Samples .1 

Seeds . 3 

Sheet music . 3 

Valentines . 3 


EXPLANATORY TABLE. 

1— 1 cent per oz. or less to 4 lbs. unsealed. 

2— 2 cents per oz. or less; locals at non-carrier 
offices l cent. 





















Postage 169 Presidents 

3— 1 cent for each 2 oz. or less unsealed. 

4— 1 cent for each 4 oz. or less unsealed. 

6—2 cents for each 4 oz. or less unsealed. 


Anything is sealed if the wrapper would be In¬ 
jured to examine it, and pays 2. 

Immediate delivery stamps 10 rents. 

Postal card 1 cent; double, 2 cents. 

Postal orders up to $2.50, 3c.; over $2.50 to $5, 
6c.; over $5 to $10, 8c.; over $10 to $20, 10c.; 

over $20 to $30, 12c.; over <30 to $40, 15c.; 

over $40 to $50, 18c.; over $50 to $60, 20c.; 

over $60 to $75, 25c.; over $75 to $100, 30c. 

Registry stamps anywhere, 10 cents. 

Wrappings may show name and contents. 

Foreign Postage—Letters to Canada and Mex¬ 
ico 2 (sealed packages not mailable); to other 
countries, 5 cents per ounce or fraction thereof. 

Newspapers to Can. 4, other countries 3. 

Samples 5, additional weight 3. 

POSTAGE STAMPS; the first ever used. Intro¬ 
duced in England by Dr. Gray in 1834. 

POST'HUMOUS; born after death of father. 

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT; has a Post¬ 
master-General ; 1st, 2nd and 3rd AsstB.; 
Supt. Railway Mail Service- Supt. Foreign 
Mails; Supt. Money Order Department. 

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Name. 


Resi¬ 

dence 

Inaugu¬ 

rated. 

Poli¬ 

tics. 

Died. 

Year 

Age 

Va... 

1789 

57 

Fed.. 

1799 

Mass. 

1797 

62 

Fed.. 

1826 

Va... 

1801 

58 

Rep.. 

1826 

Va... 

1809 

58 

Rep.. 

1836 

Va... 

1817 

59 

Rep.. 

1831 

Mass. 

1825 

58 

Rep.. 

1848 

Tenn. 

1829 

62 

Dem . 

1845 

N.Y.. 

1837 

55 

Dem . 

1862 

O .... 

1841 

68 

Whig 

1841 

Va... 

1841 

51 

Dem. 

1862 

Tenn. 

1845 

50 

Dem . 

1849 

La ... 

1849 

65 

Whig 

1850 

N.Y.. 

1850 

50 

Whig 

1874 

N. H.. 

1853 

49 

Dem. 

1869 

Pa... 

1857 

66 

Dem . 

1868 

Ill.... 

1861 

62 

Rep.. 

1865 

Tenn. 

1865 

57 

Rep.. 

1875 

D. C.. 

1869 

47 

Rep.. 

1885 

iO|.... 

1877 

54 

Rep.. 

1893 

o'. ... 

1881 

49 

Rep.. 

1881 

N.Y.. 

1881 

51 

Rep.. 

1886 

N.Y.. 

1885 

48 

Dem . 

1908 

Ind... 

1889 

55 

Rep.. 

1901 

N Y.. 

1893 

56 

Dem . 

1908 

O .... 

1897 

54 

Rep.. 

1901 

NY.. 

1905 

42 

Rep.. 

.... 

|N. Y.. 

1905 

i 43 

|Rep.. 

I • 

• |o - 

1909 

62 |Rep.. 

1 •• 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 J 

11 
12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 
19 


John Adams.... 
Thomas Jefferson.. 
James Madison, 
James Monroe. 


Andrew Jackson... 
Martin Van Buren. 


ohn Tyler.... 

James K. Polk. 

Zachary Taylor.... 
Millard Fillmore... 
Franklin Pierce.. 

James Buchanan. 
Abraham Lincoln.. . 
Andrew Johnson. ..(Term 
Ulysses S. Grant. 


20 James A. Garfield 

21 Chester A. Arthur.. 

22 Grover Cleveland.. 

23 Benjamin Harrison 

24 Grover Cleveland.. 

25 William McKinley. 

26 Theodore Roosevelt 

27 “ “ 

28 William H, Taft .. 




















Presidents 170 Prometheus 

PRESIDENTS, THE WEALTH OF OUR, on retire¬ 


ment. 

Washington...$400,000 Tyler....$ 50,000 

John Adams.. 30,000 Pierce. 60.000 

T. Jefferson, very poor.. Lincoln. 50,000 

Jas. Madison, moderate. Grant. 50,000 

John Q. Adams 60,000 Buchanan. 2001)00 

M. VanBuren.. 800,000 Hayes .not rich 

.kmPR JC P^llr 1 SO non. “ «« 


^ iUUJLAiUiCj •••• 

PREHEN'SILE; adapted to holding or seizing. 

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS; consist of one 
lor each congressional representative. 

PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION; 1st, President, 
elected by the Electoral College; 2d, Vlce- 
Pres., elected same as Pres.; 3d, Sec. ol 
State; 4th, Sec. of Treasury; 5th, Sec. of War; 
6th, Attorney-General; 7th, Postmaster-Gener¬ 
al; 8th, Sec. of Navy; 9th, Sec. of Interior; 
10th, Sec. of Agriculture; 11th, Sec. ol Labor 
and Commerce. 


PRESS STATISTICS; the world's newspapers ana 
magazines. 

Austria-Hungary. 1,200 Asia, aside from 

Belgium. 300 Japan. 1,000 

France. 4,500 Great Britain,in- 

Germany . 7,000 eluding Colon- 

Greece. 600 ies aside from 

Holland. 300 Canada.10,000 

Italy. 1,500 Japan. 2,000 

Russia. 800 Switzerland. 450 

South America .. 1,700 U. S. and Canada.23,221 
Miscellaneous.... 3,000 


More than one half of these publications are 
printed in English. 

American Newspapers and Magazines. 

Daily. 2,313 

Triweekly. 52 

Semi-weekly. 568 

Weekly.16,132 

Semi-monthly. 303 

Monthly. 2,484 

Bi-Monthly. 54 

Quarterly. 164 

Miscellaneous. 10 

22,080 


PRI'MA DON'NA; chief female singer in an opera. 

PRIMA FA'CIE; at first sight. 

PRINCE EDWARD’S ISLAND; off the coast of 
Canada. [visited America 1860. 

PRINCE OF WALES; Albert Edward, b. 1841; 

PRINCIPTA; first principles. 

PRINCETON. N. J.; seat of large university 
founded in 1746; victory over the English, 
Jan. 3, 1777. 

PRINT'ING PRESS; the first in the U. S. 
printed “The Freeman’s Oath,” 1639. 

PRISM; an optical device showing colors. 

PRIVATEER'; a private warship. [against. 

PRO AND CON or PRO ET CON; for and 

PROBA'TIONER; one on trial. 

PROME'THEUS (Myth.); a sor of Japetes, pre¬ 
sumed to make men out of clay, and animate 
them with fire which he had stolen from 




























^Pronunciamento 171 Pro Rata 

,> heaven. This so displeased Jupiter that he 
commanded Mercury to bind him to Mount 
Caucasus, where a vulture dally preyed upon 
his liver, jvhich grew In the night as much 
as It had been reduced In the day, so that 
the punishment be endless; but Hercules 
killed the vulture and set Prometheus free. 

PRONUNCIAMENTO; a military revolt in Spain 

PROOF CORRECTION: 

5^ Means cut out (erase the word or letter to be 
cut out). 

6) Means turn a reversed letter. 


^j: Means a space or more space 
'w' Means less space or no space. 

L. or_j Means carry a word to right or left. 


Means an omissi -n. 

□ Means an indent. 

I-1 Means raise the word or character. 

I_I Means lower the word or character. 


t Means that a letter projects. 


Means a diphthong is wanted. 

• Means a quadrant shows, or space is im* 
^ proper. 

or Means a broken or imperfect letter. 

£ Means bring the word forward. 


If 


Means make a new paragraph. 


--Means change italics to Roman, or vice 

versa. 

= Means put in small capitals. 

- - Means put in capitals. 


Embracing two words, thus: here | not 
means transpose. v - ' 


■zvf. Means wrong font. 
tr. Means transpose. 

/. c. Means put in lower case. 
s. caps. ; or sm. c.Means small capitals. 

<?«•» Qy«» or ? Means query. 

out, s. c. Means words wanting, see copy. 

C Means close up. 

[ ] Contains what could not be used in regular 
order. 

PROPAGANDA; council of cardinals regard, 
ing missions. 

PRO PATRIA; for one’s country. 

PRO RA’TA; In proportion. 



Prorogue 172 Punctuation 

PROROGUE'; to adjourn. 

PROS'ERPINE (Myth.); a daughter of Jupiter, 
carried off by Pluto to the Infernal regions 
and becoming his wife. 

PRO TEM.'; for the time being. 

PRO'TEUS (Myth.); a marine deity who could 
foretell events and assume at will all sorts 
of shapes. 

PRO'TOPLASM; lowest order of animal life. 

PROVISIONING A SHIP; the food needed for 
a twenty-days’ trip of an ocean greyhound, 
from Bombay to London, with about 550 
passengers on board consists of: Eggs, 32,- 
000; meat, 23,000 pounds; vegetables, 8,200 
pounds; potatoes, 9 tons; ducks, 1,200; game 
and poultry, 1,400 head; fish, 11,000 pounds; 
flour, 33 barrels. 

PROVI'SO; a stipulated condition. 

PRO'VOST MAR'SHAL; one having charge of 
military police. 

PROX. or PROX'iMO; the next month. 

PROX'Y; one who acts through another. 

P. S.; Post'script. PS.; Psalm. 

PSEU'DONYM; a "nom de plume.*’ 

PSY'CHE (Myth.); the wife of Cupid. The 
name in Greek signifies the soul or spirit. 

PTOL'EMY; the name of 13 Kings of Egypt. 

PTO'MAINS; minute poisonous bacilli in cheese, 
milk, ice cream, etc. 

PUCK; a merry fairy wandering at night, [iron. 

PUD'DLING; converting cast iron into wrought 

PU'GET SOUND; in N. W. Washington, U. S. 

PUISNE; inferior in rank; younger. 

PUL'LEYS; to obtain size of: Multiply the 
revolutions of driving shaft by size of pulley 
on it; by this, divide the number of revo¬ 
lutions you wish the driven shaft to make. 

PULQUE; Mexican alcoholic liquor. 

PULSE; motion caused by heart-beats; in 
healthy adults 72 per minute. 

PUNCH'EON; a stamp; 84 or 120 gallons. 

PUNCTUA'TION is the dividing of words or 
sentences by points or marks to make com¬ 
plete sense, as follows: 

Comma (,) separates sentences or words not 
closely joined together; as, Joy, peace, com¬ 
fort and happiness. n these words were 
joined by a conjunction, no comma would be 
necessary. A comma follows a period after 
an abbreviation when the word itself would 
require it; as, Cleveland, O., Sept. 25th, *95; 
between the town and state or between the 
town and date if no state is mentioned; and 
after st., d., th., after a date. When a word 
or sentence is almost, but not quite, paren¬ 
thetical, use commas to cut It out; as shown 
above, in cutting out “but not quite”; also 
after a man’s name and occupation; as, James 
Hill, the accountant, was there; also after 
as preceded by a semicolon; it also takes the 
place of an omission (as in case of books 
shown below); also in separating figures, ex- 


Punctuation 173 Punctuation 

cepting between dollars and cents. 

Semicolon (;) separates words and sentences 
not so closely joined that a comma would 
answer; as, The 1st book had three chap¬ 
ters; the 2d, five; the 3d, ten. Also between a 
series of expressions; as, When I think of 
the battles won; the men slain; and the suf¬ 
fering endured; my heart fails me. Also be¬ 
fore viz., to wit, i. e., or that is, when 
anything follows; as. There were few of 
them; viz.: John, Henry and Charles. 

Colon (:) requires a longer stop than a semi¬ 
colon and is used when a sentence is com¬ 
plete and followed by something additional; 
as, It was in two volumes: The first con¬ 
tained, etc.; before a direct quotation; as, 
I repeat it: “Yes, sir.” 

Period (.) means a full stop and is used after 
an abbreviation, heading, title, Roman num¬ 
bers, signatures, and as a decimal mark in 
dividing dollars and cents, etc.; as. Gov., 
amendment.. Trilby., LX., Jas. Hill., $3,- 
000 . 00 . 

Interrogation Point (?) denotes that a question 
Is asked. 

Dash (—) shows a sudden break or change of 
subject; as, He was sad—Oh, so sad! at the 
result. 

Exclamation Point (!) shows surprise, Joy, 
pain, fear, invocation, etc., Ah! me! wake 
up! O is used in address; “O, my God!” 
Oh is used in emotional expression; as, “Oh 
for a lodge in some vast wilderness!” 

Parenthesis ( ) encloses something that could 
be omitted without injuring the sense; as, 
He (the soldier) now came up. 

Apostrophe (’) shows a letter or letters left out, 
or possessive case of nouns; as, Don’t for do 
not: He’s for he is. Webster’s Dictionary. 
Moses’ rod. Where the noun ends in s or e» 
the apostrophe is placed after It for the sake 
of euphony. 

Hyphen (-) connects syllables and parts of com¬ 
pound words; as, Hen-ry. All-powerful. 

Quotation Marks (“ ”) show something quoted 
or taken from another; as, “I speak for jus¬ 
tice,” Said he. An indirect quotation does 
not require quotation marks; as. He said that 
he spoke for justice. 

Ditto (“) means the same as that under which 
it stands. 

Ellipses (**) mark an omission; as, M**y, Mary. 

Accent (') shows stress of voice on preceding 
syllable; as, Ac'cent, conformity. 

Pronunciation Marks; the long and short sound 
of vowels are given in many works as fol¬ 
lows: 

Long a as In fate, short & as in fat. 

Long e as in mete, short e as In met. 

Long 6 as in cone, short 5 as in con. 

Long u as in tune, short u as in tun. 

Reference Marks calling attention to other 
parts or page of book, are *t t 1 H i> etc. 


Punic Wars 174 Quean’s Counsel 

Capital Letters commence every proper name; 
as, J. Smith:—abbreviations; as, N. M. 
sentences; as. He has gone;—paragraph; as. 
Yours received, will reply at once;—chapter; 
line of poetry; direct quotation (see quota¬ 
tion above);—leading words in headlines; as. 
Carried the Threat into Execution;—adjec¬ 
tives derived from proper names; as. Chines# 
from China;—names of the Deity; as, God, 
Saviour, Christ, Almighty;—common nouns 
personified; as, Dame Rumor has it, etc. 

PU'NIC WARS; between Romans and Cartha¬ 
ginians, 264-146 B. C. 

PUNJAB; a N. W. prov. of Brit. India. 

PUN'TA ARE'NAS; seaport of Costa Rica, C. A. 

PU'RITANS; opposed to Church of England, 
1592; triumphed politically for a time, under 
Cromwell, (1648); settled New England 1620. 

PYAEMIA; blood-poisoning. 

PYGMA'LION (Myth.); a famous sculptor who 
had resolved to remain unmarried, but made 
such a beautiful statue of a goddess that he 
finally begged Venus to gl- it life, and his 
request being granted married the animated 
statue. 

PYJAMA; a loose East Indian garment. 

PYR'AMUS AND THISBE; two lovers of an¬ 
cient Babylon. [ing France from Spain. 

PYR'ENEES; Mts. in Central Europe separat- 

PYRI'TES; a mixture of sulphur and metal. 

PYROM'ETER; an instrument for measuring 

PYROTECH'NICS; fire-works. [heat 

PYTHAG'ORAS; Gr. mathematician, 482-509 B.C. 

PY'THON; a large serpent. 

PYTH'IAS; see Damon. 

Q.; Question. Q. C.; Queen’s Counsel. 

Q. M. G.; Quar'ter-Mas'ter-General. 

Q. L.; quod libet, as much desired. QT.; quart. 

QUADRAGES'IMA; 40 days before Lent. 

QUAD'RANT; an instrument for taking al¬ 
titudes. 

QUADREN'NIAL; once in four years. 

QUAD'RUPLE TELEGRAPH; one on which four 
messages may be sent at once over one wir# 
two each way. 

QUAG'GA; a wild ass of Africa. 

QUAHOG; a large clam. 

QUAK'ER; a religious sect founded by Geo. 
Fox, 1650; made prominent by William Penn. 

QUAN'TUM SUF'FICIT; a sufficient quantity. 

QUAR'ANTINE; detention for sanitary purposes. 

QUAR'TAN; fever coming every fourth day. 

QUARTETTE'; 4 musical performers or a piece 
of music written for 4 singers or instruments. 

QUAR'TO; 4 leaves to the sheet; 10x12; 4to. 

QUAS'SIA; a bitter w T ood; a tonic. 

QUEBEC'; a city of Canada, pop. 68,840; Eat. 
of 1759. 

QUEEN’S COUNSEL; not a government oIBctr; 
the title is an honorary one given, through" 
out the British empire, to prominent bar 
listers. 


QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTING IN EACH STATE OF THE UNION 


Qualifications 175 for Voting 


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Queensland 177 Railroads 

QUEENS'LAND; a N. E. division of Australia. 

QUEENS'TOWN; a city of S. Ireland, pop. 12.- 

_ 000, where all mall steamers of the New York 
& Liverpool lines deliver or take up the bulk 
of their European mail. 

QUEENS'WARE; a fine pottery invented* by 
Wedgewood, 1762. 

QUEUE; a long braid of hair worn by Chinese. 

QUID PRO QUO; one thing for another. 

QUID'NUNC; a curious person; what now? 

QUIEN SABE; who knows? 

QUIE'TUS; discharge; at rest. 

QUI'NINE; an extract from Peruvian bark. 

QUIN'SY; Inflammatory sore throat, (see Ton- 
silitis). 

QUIN'TAL; 100 or 112 lbs. 

QUINTIL'IAN, M. F.; Roman orator, 40-118. 

QUINTET'; a set of five persons; a piece of 
music written for 6 voices or instruments. 

QUIRE; 24 sheets of paper. [right. 

QUIT'-CLAIM; deed conveying all grantor’s 

QUITO; cap. of Ecuador, S. A., pop. 70,000. 

QUIVIVE; to be on the alert; “Who la there?’* 

QUIXOT'IC; fanciful; romantic. 

QUOTH; said. 

QUO'TIENT; the result after division. 

QUO WARRAN'TO; a writ by the government 
to ascertain by what authority a corporation 

ac ts. 

Q. V.’; (q. v.) QUOD VI'DE; which see. 

R 

R. ; recipe; prescription. 

R. A.; Royal Academy. 

RABAT'; a city of Morocco, pop. 20,000. 

RABELAIS, F.; Fr. author of philosophical 
works in a humorous vein and odd lan- 
language, 1495-1553. 

RABIES; madness from the bite of a dog. 

RA'CA; Hebrew term of reproach. 

RACHEL; a Fr. emotional actress, 1821-58. 

RACINE, JEAN; great Fr. dramatist, 1639-99. 

RA'DIUS; a straight line from the center to 
the circumference. [93. 

RAE, DR. JOHN, a Scotch Arctic explorer, 1813- 

RAGU'SA; a city of Italy; also one of Austria. 

RAG'LAN, LORD; Eng. general, commanded 
British troops in the Crimean war, died there 
of cholera, 1788-1855. 

RAIKES, R.; Eng. founder of Sunday schools, 
1735-1811. [S. Wales, 1857. 

RAILS, FIRST STEEL; made by Mushet in 

RAIL'WAY, SJiSST STEAM; in America# Balt. 
& Ohio, 1830 k 

RAILROAD CARS, FACTS ABOUT; average 
weight of passenger cars, 38,000 lbs.; cost, each, 
from $4,000 to $5,000. Of mail cars (shorter 
than passenger cars), 32,000 lbs.; cost, from 
$2,000 to $2,500. Of empty baggage cars, 28,- 
000 lbs.; from $2,000 to $2,500. Of sleeping 
cars, about 43,000 lbs.; cost, from $10,000 to 
$20,000. Of flat or gondola cars (freight), 14,- 
000 lbs.; cost, from $2,000 to $2,500. Of sleeping 


Railroads 178 Railroads 

(freight), 6,000 lbs.; cost, about $2000. Of loco¬ 
motives and tender, from 80.000 to 90,000 lbs.; 
cost, from $8,000 to $10,000. Locomotives in 
use in U. S., 36,000; passenger cars, 26,000. 

RAILROADS, EUROPEAN; statistics published in 
1902 gave European aggregate length of 176,- 
068 miles of railway, an increase of 37,466 m., 
nearly 20,000 miles less than that of the U. S. 
Lengths of railroads in the principal countries of 
Europe in the earl} part of 1901 are given as 
follows: Miles. 

Germany . 31.913 

France . 26,594 

Russia (exclusive of Transsiberian 
Railway and Transcaucasus Rail¬ 
way) . 29.874 

Great Britain and Ireland.21,918 

Austria-Hungary . 22,894 

Italy . 9,803 

Spain . 8,294 

Sweden . 7,029 

Belgium . 3,940 

Switzerland . 2,349 

Roumania . 1.941 

Holland . 1.703 

Denmark . 1.863 

Turkey and Bulgaria. 1.951 

Finland . 1.484 

Portugal . 1,475 

Norway . 1,274 

Greece . 603 

Servia . 358 

Luxemburg . 239 


RAILROAD DISTANCES. 

To Chi- 

To San 

To New YorTc. 

cago . 

Francisco. 

Chicago, Ill. 

. 792 

— 

2,323 

Columbus, O. 

, 637 

314 

2,637 

Charleston, S. C. 

746 

1.033 

3,049 

Boston, Mass. 

214 

1,004 

3,327 

Baltimore. 

. 187 

792 

3,115 

Denver, Col. 

.1.938 

1,026 

1,456 

Detroit, Mich. 

. 661 

272 

2,595 

Galveston, Tex. 

. 1,749 

1.155 

2,177 

Mobile. 

.1,231 

857 

2,620 

Minneapolis, Minn... 

.1,314 

402 

2,183 

New York, N. Y. 

. - 

792 

3,235 

New Orleans, La. 

.1,339 

923 

2,455 

Omaha, Neb. 

.1,400 

488 

1,835 

Philadelphia, Pa- 

91 

822 

3,145 

San Francisco, Cal.. 

.3.235 

2,323 

— 

Seattle, Wash. 

.3,127 

2,215 

916 

St. Louis, Mo. 

.1 057 

284 

2,247 

Washington, D. C... 

. 228 

792 

3,098 

RAILROADS OF THE UNITED 

STATES; operated 


Dec. 31, 1902 : 196,648 miles of line, which car¬ 
ried during 1902 655,130,236 passengers, who 
traveled 19,706,908,785 miles. Gross receipts 
$396,513,412; average rate of 2,012 cents per 
mile. The distance traveled by passenger trains 
during the year was 403,213,178 miles. 




































tin jali 179 Recruiting 

During the same period freight trains ran 508,- 
210,150 miles, and carried 1,192,130,510 tons 
of freight 150,024,106,024 miles, costing ship¬ 
pers $1,197,212,452, or 0.704 per ton per mile. 
Average amount paid on each ton: 100.43. 

Total gross earnings for 1902 were $1,720,- 
814,900. Total net earnings $500,020,277, in¬ 
terest paid, $203,237,451 and dividends to stock 
holders $178,200,752. Capital stock amounts to 
the enormous sum of $0,078,290,590. Bonded 
debt $0,405,290,839. The development of rail¬ 
road building in the West has hardly commenced. 

RAJAH; a native Ind. prince or king. 

RAJPOOT; a Hindoo of the military caste. 

RALEIGH, SIR WALTER; an Eng. courtier and 
explorer, 1552-1618. [9th month. 

RAMADAN'; a Mohammedan fast during the 

RAM'ESES; the name of 15 Egyptian kings. 

RAM'IE; an E. I. plant producing a glossy fiber. 

RAMS'GATE; a seaport of England, pop. 15,420. 

RANCHE'RO; one who lives on a ranch. 

RAN'DOLPH, JOHN; Am. statesman, 1773-1833. 

RANEE'; a Hindoo princess. 

RAN'GERS; irregular cavalrymen. 

RANGOON'; a seaport of Burmah,pop. 232,326 

RAPH'AEL SANZIO; an It. painter, 1483-1520. 

RAPIDAN'; a river of Va., 80 m. long. 

RAPPAHAN'NOCK; a river and county of Va. 

RA'RA AVIS; a thing out of the common. 

RARITAN'; a river of New Jersey. 

RAT; a trades-union deserter. 

RA'TIO; the relation of one thing to another. 

RAT'ISBON; a city of Bavaria, pop. 45.429. 

RATTAN'; a stem from an E. I. plant. 

RAT'TEN; to steal one’s tools. 

RaVAILLAC; assassin of Henry IV, May 14, 1610, 
supposed to have been sent by rabid Catholic 
zealots. [1810-95. 

RAW'LINSON, SIR. H.; Eng. archaeologlat, 

R. C.; Roman Catholic. 

READE, CHARLES; Eng. novelist, 1814-84. 

REAM; 480 sheets of paper. 

REAUMUR, R. A. F.; Fr. scientist, 1683-1767. 

REBEL'LION; open defiance of constitutional 
law; U. S. 1861-5; Irish, 1798. 

REBOISEMENT; replanting of forests for cli¬ 
matic effect. 

REBUS; a pictorial enigma. [1849. 

RECAMIER, MME.; Fr. society leader, 1777- 

RECHERCHE'; of extreme elegance. 

RECIPROCITY; conferring equal privileges; 
Important reciprocity treaty between the 
United States and France, May 30th, 1898. 

RECRUITING REQUIREMENTS, U. S. ARMY. 
Applicants for enlistment in the regular array 
must be between the ages of 22 and 30 years, 
unmarried, of good character and habits, able- 
bodied, free from disease, and must be able 
to speak, read, and write the English lan¬ 
guage. Age for enlistment of citizen soldiery, 
18 to 25, married or unmarried. 

Minors are not enlisted, except boys be* 


Red Cross 180 Regalia 

tween the ages of sixteen and eighteen who 
may be needed as musicians and who have 
the written consent of father, only surviving 
parent, or legally appointed guardian. 

Original enlistments are confined to persons 
who are citizens of the United States, or who 
have made legal declaration of their intention 
to become citizens thereof. 

For infantry and artillery the height must 
be not less than 5 ft. 4 in., and weight not 
less than 120 pounds and not more than 190 
pounds. 

For cavalry the height must be not less 
than 5 ft. 4 in., and not more than 6 ft. 10 
In., and weight not to exceed 165 pounds. 

All soldiers receive from the Government 
(in addition to their pay) rations, clothing, 
bedding, medicines, and medical attendance. 


The following is the rate of pay. 

<- . 

® JS 
(U 

u 

§> 

pH M 

v £ 
a 

Grade. 

bo 

«s 

* 

Privates—Cavalry, artillery 


Oh 

feco 

and infantry. 

Field Musicians—Cavalry, ar- 

$13 

$156 

$468 

tilleryand infantry. 

Wagoners—Cavalry, artillery 

13 

156 

468 

and infantry. 

Artificers—Artillery and in¬ 
fantry, saddlers and farii- 

14 

168 

504 

ers, cavalry. 

Corporals—Cavalry, artillery 

15 

180 

540 

and infantry. 

Sergeants—Cavalry, artillery 

15 

180 

540 

and infantry. 

First Sergeant of a company 
—Cavalry, artillery and in- 

18 

216 

648 

fantry. 

25 

300 

900 

Chief trumpeter of cavalry.. 
Principal Musician —Artillery 

22 

264 

792 

and infantry.. 

22 

264 

792 

RED CROSS SOCIETY; see 

Geneva 

Convention. 

REDEMP'TiONlSTS; a R. C. society similar to 
the Paulists, q. v. 


RED JACKET; a Seneca Ind. chief, 1752-1832. 
RED-LET'TER DAY; a lucky day. 

RED MEN, IMPROVED ORDER OF; a benev¬ 
olent society founded 1771 and 1834; I. O. R. 
M. Membership in 1904, 300,000 Benefits dis¬ 
tributed, $20,000,000. 

RED RIV'ER; from N. W. Texas into the Miss. 
RED RIV'ER OF THE NORTH; from Elbow 
Lake, Minn., to Lake Winnipeg, Can. 

RED SEA; between Arabia and Egypt, 230 by 
1,400 m. 

REED, T. B.; Amer. politician, several times 
Speaker of the House of Representatives, b. 
1839. 

REEVES, SIMS; Eng. tenor singer, b. 1822. 
REF.; Reference. 

REGA'LIA; insignia of office. 










Regime 181 Rheostat 

REGIME; mode or system of management. 

REG'IMEN; orderly government; courae of diet. 

REG'IMENT; in the United States 10 companies 
of soldiers commanded by a colonel. 

REGIMENT'ALS; military uniforms. 

REGISTRAR; a keeper of records. [B. C. 

REG'ULUS, M. A.; a Roman general, 300-250 

REICHSRATH; Imperial Parliament of Austria. 

REICHSTAG; Imperial Parliament of Germany. 

REIGN OP TERROR; in France, 1793-4. 

REIN'DEER; the horse and cow of the Lap¬ 
lander. 

REIS; Portuguese and Brazilian money of ac¬ 
count worth one-ninth of a cent in Portugal, 
and one-twentieth of a cent in Brazil. [69. 

REM'BRANDT, R. P. H.; Dutch painter. 1607- 

RE'MUS; brother of Romulus, q. ▼. 

RENAISSANCE: a revival of Roman and Gre¬ 
cian art in the 15th and 16th centuries. 

RE'NAL; pertaining to the kidneys. [1823-92. 

RE'NAN, J. C.; Fr. writer (Life of Jesus), 

REPLEV'IN; an action to recover goods. 

REPOUSSE; raised figures in metal. 

REPRESENTATIVES in U. S. CONGRESS; 386, 
and four delegates. The representation of each 
State is based upon a population of 199,102 for 
each representative. 

REPUB'LIC; a country governed by the people's 
representatives. 


REPUB'LICAN PARTY; organized 1856. 

RE'QUIEM; a hymn in honor of the dead. 

RES'ACA, GA.; Battle of, May 14 and 15, 1864; 
the Federals victorious. [by the court. 

RES ADJUDICA'TA; a question of law decided 

RE'SCRIPT; an official answer of a monarch. 

RES GESTAE; things done. 

RESPIRA'TION, HUMAN; in the ordinary res¬ 
piration of a man 16 or 17 cubic inches of 
atmospheric air pass into the lungs 20 times 
a minute, or a cubic foot every 5 1-4 minutes: 
274 cubic feet in 24 hours. The lungs hold 
274 cubic feet in 24 hours. During the act of 
inspiration the lungs have been found to be 
the coldest part of the body. _ [18*9. 

RESUMPTION OF SPECIE PAYMENT; Jan. 1, 

RET'INA; the innermost coating of the eye. 

RETZ, J. F. P. DE; Fr. Cardinal and politician, 
1614-79. 

REV.; Reverend. 

REVERE, PAUL; Amer. patriot, 1735-1818. 

REVOLUTION, SONS OF; organized 1883;mem¬ 
bership (1898), over 6,000. [on U. S. side. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR; 1775-83; 309,781 men 

REX; king. ro<> 

REYKJAVIK; cap. of Iceland, pop. 1.500. [92. 

REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA; Eng. painter. 1723- 

RHEIMS; a city of France, where the kings of 
France used to be crowned (Charles X.. in 
1824, the last one), pop. 107,773 center of the 
champagne wine trade. 

RHEN'ISH; pertaining to the Rhine. 

RHE'OSTAT; a device for regulating an eieo 
trie current. 


Rhumatlim 182 Riparian 

RHEU'MATISM; a disease of the muscles, etc., 
due to the over production of uric acid. 

RHINE; in Germany; one of the principal 
rivers of Europe. 

RHIN'O; money. 

RHODE ISLAND, R. I.; named after the Island of 
Rhodes in the Mediterranean. Rhodes signifies 
“arose.” Nickname “Little Rhody.” Area 1,247 
sq. m.; smallest in the U. S.; pop. 542,610 
Visited by Verrazzani in 1524. First settlement 
at Providence, in 1636, by Roger Williams. One 
of the original 13 States. Leading industry is 
manufacturing. In 1900 the State ranked second 
in manufacture of cotton goods and third in wool¬ 
ens. In rubber shoes the State ranks third. The 
manufacture of silverware and cheap jewelry is 
another important industry. Mean temperature 
49 deg. Rainfall44 in. Railroads 570 miles. 
Narragansett Bay is noted for its clams and the 
oyster industry along the Providence river is well 
developed. Electors, five; republican since 1876; 
representatives. 3; governor elected for one 
year; salary, $3.000; capital, Providence. 

RHODES; an island belonging to Turk*/, in 
the Mediterranean; the Colossus of Rhodes 
(not existing now) was one of the Seven Won¬ 
ders of the world. 

RHONE; a river rising in Switzerland and 
flowing into the Gulf of Lyons, [de Lion). 

RICH'ARD I.; King of England, 1157-99, (Coeur 

RICH'ARD II.; of England, 1366-1400. 

RICH'ARD III.; of England. 1452-85. [1642. 

RICHELIEU; Fr. Cardinal and statesman, 1585- 

RICH'MOND; cap. of Va.; evacuated by Con¬ 
federates April 3, 1865. 

RICK'ETS; a peculiar disease of children. 

RICK'SHAW or JINRICKSHAW; a two-wheeled 
carriage in Japan and India propelled by men. 

RICOCHET; a rebound or skipping. 

RI'DINGS; divisions of Yorkshire, Eng. 

RIEN'ZI, COLA DI; a Roman tribune and con¬ 
spirator, 1313-1354. 

RIF'FrANS; inhabitants of the Mts. in Morocco. 

RUGA; a city of Russia on the Baltic, pop 
256,197. 

RIG'-VE'DA; a sacred Hindoo book. 

RILEY, J. W.; the painter-poet of the West, 
b. 1852. [posed in New York City, 1871. 

RING FRAUDS UNDER “BOSS” TWEED; ex- 

RING'WORM; a circular skin eruption. Cure: 
Apply sulphurous acid twice a day. 

RIO DE JANEIRO; cap. of Brazil,pop. 522,651. 

RI'O DE LA PLA'TA; a large river of S. Am. 

RI'O GRAN'DE RIVER; from Colo, to Gulf of 
Mexico. [er of Brazil. 

RI'O GRAN'DE DO SUL; a S. province and rlv- 

RI'O GRAN'DE DO NORTE; a N. E. province 
and river of Brazil. 

RI'O NE'GRO; Four rivers of S. America have 

this name. 

RIPA'RIAN; pertaining to a river’s hank. 


Ristori 183 Rosicruclans 

RISTO'RI, ADELAIDE; Italian tragic actress, 
b. 1821. 

RIVAD; a city of Arabia, pop. 48,660. 

RIZ'PAH; See 2 Sam., lit., 7. 

R. N.; Royal Navy. 

ROANOKE'; a river and Island of N. C. 

ROBERTS, LORD; Eng. General, 1832. Nick¬ 
named “Bobs" by his enthusiastic soldiers. 

ROBESPIERRE, M. J. DE; Fr. revolutionist 
and chief spirit of the Terror days, 1758-94. 

ROBTN HOOD; an Eng. outlaw of the 13 cent. 

ROB' ROY; a Scottish outlaw, 1660-1738. 

ROCHELLE', LA; a city of France, pop. 81,- 
559; famous as a Protestant stronghold during 
the religious civil wars of the 16th century. 

ROCHELLE' SALTS; tartrate of pot. and soda. 

ROCK'Y MTS.; from Mexico to Alaska, and 
from the Pacific to Prince William Sound. 

ROENTGEN, PROF. W. KONRAD; of the 
University of Wuerzburg (Bavaria) announced 
to the world, in January, 1896, his discovery 
of the X. RAYS. q. v. 

ROGA'TION DAYS; the 3 before Ascension Day. 

RO'MAN CATH'OLIC CHURCH; the largest 
body of Christians, having the Pope for Its 
head. 

RO'MAN EMPERORS, from 30 B. C. to 395 A.D. 

ROMANOFF; family name of Russian Emperors 
since 1613. [in 1864. 

RO'MAN REPUBLIC; 1798-9; also two months 

ROM'ANY; a gypsy; also a language. 

ROME; cap. of Italy, pop. 483,000 (1901) Papal 
residence. 

ROM'ULUS (Myth.); the traditional founder of 
Rome, a son of Mars and a twin brother of 
Remus. The infants were thrown into the 
Tiber, but were miraculously saved and 
suckled by a she-wolf till they were found by 
a shepherd, who brought them up. Remus 
was killed in a quarrel with his brother, and 
Romulus became sole chief of the future 
great nation. 

RONCESVALLES; a Sp. Pyrenees pass; Battle 
between French and Arabs; death of the hero 
Roland overcome by numbers, 778. 

ROOR'BACK; a lie published for political effect. 

ROOST'ER; Democratic emblem of victory 
since 1844. 

ROS'AMOND (THE FAIR); sweetheart of Hen¬ 
ry II., 12th century. [47,000. 

ROSA'RIO; cap. of Argentine Republic, pop. 

ROSE'CRANZ, W. S.; Amer. General, b. 1819. 

ROSES, WARS OF; between the houses of Lan¬ 
caster and York in England, 1455-85; York 
triumphed finally. 

ROSET'TA STONE; one discovered in Egypt 
by the Fr. Champollion, having an inscrip¬ 
tion in three languages and giving the key 
to the hieroglyphics found there. [Oct. 1. 

ROSH'HASHSHANAH; the Jewish New Year, 

ROSICRU'CIANS; a sect of empirics in 17th 
century. 


Ross 184 Sabbath 

ROSS, SIR J.; Arctic explorer, 1777-1856. 

ROS'TRUM; a platform for speakers. 

ROTHSCHILD, M. A.; founder of the famous 
banking house, 1743-1812. [832,185. 

ROT'TERDAM; a city of The Netherlands, pop. 

ROU'BLE; a Russian coin, gold 77c.; silver 66c. 

ROU'EN; a city of France, pop. 115,914. 

ROUMA'NIA; a monarchy in E. Europe; area 
50,720 sq. m.; pop. 5,912,520. King, Carol I., 
b. Apr. 20, 1839. Cap. Bukharest. 

ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES; Fr. author and 
philosopher (Social Contract). 1712-78. 

RUSSIA; an empire of N. Europe and Asia; cap. 
St.Petersburg; population, 1.267,023 ; emperor, 
Nicholas II, b. May 18,1868, ascended throne 
Nov. 1,1894. 


Area. Population. 

Europe.2,925.616 sq, m. 106,264,136 

Asia.6,564,778 “ “ 22,697,469 

_Miscel.._ 42,909 

Total.8,660,364 sq. m. 129,004,515 


Religion, Greek Catholic. Navy, effeo- 
Army,war. Army .peace. tive ships. Men. 
1,042,000 4,575,000 177 35,358 

Annual cost of army.$175,000,000 

Four separate fleets are maintained: 

The Baltic, Kronstadt, Caspian sea; the Pacific, 
Port Arthur and .Vladivostok; Black Sea, Sevas¬ 
topol. 

Russia’s forests are inexhaustible; those belong¬ 
ing to the crown, alone, numbering 618,225,000 
acres. One fourth of European R. is suitable for 
cultivation of wheat, rye, oats and other cereals, 
tobacco, hemp and grapes are extensively culti¬ 
vated. The serfs were emancipated in 1861. One 
of the greatest of Russian enterprises has been 
the construction of the Siberian Railway across 
the continent of Asia to the Pacific. Completed 
to swch an extent that the opening of the war 
with Japan found Russia with a medium for trans¬ 
porting its enormous army to the scene of action. 
See Japanese-Russian-War. 

RUS'SOPIIILE; one favoring Russian policy. 

RUSSOPHO'BIA; a hatred of Russia. 

RUS'SO-TURK'ISH WAR; Apr. 24, 1877—Mar. 
3,1878; ended in the triumph of Russian 
army and in the Treaty of San-Stefano; most 
of the profits secured were annulled by Euro¬ 
pean Congress of 1878 (Berlin). 

RY.; railway. RY'AT; a Hindoo farmer. 

RYS'WICK; a village of The Netherlands. 
Treaty of 1697 bet. Louis XIV. of France and 
the rest of Europe. 


S 

S.; South or Southern. [hosts. 

S. A.; South America. SAB'AOTH; armies or 
EABBATA'RIANS; Seven-day Baptists. 

SAB.; SAB'BATH or SUNDAY; a day appointed 
for rest; formerly the 7th, now the 1st day of 
the week; when the change was made is not 








Sabbath 185 St. Lawrence 

known; first made imperative at a day of rest 
by Constantine The Great, 321. 

SAB'BATH-DAY JOURNEY; 12 miles. 

SA'BINE; a river in Texas, 600 m. long. 

SA'BINE CROSS ROADS, LA.; Battle of, April 
8, 1864; the Confederates victorious. 

SA'BLE ISLAND; 100 m. S. E. of Nova Scotia; 
famous for the great number of wrecks in its 
vicinity. 

SAC'CHARINE; having the qualities of sugar. 

SACK'ETT’S HARBOR, N. Y.; Important Revo- 
lutionary town. 

SACRAMEN'TO; a river and county of W. Cal. 

SA'CRED HEART; a R. C. Order founded 1800. 

SAC'RISTAN. a sexton of the R. C. church. 

SAD'DUCEE; an unbeliever in a future state. 

SADO'WA, BOHEMIA; victory of Prussian! 
over Austrians July 3, 1866. 

SAENGERFEST; a festival of German singers. 

SAFE'TY LAMP; for miners, invented by Sir 
Humphrey Davy, 1815. 

SA'GA; a city of Japan, pop. 32,753. 

SA'GA; the Scandinavian goddess of history; a 
legend of those countries. 

SAGHALIEN; Japanese island S. E. of Siberia, 
used as a resort for specially dangerous crim¬ 
inals. 

SAG'INAW BAY, MICH.; in Lake Huron. 

SAHA'RA; in N. Africa; largest desert in ths 
world. 

SAHIB'; an E. I. term for Mr. or gentleman. 

SAINT AN'DREW; patron saint of Scotland. 

SAINT AUGUSTINE, FLA.; 1st settlement in 
America, 1565. 

SAINT ANNE; a R. C. shrine at Beaupre, Can. 

SAINT BERNARD'; a famous Alpine pass. 

SAINT BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY; massacre of 
80,000 French Protestants, Aug. 24, 1572; or¬ 
dered by Charles IX. of France. [near Paris. 

SAINT CYR; the Fr. national military school 

5AINT EL'MO’S FIRE; phosphorescence seen 
on ships’ masts. 

SAINT ETIENNE; a city of France, pop. 146, 
671; a great center for the mfg. of silk rib¬ 
bons, hardware, machinery and fire-arms. 

SAINT GEORGE; the patron saint of England. 

SAINT GOT'HARD TUNNEL; connects Ger¬ 
many with Italy; main tunnel 9 1-12 m. 
long, has 53 connecting tunnels and bridges; 
opened in 1882; cost $58,000,000. [50,000. 

SAINT JOHN; a city of New Brunswick, pop. 

SAINT JOHN OF JERUSALEM, KNIGHTS OF; 
organized 11th century; continued as Knights 
of Malta (Catholics) and under the old nams 
(protestant Prussian order). [27. 

SAINT JOHN’S DAY; Masonic, June 24 and Dec. 

SAINT JOHN’S RIVER; boundary between 
Maine and Canada. 

SAINT JOHN’S RIVER; in E. Florida. [5,000. 

SAINT JOHN’S; a city of Newfoundland, pop. 

SAINT JO'SEPH; husband of the Virgin Mary. 

SAINT LAW'RENCE; a river of N. E. Canada, 
760 m. long; inoluding the Gulf, 2,000 m. long. 


St. Mary’s 186 Salaries 

SAINT MA'RY’S RIVER and SAINT MA'RY'S 
STRAITS; connect Lake Superior with Lak* 
Huron; a canal built in 1855 passes the Straits. 

SAINT MI'CHAEL; largest of the Azore islands. 

SAINT PAT'RICK; patron saint of Ireland, 396- 
469; said to have introduced Christianity in 
the Emerald island. 

SAINT PAUL; an apostle of the 1st century. 

SAINT PE'TER’S CHURCH; at Rome, ded¬ 
icated 1626. [1,439,375. 

SAINT PE'TERSBURG; capital of Russia, pop. 

SAINT SOPHI'A; a Turkish mosque, at Con¬ 
stantinople, formerly a Christian church. 

SAINT THOM'AS; an island in the W. Ind., 
pop. 14,000. [chines 1790 (English). 

SAINT, THOM'AS; inventor of sewing ma- 

SAINT VAL'ENTINE'S DAY; Feb. 14. 

SAL'ADIN; Sultan of Egypt and Syria, 1137-93; 
fought the Crusaders. 

SALAM' or SALA'AM; a salutation among 
Eastern nations, especially Mussulmans; a 
bow. 

SALAMAN'CA; a city of Spain, pop. 17,700. 

SALAMAN'DER; a species of lizard ones 
thought fire-proof. 

SAL'AMIS; a Greek island W. of Athens. 

SALARIES OF LEADING U. S. OFFICIALS. 

President (Wm. H. Taft first to receive).. .$75,000 


Vice-President. 12,000 

Chief Justice Supreme Court. 15,000 

Justices “ “ 14,500 

Senators.... 7,500 

Representatives. 7,500 

Cabinet (Members of the). 12,000 

“ Assistant Secretaries. 5,000 

Justices Court of Claims . 6,000 

U. S. Circuit Judges. 7,000 

U. S. District Judges. 6,000 

Admiral U. S. Navy. 13,500 

Rear-Admirals—First nine. 8,000 

“ “ Second nine. 6,000 

Commanders. 3,500 

Lieutenant-commanders. 3,000 

Lieutenants. 2,400 

Ensigns. 1,700 

Lieutenant-general . 11,000 

Major-Generals, U. S. A. 8.000 

Brigadier Generals. 6,000 

Colonels. 4,000 

Lieutenant-colonel. 3,500 

Major. 3,000 

Ambassadors (England, France, Russia, 
Germany, Italy, Mexico, Austro-Hung- 

ary, Brazil, Japan, Turkey). 17,000 

Ministers Plenipotentiary (Belgium, Chile, 

China. Cuba, Netherlands. 12,000 

Elsewhere, from.$5,000 to 10,000 

Ministers-Resident.$4,000 to 7.500 

Conguls-General, fees and from $1,500 to 6,000 

Consuls, fees and from.$1,500 to 5,000 

Secretaries of Embassies. 2,625 

“ of Legations. 1,800 































Sale 187 Santa Ann*. 

SALE G.; an Eng. scholar (Koran), 1680-1731. 

SALERA'TUS; a salt prepared from pearl-ash. 

SALER NO; a city of Italy; pop. 42,727. 

SAL'FORD; a borough of England, pop. 226,480. 

SAL'IC LAW; one prohibiting female succession 
to the throne, in force in France. 

SALICYL'IC AC'ID; prepared from carbolic 
acid; a specific against rheumatism, gout, etc. 

SALISBURY, MARQUIS OF; Eng. conservative 
statesman, b. lt>30. 

SAL'LUST; Roman historian, 86 to 35 B. C. 

SALONI'CA; a seaport and gulf of Roumella, 
pop. 105,000. 

SALVADOR'; smallest Cen. Amer. Republic; area, 
7,225 sq. m.; pop. 1,006,848; cap. Salvador; 
pop. 16,327; Pres. T. Regalado. 

BALVA'TION ARMY; organized in 1865 by Wm. 
Booth, a Methodist minister in England. Bal- 
lington Booth, a son of the founder, is at the 
head of the army in U. S., with headquarters 
at No. Ill Reade St., New York. Its object 
is to reach and assist spiritually and other¬ 
wise the poorer classes who attend no church. 
A son of Gen. Booth started a rival organiza¬ 
tion, “The Volunteers of America.’' 

SALVINI, T.; Italian tragedian, b. 1829. 

SAM'ARCAND; a walled city of Bokhara, pop. 
54,900. 

SAM'BO; the offspring of a negro and mulatto. 

SAMI'EL; a hot desert wind in Egypt. 

SAMO’AN ISLANDS; a group of 10 islands in W. 
Pacific Ocean, formerly called Navigators’; area, 
95 sq. m.; pop. 5,800; came into possession 
of the U. S- Jan. 1900. 

SA'MOS; Greek island, pop. 15,000, under • 
prince, tributary of the Sultan of Turkey. 

SAM'OVAR; a Russian tea-urn. 

SAMO'YEDS; nomadic people of Arctic Siberia. 

SAM'PAN; a Chinese river boat. [xiii., 24. 

SAM'SON; the strong man of the Bible; Judge* 

SAM'UEL; Hebrew prophet 12th century B. C. 

SAND, MME. GEO.; famous French novelist, 
1804-76 (Baroness Dudevant). [tree. 

SAN'DAL-WOOD; wood of a fragrant Asiatic 

SAN'DARACH; a resinous gum from N. Africa. 

SAND'HURST; Royal British military academy 
25 m. S. W. of London. 

SAND'RINGHAM; residence of Prince of Wales, 
100 m. N. E. of London. 

SAND'Y HOOK: a beach and light at the en¬ 
trance to New York harbor. 

SAN'GAREE; a W. Indian spiced wine. 

SAN'HEDRIM; the ancient Jewish Council of 
72 persons. [ten “sanatarium.” 

SANITA'RIUM; a health resort; wrongly wrlt- 

SAN JUAN; battle of July, 1-2, 1898. 

SAN SAL'VADOR; republic of C. A., (see 
Salvador). 

SAN'SKRIT; the ancient language of the Hin¬ 
doos, from which moat European languages 
proceed. [sia and Turkey, 1878. 

SAN STE'FANO, TURKEY; Treaty of, bet. Rus- 

SAN'TA AN'NA; Mexican General and Pres!- 


Santa Claus 188 Schliemann 

dent, 1795-1876. 

SAN'TA CLAUS; patron saint of children. 

SAN'TA CRUZ; W. Ind. island, pop. 30.000. 

SANTIAGO; cap. of Chill, pop. 320,628. 

SANTIA'GO; city of Cuba, pop. 43,090. 

SAN'TO DOMIN'GO; a negro republic occupy¬ 
ing E. half of Is. of Hayti, pop. 610,OOU. 

SAPPH'IRE; a precious stone. 

SAPPHO; celebrated poetess of Lesbos, who 
flourished B. C. 1610; called by the Greeks: 
"The tenth Muse.” 

SAR'ACEN; aMahommedan of the Middle Ages. 

SARAGOS'SA; a city of Spain, pop. 75,000. 

SARCOPH'AGUS; a stone coffin. 

SARDANAPAL'US; last King of Syria, 8th 
cent. B. C. [365. 

SARDINIA; It. Is. in Mediterranean, pop.804,- 

SAR'DONYX; a reddish-yellow gem. 

SARGAS'SO or SARGAS'SIUM SEA; one of 
weeds extending from the Bahamas to tli« 
Azores. [medicine. 

SARSAPARIL'LA; & species of smllax, used for 

SAR'TOR RESAR'TUS; The Tailor Mended; ly 
Carlyle. 

SAS'SAFRAS; the laurel tree. 

SAT'URDAY; named from Saturn. 

SATOL'LI, MGR.; the Pope’s first ablegate to 
America. [Japan. 

SATSU'MA-WARE; pottery made In Satsuma, 

SAT'URN; King of (he Universe and father of 
Jupiter, Neptune and Pluto. After much 
quarrelling his kingdom was divided by Ju¬ 
piter having heaven and e? i, Neptune the 
sea, and Pluto the infernal regions. 

SATURNA'LIA; a Roman festival of mirth In 
honor of Saturn. 

SA'TYRS; were the attendants of Silenus, sim¬ 
ilar to the Fauns who attended Pan. 

SAUERKRAUT; chopped, salted and fermented 
cabbage. 

SAUL; first king of Israel, 1091-951 B. C. 

SAULT STE. MARIE; straits on St. Mary’s 
river, q. v. 

SAVANT; a man of science or learning. 

SAVINGS BANKS; first introduced in Eng¬ 
land, 1804. [settlers. 

SAX'ONS; English descendants of early German 

SAX'ONY; kingdom in Germany; area, 5,789 sq. 
m.; pop. 4,202,216; King George, b. 1832. 

SCANDINA'VIA; Norway, Sweden and Denmark. 

SCAP'ULARY; a R. C. string of beads ending 
with a sacred piece of cloth. 

SCARABAE'US; a genus of beetle found in 
Egyptian tombs. [tious fever of children. 

SCARLATI'NA or SCAR'LET FEVER; an infec- 

SCHELDT; a river of France, Belgium and 
Holland, called in France and Belgium 
"l’Escaut.” 

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN; a former duchy of N. 
W. Germany; area, 7,338 sq. miles; pop. 1,387.- 
968; cap. Schleswig. 

SCHLIEMANN, H.; Ger. archaeologist. 1832-90; 


Schofield 189 Sebastopol 

made most important discoveries in Greece. 

SCHOFIELD, J.; Amer. General, b. 1831. 

SCHURZ, CARL;Ger.-Amer. politician, b. 1829. 

SCHWATKA, F.; Amer. explorer, 1849-92. 

SCIAT'ICA; rheumatism In the nerves of the 
hip. Remedy; Phenacetine 5 gr. 3 times a 
day and bathe with hot alcohol. [Mussulmans. 

SCIM'ITAR, a siort, curved sword used by 

SCIR’RRUS* e c&rcerous tumor. 

SCO'RIA; the res'duum of metals in fusion. 

SCOR'PION; an animal with claws, and sting 
in his tail; hurts but seldom kill. 

SCOT'LAND; vhe country forming the northern 
portion of Great Britain; area 29,796 sq. m.; 
pop. 4,472,103. Cap. Edinburgh. [police. 

SCOTLAND YARD; headquarters of the London 

SCOTT, SIR WALTER; Scotch novelist, poet 
and historian (Waverly tales), 1771-1832. 

SCOURGE OF GOD; Attila the Hun (451), his 
defeat by the Romans in Gaul. 

SCREW, ARCHIMEDEAN; OR SPIRAL PUMP. 
It is so-called for Archimedes, its inventor. 
It consists of a pipe twisted spirally round 
a cylinder, which, when at work, is sup¬ 
ported in an inclined position. The lower 
end of the pipe is immersed in water, and 
when the cylinder is made to revolve on its 
own axis, the water is raised from bend to 
bend in the spiral pipe until it flows out at 
the top. [Smith, 1837. 

SCREW PROPELLER; first by Ericsson and 

SCRIP'TURES; the Old and New Testament. 

SCROF'ULA; King’s Evil; a blood disease. 

SCR., SCRU'PLE; 20 grs.; a druggist’s weight. 

SCYL'LA (Myth.); a beautiful nymph who ex¬ 
cited the jealousy of Neptune’s wife, Am- 
phitrite, and was changed into a frightful 
sea-monster, with six fearfully ugly heads, 
rising unexpectedly from the deep, and tak¬ 
ing off as many as six sailors from a vessel. 
In reality it was a dangerous whirlpool and 
alternative danger with the rock Charybdis. 

SCYTH'IA; ancient name of Independent Tat* 
tary, 

SEA' HORSE; the walrus. 

SEAL FISHERIES; agreement between Gr. 
Britain and the U. S.,1894, forbidding high- 
sea killing of the seal, and limiting the time 
and amount of destruction in the Behring 
Sea. Special commission sat in Paris. 

SEA'~LION, a large seal. 

SEARCH, RIGHTS OF; not to he exerted upon 
the high seas in-times of peace; in war, 
neutrals even may be searched. 

SEA' SICKNESS; To Cure: Use 1 milligramme 
each of strychnine and atropine in mint water 
by sub-cutaneous injection. Formula: Atro¬ 
pine sulphat 0.02 gramme; strychnine sul¬ 
phate 0.04 gramme; aqua menth. pip. 40.00 
grammes. 

EEBAS'TIAN, SAINT;an early Christ’n martyr. 

SEBAST'OPOL; a fortified seaport on the Cri? 


190 


Sen 


Secchi 

mea, besieged and finally taken by the French, 
English and Italians during the Crimean war, 
1854-55. [78. 

SECCHI, P. A.; an It. priest-astronomer. 1818- 

SECES’SIONIST; a seceder or sympathizer; 
name assumed by Southern States during the 
Civil War (1861-65). 

SEC'TOR; the part of a circle between two 
radii and an arc; a mathematical instrument. 

SEC'ULAR; pertaining to this world; of a cen¬ 
tury’s duration. 

SEDAN, FRANCE: Battle of, Sept. 1, 1870; 
capitulation of Napoleon III. and his army to 
King William I. of Prussia and his allies. 

SEDG'WICK, GEO. J.; Amer. general, 1813-64. 

SEIDLITZ POWDER; bi-carbonate of soda and 
Rochelle salts. 

SEIGN'IORAGE: This term means the profit 
arising from the coinage of bullion. The 
Government does not purchase gold bullion, 
but coins it on private account. There is no 
profit from the coinage of gold bullion, the 
face value of gold coins being the same as 
their bullion value; but at the present ratio 
of 16 to 1, the face value of the silver dollar 
Is greater than its bullion value; therefore, 
when silver bullion is purchased and coined 
Into dollars there is a profit arising from such 
coinage, the amount of which depends upon 
the price paid for the bullion. For example, 
there are 371 1-4 grains of pure silver in a 
dollar, and there are 480 grains of pure Bilver 
in a fine ounce. The coinage value of a fins 
ounce is therefore $1.2929. If the fine ounce 
can be purchased for 70 cents, the profit of Its 
coinage (the seigniorage) is $0.5929 and the 
profit on the 371 1-4 grains of pure silver in 
the single dollar is $0.4586, which is the 
difference between the actual cost of the bul¬ 
lion in the dollar and the nominal value of 
the coin. [empties at Le Havre. 

SEINE; river of France; runs through Paris; 

SEISMIC: pertaining to earthquakes. 

SEISMOGRAPH; an earthquake register. 

SEISTAN'; a lake and province of Afghanistan. 

SE'LAH; a Hebrew word signifying silence or 
pause. 

SEL'ENITE; a variety of gypsum. [Great. 

SELEU'CEDAE; successors of Alexander the 

SEL'KIRK, ALEX.; a Scotch seaman, 1676- 
1724; his adventures were the origin of “Rob¬ 
inson Crusoe.” 

SELMA, ALA.; Battle of, Apr. 2. 1865. 

SELTERS or SELTZER WATER; carbonic acid, 
soda and salt. 

SEMIR'AMIS; Queen of Assyria, 2,000 B. C. 

SEMIT'IC; pertaining to the Hebrew or Arablo 
race. 

SEM'MERING; one of the Austrian Alps. 

SEMMES, RAPHAEL; Confederate naval of* 
ficer, 1609-77. 

SEM'PER I'DEM; ever the same. 

SEN; a Japanese cent. 


Senate 191 Seven 

SEN'ATE; the Upper House of Congress; M 
members, 2 from each State. [to 65 A. D. 

SEN'ECA, L. A.; Roman rhetorician, 4 B. C. 

SEN'EGAL; a river and French colony in W. 
Africa. [12,000,000, owned by the British. 

SENEGAM'BIA; a country of W. Africa, pop. 

SEN'NA; cassia leaves used as a cathartic. 

SENNAAR; a province in Upper Egypt. 

SENNACH'ERIB; an Assyrian King, ruled 702- 
680 B. C. 

SENSO'RIUM; a series of nerve centers. 

SEOUL; cap. of Corea, pop. 193,082. 

SE'PIA;a pigment from the cuttle fish; a wash¬ 
drawing made with the help of this color 
alone. 

SE'POY; native soldier of India. 

SEPT., SEPTEM'BER; the 9th month; formerly 
the 7th. 

SEP'TENNATE; a term of seven years for 
which the President of the French Republic 
is elected at a meeting held by both Houses 
of Parliament, within 3 days of the death or 
resignation of his predecessor. 

SEPTICAEMIA; blood poisoning. 

SEPTUAGENARIAN; one 70 years old. 

SEPTUAGES'IMA; the 3d Sunday before Lent. 

SEP'TUAGINT; Greek version of the Old Teata- 
I ment. 

SEQUES'TER; to seize for settlement. 

SEQUOIA; large, red-wood trees of Cal. 

SERAGLIO; a sultan’s palace; a harem. 

SERAPE'UM; a heathen temple at Alexandria 
in honor of Serapis. [ral: “seraphim.'* 

SER’APH; an angel of the highest order; plu- 

SERA'PIS; the Egyptian Jupiter, generally 
considered the same as Osiris. 

SERIA'TIM;in regular order; one after another. 

SER'PENT; the Greeks and Romans considered 
it as symbolical of a guardian spirit, and aa 
such it was often engraved on the altars. 

SE'RUM; the transparent part of the blood; 
the serum from horse-blood is very successful 
as a specific against diphtheria; is called 
**ftTlti”tOXillG ** 

BERVE'TUS, M.; a Spanish infidel author, b. 
1511; burned at the stake, in Geneva, by order 
of Calvin, 1553. 

SER'VIA; a monarchy In S. E. Europe; area 

18,630 sq. m.; pop. 2,579,840; cap. Belgrade; pop. 
54,458; Peter I, acceded to the throne after the 
assassination of former king and queen. 

SES'AME; a plant; a password. 

SESOS'TRIS; King of Egypt, 1400 B. C. 

SE'TON; a thread inserted to keep open a 
■wound to allow it to suppurate. 

SEVEN HILLS OF ROME; Aventine, Capitoline, 
Caelian, Esqulline, Quirinal, Palatine, Vim- 
inal. [a drawn battle. 

SEVEN PINES, VA. r Battle of, May 31, 1862; 

SEVEN STARS; the Pleiades. 

SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE ;Thales, Bias, 
Periander, Cleobulus, Pltacus, Solon and 







Seven Wonders 192 Sherif 

Chilo, who lived in the 6th century B. C. 

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE NEW WORLD* 
The Brooklyn Bridge, the Electric Railways, 
the Telegraph, the Telephone, the Phono¬ 
graph, the Hoosac Tunnel, the New York 
subway. 

SEVEN WONDERS OF THE OLD WORLD: 
The Pyramids of Egypt, the Pharos of Alex¬ 
andria, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the 
Temple of Diana of Ephesus, the Statue of 
Jupiter Olympus, the Mausoleum of Arte¬ 
misia, the Colossus of Rhodes. 

SEVEN YEARS' WAR; 1756-63, Prussia and 
England against Austria, Saxony. Russia, 
France and Sweden; the latter finally beaten. 

SEVENTH-DAY BAPTISTS; those who keep 
Saturday for Sunday. 

SEV'ILLE; a city of Spain, pop. 146,205. 

8EVRES; a celebrated French porcelain ware, 
made in a National factory since 1766; the 
highest example of this branch of art. 

SEWARD, W. H.; Amer. statesman, 1801-72. 

BEWTNG MA'CHINE; first in Eng. by Thomai 
Saint, 1790; in U. S. by Elias Howe, 1846. 

SEX AGES'IMA; the second Sunday before Lent. 

8EX'TANT;an Instrument for measuring angles, 

SEY'MOUR, H.; Amer. politician and lawyer, 
1811-1886. 

SFOR'ZA;a celebrated Italian family, 1450-1535. 

SHADOOF'; an Egyptian water-drawing deyice. 

SHAH; the ruler of Persia, q. v. 

SHAK'ERS; a non-marrying religious sect of 
quakers. [writer, 1564-1616. 

SHAK., SHAKES'PEARE, WM.; Eng. play- 

SHAK'O; a kind of high and stifT military cap. 

SHA'KOO; Japan measure, about 1.08 inch. 

SHA'MAN; a Turkish priest; a wizard. 

SHAM'YL, S.; a celebrated Cen. Asiatic chief, 
revolted against Russia, 1797-1871. 

SHANG'HAI; a city of E. China, pop. 380,000 

SHAM'ROCK; a trefoil clover leaf, made the 
Irish national emblem by Patrick McAlplne, 
432. 

SHAN'NON; the largest river in Ireland. 

8HAY’S REBELLION, MASS.; to reduce taxei, 
etc., 1786-7. 

SHE'BA; a province of S. Arabia. 

SHE'CHEM; a city of ancient Palestine. 

SHEERNESS'; an Eng. arsenal on Sheppy Ia- 
land, Kent. 

SHEF'FIELD, ENG.; manufacturing cltv. fa¬ 
mous for its cutlery, tools, etc., pop. 380,717 

SHEIK UL ISLAM; spiritual head of Moham¬ 
medanism. 

SHEK'EL; a Hebrew coin—silver 63c., gold $5. 

SHELLAC'; gum resin cut with alcohol. 

SHEL'LEY, P. B.; Eng. poet, 1792-1822. 

SHENANDO'AH; a celebrated valley and river 
of Va. 

SHE'OL; Hades; hell. [B. C 

8HEP'HERD KINGS OF EGYPT; 2204 to 1703 

BHER'IDAN, P. H.; Amer. General, 1831-88. 

SHER'IF; a descendant of Mohammet; the Gov. 


193 Sicilian Vespers 


Sherman 

of Msecs. 

SHER'MAN, JOHN; Amer. statesman, b. 1823. 

SHER'MAN, W. T.; Amer. General, 1820-91. 

SHER'MAN BILL; so called, made It Impera¬ 
tive for the government to purchase 4,600,000 
ounces of silver each month and to Issue 
Treasury notes to cover the amount of such 
purchase; repealed Nov. 5, 1893. 

SHET'LAND ISLANDS; N. of Gr. Britain. 

SHIB'BOLETH; the watchword of a party. 

SHIKAR'EE; in India an attendant on a hunter. 

SHI'LOH; a town in Tenn.; Battle of, April 7. 
1862. [xlix., 10. 

SHI'LOH; an ancient town of Palestine, Gen. 

SHIN'GLES; a disease girdling half the body. 
Cure: Apply mild zinc ointment. 

SHIN'PLASTER; paper money during the war. 

SHIN'TOISM; an Asiatic form of worship of 
the sun and nature. [times, pop. 25,000. 

SHIRAZ'; a Persian city, earthquaked three 

SHIT'TIM WOOD^ that of the olive tree. 

SHO'A; a district In the S. of Abyssinia. 

EHOOTTNG STARS; detached particles of me¬ 
teors. [an electric battery for direct passage. 

SHORT CIR'CUIT; connecting the electrodes of 

SHOV'ING THE QUEER; passing counterfeit 
money. 

SHRINKAGE OF GRAIN. Farmers rarely gain 
by keeping their grain after it is fit for mar¬ 
ket, when the shrinkage is taken into ac¬ 
count. Wheat, from the time »it is threshed, 
will shrink two quarts to the bushel or six 
per cent in six months, in the most favorable 
circumstances. Hence, It follows that ninety- 
four cents a bushel for wheat when first 
threshed in August, is as good, taking into 
account the shrinkage alone, as one dollar in 
the following February. Corn shrinks much 
more from the time it is first husked. One 
hundred bushels of ears, as they come from 
the field in November, will be reduced to not 
far from eighty. So that forty cents a bushel 
for corn on the ear, as it comes from the 
field, is as good as fifty in March, shrinkage 
only being taken into the account. In the 
case of potatoes—taking those that rot and 
are otherwise lost—together with the shrink¬ 
age, there is but little doubt that between 
October and June, the loss to the owner who 
holds them is not less than thirty-three per 
cent. The estimate is taken on the basis of 
interest at 7 per cent and takes no account 
of loss by vermin. 

SHROVE TUESDAY; the day before Ash Wed¬ 
nesday. 

SIAM'; a kingdom of S. Asia; area 224,000 sq. 
m.; pop. 5,000,000. Cap. Bankok. King 
Chulalongkorn, b. 1853. 

SIAMESE' TWINS; Eng and Chang, 1811-74. 

SIBE'RIA; Russian Asia, pop. 13,000,000. 

SIC'CITY; dryness; aridity without moisture. 

SICIL'IAN VESPERS; general massacre in 1282 

7 


Sicily 194 Silicon 

of the French in Sicily. [Mediterranean. 

SIC'ILY; Italy; the largest island in the 

SICJt HEADACHE; sure cure for: One tea¬ 
spoonful of sulphate of soda in a goblet of 
hot water. 

SICKLES, D. E.; Amer. General, b. 1825. 

SICK MAN OF THE EAST; the Turkish Empire. 

SIC SEM'PER TYRAN'NIS; So be it ever with 
tyrants; words uttered by Booth after murder¬ 
ing President Lincoln. 

SID'DONS, SARAH; Eng. actress, 1755-1831. 

SID'NEY, SIR PHILIP; Eng. soldier and poet, 
1554-86. [Minor. 

SI'DON; an ancient city of Phoenicia, Asia 

SIEMENS, WERNER; Ger. inventor and elec¬ 
trician, 1816-92. 

SIEN'NA; a fine yellow pigment. [Spain. 

SIER'RA NEVA'DA MTS.; a range in Cal.; also 

SIES'TA; a short, after-dinner nap. 

SIEYES, COMTE E. G.; Fr. statesman during 
Fr. Revolution. His pamphlets called the 
middle class into action against aristocracy 
and clergy, 1748-1836. 

SIGEL, FRANZ; Ger.-Amer. General, b. 1824. 

SIG'NAL SERY'ICE; a system of foretelling at¬ 
mospheric changes; in the U. S. since 1860. 
Flags—white, fair; blue, storm; white, black 
center, colder; black triangle above, warmer; 
below, colder. [painter, 1451-1523. 

SIGNORELLI, VENTURA DE; famous Italian 

SIGOURNEY, MRS. (Lydia Huntley) [ American 
authoress, 1791-1865. 

SIGSBEE, CAPT. C. D., U. S. N.; Commander 
of the “Maine,” when it exploded Feb. 15, 
1898, in the harbor of Havana. 

SIGSBEE’S VALLEY; the deepest valley in the 
Gulf of Mexico is named “Sigsbee’s Deep,” 
after its discoverer, and the scientific name 
of Sigsbeia murrhina is given to one of the 
rarest species of deep sea fauna. It was 
Sigsbee, too, who discovered near the Morn? 
light, not far from the spot where the Maine 
now lies, many beautiful specimens of the sea 
lilies, and who, while in command of the 
Blake, placed at the disposal of scientific 
investigators the first extensive collection of 
this ancient genus. We have the authority 
of Prof. Alexander Agassiz for saying that the 
success of the scientific party in the Blake 
was largely due not only to Captain Sigsbee’s 
capacity as commander and to his active in¬ 
terest in scientific investigation, but to the 
numerous improvements in the apparatus for 
deep sea dredging and sounding originating 
with him. 

SIKH; a warlike race of Hindoos, 1500-1849, 
formed into regiments in the British Indian 
military forces. 

SILE'NUS (Myth.); a Bacchanalian demi-god, 
the chief of the Satyrs; generally represented 
as a fat drunken old man, ri*K &a an ass. 
and crowned with boughs. 

SIL'ICA; pure quartz or flint. 

SIL'ICON; pulverized quartz. 


Silliman 195 Skating 

SIL'LIMAN, B.; Amer. physicist, 1816-85. 

SI'LO; a pit for keeping green fodder, [stone. 

SILU'RIAN; the strata below the old red sand- 

SIL'VER BILL; for coining standard dollars, 
1878; repealed 1893. (See Sherman Bill.) 

SIL'VER-PLA'TING SOLUTION; dissolve 1 oz. 
nitrate of silver in crystals in 12 oz. of 
boiled or rain water, add 2 oz. cyanite of 
potash and put the mixture in bottles half 
filled with whiting. Shake and apply with a 
soft rag or sponge; when dry, polish with a 
chamois skin. Wash the hands thoroughly 
afterwards, as the solution is poisonous. 

SIM'IA; a monkey or ape. 

SIMIL'IA SIMIL'IBUS CURAN'TUR; like cures 
like. [the Himalaya Mts. 

SIM'LA; summer capital of Brit. India, in 

SIMON'IDES; Gr. poet, 556-467 B. C. 

SIM'ONY; the crime of buying or selling 
church preferments. 

SIMOON'; a hot, stifling wind from the desert. 

SIMPLON PASS; a roadway built through the 
Alps by Napoleon I., 1800-6. 

SI'NAI; mountain N. of the Red Sea; from its 
top, Moses descended bearing the tables of 
the Decalogue. 

SINDE; a province in the W. of Brit. India. 

SINE; a line raised from a horizontal diameter 
until it touches a point in a circle. 

SI'NE DI'E; without date. 

SI'NE QUA NON; an indispensable condition. 

SINGAPORE'; a British settlement on an 
island S. E. of Asia. 

SINK'ING FUND; one for the payment of a 
debt. 

SINOL'OGY; knowledge of Chinese literature. 

SI'OUT; a city of Upper Egypt, pop. 25,000. 

SI'PHON; a bent tube for drawing off liquids. 

SIRDAR'; the generalissimo of the Egyptian 
army. 

SI'RENS (Myth.); sea-nymphs whose music 
lured mariners to destruction. When near¬ 
ing their abode, Ulysses had the ears of his 
companions stopped with wax, and himself 
tied to the mast of his ship. 

SIR'IUS; the Dog Star; scorching weather. 

SIROC'CO; a hot wind from the desert. 

SIS'TINE CHAPEL; in the Vatican palace, in 
Rome, frescoed by Michael Angelo and 
Raphael. 

SIS'YPHUS (Myth.); was condemned to roll a 
stone to the top of a hill in the infernal re¬ 
gions, and as it ever rolled down again, his 
punishment was eternal. 

SIT'KA; cap. of Alaska in S. E., pop. 1,396, 

SIT'TING BULL; famous Sioux chief, 1837-90. 

SIVA; the highest of the Hindoo trinity. 

SIX COMPANIES; six Chinese companies In 
San Francisco, Cal., who control all the 
Chinese landing in this country. 

SI'WAH; an oasis of N. W. Egypt. 

SKALD; an ancient Scandinavian bard. 
SKAT'ING RINKS; for the use of roller-skatr 


Snow 


Slavery 196 

first at Newport, R. I., 1866. 

SLAV'ERY; introduced into America 1620, sup¬ 
pressed in 1863 by A. Lincoln. LE. Europe. 
SLAVS; a race including Poles and Russians in 
SMALL'POX or SCARLET FEVER; take sul¬ 
phate of zinc 1 gr., foxglove (digitalis) 1 gr., 
1-2 teaspoonful of sugar; mix these with 2 
tablespoonsful of water; add 4 oz. of water, 
and take a teaspoonful every hour—dose for 
adult. [ary among Indians, 1801-73. 

SMET, FATHER DE; Fr. R. C. Jesuit mission- 
SMITH, CAPT. JOHN; founder of Va., 1579-1631 
SMITH, GOLDWIN; Eng. author, 1823. 

SMITH, SYDNEY; Eng. author, 1771-1845. 
SMITH'SON, JAMES; the natural son of the 
Duke of Northumberland; he gave $515,169 to 
found the Smithsonian Institute at Washing¬ 
ton, D. C., “for the benefit of all mankind”; 
died 1826; institute established 1846. 

SMITH’S SOUND; N. of Baffin’s Bay. 
SMOKING, COST OF, with Six per cent, compound 
interest semi-annually. 


From the 
Age of 

Two Cigars a Day 
at 5c. Each. 

Two Cigars a Day 
at 10c. Each. 

Princip’l 

Prin. & Int. 

Princip’l 

Prin. & Int. 

20 to 25 
20 to 30 
20 to 35 
20 to 40 
20 to 45 
20 to 50 
20 to;55 
20 to 60 
20 to 65 
20 to 70 

$ 182.50 
366.00 
674 50 
730.00 
912.50 
1,095 00 

1.277.50 
1,460.00 

1.642.50 
1,825.00 

$ 209.21 
490.38 
868.25 
1,376.08 
2,058.44 
3,094.99 
4.367.46 
6,078.73 
8,378.52 
11,469.25 

$ 365.00 
730.00 
1,095.()0 
1,460.00 
1,825.00 
2,190.00 
2,555.00 
2,920.00 
3,285,00 
3,650.00 

$ 418.43 
980.78 
1,736.52 
2,752.20 
4,115.92 
5,949.88 
8,414.47 
11,738.03 
16,093.51 
21,937.00 

From the 
Age of 

Three Cigars a Day 
at 5c. Each. 

Three Cigars a Day 
at 10c. Each. 

Princip’l 

Prin. & Int. 

Princip’l 

Prin. & Int. 

20 to 25 
20 to 30 
20 to 35 
20 to 40 
20 to 45 
20 to 50 
20 to 55 
20 to 60 
20 to 65 
20 to 70 

$273.75 

547.50 

821.25 

1,095.00 

1.368.75 

1.642.50 
1,916.25 
2,190.00 

2.463.75 

2.737.50 

$ 313.95 
745.74 
1,314.72 
2,081.16 
3,110.74 
4,494.41 
6,353.87 
8,855.02 

12.215 36 

16.216 37 

$547.50 

1,095.00 

1.642.50 
2,190.00 

2.737.50 
3,285.00 

3.831.50 
4,380.00 

4.927.50 
5,475.00 

$ 627.95 

1,471.56 
2,717.85 
4,281.24 
6,383-47 
9,205.16 
12,998.64 

18.100.14 
24,952.72 

34.162.14 


SMOLENSK'; a city and province of W. Russia. 

SMOL'LETT, T. G.; Eng. author (Tom Jones), 
1721-71. [201,000. 

SMYR'NA; citv of N. E. Asiatic Tu. key, pop. 

SNOW, WEIGHT OF; snow weighed \t Wash¬ 
ington at different times in 1887-8-9 weighed 
from 5 1-2 to 10 3-4 lbs. per cubic fcot. In 
Canada it weighed 14 lbs. 4 oz. on falling; 21 
lbs. 4 oz. twenty-four hours after falling, tem- 


















Snows 197 sorbonne 

perature 8 degrees Fahr.; 28 lbs. 10 oz. 
seventy-two hours after falling, temperature 
SO degrees Fahr. 

SNOWS, TO FORETELL THE NUMBER OF; 
there will be as many snows during the year 
as§the moon is days old when the first snow 
falls. (Traditional.) 

SO'CIALIST; one who believes In the abolition 
of private property in land and the instru¬ 
ments of production, believing they should 
be held by association or Government. 

SOCI'ETY ISLANDS; in S. Pacific, lat. 145 W.. 
long. 15 S.; pop. 18,000. 

SOC'RATES; a Gr. philosopher, 471-399 B. C.; 
put to death by means of the hemlock drink, 
for being disrespectful to the gods. His 
teachings came to us through the writings of 
his disciple Plato. 

SOD'OM and GOMOR'RAH; ancient cities of 
Palestine; destroyed on account of their in¬ 
iquities 1897 B. C. 

SOFA'LA; territory on S. E. coast of Africa. 

SOF'ISM; one of the Mohammedan creeds. 

SOFT SOAP, TO MAKE; in a clean pot, put 1-2 
lb. home-made lard and 1-2 lb. of sal-soda 
with 5 pts. of soft water; boil the mixture 
15 m. and it will make 5 lbs. of good soap. 

SOL (Myth.); The sun. The worship of the sun 
Is the oldest on record, and though he is 
generally referred to as being the same as the 
god Apollo, there is no doubt he was wor¬ 
shipped by the Egyptians, Persians, and 
other nations long before the Apollo of the 
Greeks was heard of. Nowadays the “Parsee 
religion” is based on the worship of the 
Sun, or eternal fire, principle of life. 

SOLAROM'ETER; a device for taking a ship’s 
bearings without referring to the sun. 

SOL'DIERS’ HOMES; at Dayton, O.; Milwau¬ 
kee, Wis.; Togus, Me.; Hampton, Va.; Leav¬ 
enworth, Kas.; Santa Monica, Cal.; Marion, 
Ind.; inmates in 1899, 17,000. Pres, of Board 
of Managers, Gen. W. B. Franklin, Hartford, , 
Conn. [turned. 

SO'LENOID; a spiral spring with one end re- 

SO'LENT; the channel between Eng. and Isle 
of Wight. 

SOL'OMAN IS.-a chain in the Ind. archipelago. 

SOL'OMON; King of Israel, 993-953. B. C. 

SOL'OMON’S TEMPLE; built at Jerusalem, 
was 36x107 ft.; destroyed 586 B. C. [equator. 

SOL'STICE; time the sun is farthest from the 

SO'LUS CUM SO'LA; alone with one’s beloved. 

SOMALI; a country on E. coast of Africa. 

SOM'NUS (Myth.); the god of sleep, son of Nox 
(Night); one of the infernal deities; resided 
In a gloomy cave, void of light and air. 

SOO; short for St. Mary’s Strait, q. v. 

SOPHI'A; cap. of Bulgaria, pop. 25,000. 

SOPH'OCLES; a Greek tragic poet, 495-405 B.C. 

SOR'BONNE; theological college in Paris, 
founded 1282; the historical building, much 




Sorghum 198 Spamsn War 

enlarged, is now occupied by the Depts. of 
Letters and Sciences of the Paris University. 

SOR'GHUM; a kind of sugar cane. 

SORO'SIS; leading American woman’s club. 

SOT'TO VO'CE; in an undertone. 

SOU; Fr. coin worth a little less than 1 dent. 

SOU'CHONG; a kind of black tea. 

SOUDAN'; vast tract of C. Africa under Anglo- 
Egypcian subjection; pop. 15,000,000. 

SOUTH AMER'ICA; S. part of the Amer. Con¬ 
tinent; area 7,240,000 sq. m. 

SOUTH CAROLINA, S. C. Named in honor of 
Charles II, of England. Nickname “The Palmetto 
State.” Area 33 ,048 sq. m.: pop. 1910, 1,515,- 
400. First settlement at Port-Royal, 1562. 
First permanent settlement at Albermarle Point, 
1670. Principal industry, agriculture. Products, 
cotton, corn, rice, potatoes and tobacco. Cotton 
and lumber mills are steadily increasing. Tem¬ 
perature 66 deg. Rainfall 56 in. Railways 2,688 
m. Electors nine: rep. 1876; dem. ever since; 
representatives seven; governor elected for two 
years; salary $3,000; cap. Columbia. 

SOUTH DAKOTA, S. D.; an Indian word meaning 
“Confederated.” Area, 77,580 sq. miles; pop. 
677,056: explored by Lewis and Clark in 1804; 
settled at Sioux Falls, 1856; organized as terri¬ 
tory, March 2, 1861; admitted as State, Nov. 2, 
1889. Principal industries: agriculture, stock 
raising and mining. One of the richest gold 
mines and tin mines are located in the Black 
Hills. The state has nearly 150 creameries and 
cheese factories; cement, lime and brick are 
undoubtedly growing to be an important manu¬ 
facturing industry. Railway mileage, 2 850* 
mean temperature, 46 degrees; rainfall. 26 in£ 
electors six; rep. 1892, dem. 1896, rep. 1900- 
1908; representatives four; governor elected 
for two years, salary $3,000, cap. Pierre. 

SOUTH'DOWN SHEEP; bred In Southern Eng¬ 
land. [combined seceded States. 

SOUTH'ERN CONFED'ERACY; formerly the 

SOUTH MOUN'TAIN, MD.; Battle of, Sept. 14, 
1862; the Confederates victorious. 

SOUTH SEA BUBBLE; Eng. trading syndicate, 
headed by Patterson (the founder of the Bank 
of England); caused great financial ruin, 1711a 

SOV'EREIGN; Eng. gold coin, $4.86. 

SPA; Belgian watering place. 

SPAHI; native Algerian cavalryman. 

SPAIN; in S. W. Europe; area 197,670 sq. m.: 
pop. 18,618,100. Cap. Madrid; pop. 612 ? 

The Queen-Regent, Maria Christina, governs 
until the young King, Alphonsus XIII., b. 
May 17, 1886, is of age. 

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR OF 1898:—January 
25. The battle-ship Maine arrived at Havana 
on a friendly visit. 

February 9. The United States Senate dlscusset 
intervention in Cuba. 

February 14. Resolutions requesting the Presb 


Spanish. 199 American War 

dent to transmit information relative to the 
situation in Cuba were adopted by Congress. 

February 15. The battle-ship Maine blown up 
in the harbor of Havana; 260 American lives 
destroyed; the next day Spain officially ex¬ 
presses regret for the Maine disaster. 

February 17. A naval court of inquiry into the 
cause of the destruction of the Maine is ap» 
pointed by the United States Government; it 
begins its work in Havana Feb. 20. 

March 7. A bill appropriating $50,000,000 for 
the national defence introduced in the House 
of Representatives. It passes the House Mar. 
8 and the Senate Mar. 9, and is signed by the 
President on that day. 

March 11. The War Department begins the mo¬ 
bilization of the army. 

March 12. Armistice offered by Spain to the 
Cuban insurgents. 

March 14. The Spanish fleet sailed from Cadis 
for the Canary Islands. 

March 19. The Maine Court of Inquiry com¬ 
pletes its labors. Its report delivered to the 
President March 25, and transmitted by him 
to Congress March 28. 

April 2. The Spanish fleet arrives at the Cape 
de Verde Islands. 

April 5. United States consuls in Cuba recalled. 

April 7. The diplomatic representatives of the 
great powers of Europe wait on the Presi¬ 
dent with a plea for peace. 

April 9. Consul-General Lee with many Amer¬ 
icans depart from Havana. 

April 11. The President Bends a message to 
Congress outlining the situation, declaring 
that intervention is necessary, advising 
against the recognition of the Cuban Govern¬ 
ment, and requesting Congress to take action. 

April 19. Congress adopts resolutions declar¬ 
ing Cuba independent and directing the Pres- 
ident to use the forces of the United States to 
put an end to Spanish authority in Cuba. 

April 20. The President signs the resolutions 
of Congress. An ultimatum to Spain cabled 
to Minister Woodford. 

April 20. The Spanish Cortes meet and receive 
a warlike message from the Queen-Regent. 

April 21. The Spanish Government sends Min¬ 
ister Woodford his passports, thus beginning 
the war. 

April 21. Congress passes an act for increasing 
the military establishment. 

April 22. Proclamation to the neutral powers 
announcing war issued by the President. 

April 22. Admiral Sampson’s fleet sails from 
Key West. The blockade of Cuban porta 
begins. 

April 22. The gunboat Nashville captures the 
Spanish ship Buena Ventura, the first prize 
of the war. v 

April 23. The President issues a call for 125,- 
000 volunteers. 


Spanish- 200 American War t 

April 24. Great Britain issues a proclamation 
of neutrality and Is followed subsequently by 
the other powers, except Germany. 

April 24. Spain formally declares that war ex¬ 
ists with the United States. 

april 25. Congress passes an act declaring that 
was has existed since April 21. 

April 25. Commodore Dewey’s fleet sails from 
Hong Kong for the Philippines. 

April 26. Congress passes an act for the in¬ 
crease of the regular army. 

April 27. Batteries at Matanzas bombarded. 

April 30. Admiral Cervera’s fleet leares ths 
Cape de Verde Islands for the West Indies. 

May 1. Commodore Dewey destroys the Spanish 
fleet at Manila. American loss, six men 
slightly wounded; on the 11th he is made a 
rear-admiral. 

May 11. American attack on Clenfuegos -and 
Cardenas. Ensign Bagley and four men on 
the torpedo-boat Winslow killed. 

May 11. Admiral Cervera’s fleet appears off 
Martinique. 

May 12. Admiral Sampson bombards San Juan 
de Porto Rico. 

May 13. The Flying Squadron leaves Hampton 
Roads for Eastern Cuba, via Key West. Com¬ 
modore Schley in command. 

May 18. A new Spanish ministry under Senor 
Sagasta comes into office. 

May 19. Admiral Ceryera’s fleet arrives in the 
harbor of Santiago de Cuba. 

May 24. The battle-ship Oregon reaches Jupiter 
Inlet, Florida. 

May 25. The President issues a second call for 
volunteers, the number this time being 75,000. 

May 30. Admiral Sampson’s fleet arrives at 
Santiago from Porto Rico. 

May 31. Forts at the entrance of Santiago Har¬ 
bor bombarded. 

June 3. Lieutenant Hobson sinks the Merrimac 
in the entrance to Santiago Harbor. 

June 6. Spanish cruiser Relna Mercedes sunk 
by American navy at Santiago. 

June 10. War Revenue bill finally passed by 
Congress; signed by the President June 13. 

June 12-14. General Shafter’s army of invasion, 
16,000 strong, embarks at Key West for San¬ 
tiago. 

June 15. Admiral Camara’s fleet sails from 
Cadiz for the Suez Canal. 

June 20-22. General Shafter’s army lands at 
Daiquiri; one killed, four wounded. 

June 21. The Ladrone Islands captured. 

June 22. The auxiliary cruiser St. Paul re¬ 
pulses a Spanish torpedo-boat attack off San 
Juan, Porto Rico. 

June 24. Juragua captured. The Spaniards de¬ 
feated at Las Guasimas. Capron and .Fish 
killed. . 

June 26. Admiral Camara’s fleet reaches Port 

Said. 


Spanish* *Qi American War 

July 1-2. The Spanish earthworks at El Caney 
and San Juan, Santiago, carried by assault, 
with heavy loss, in which the Rough Ridera 
and the Seventy-first New York participate. 

July 3. Admiral Cervera’s fleet, attempting to 
escape from Santiago, destroyed by ihe Amor* 
lean war vessels. 

July 3. The surrender of Santiago demanded. 

July 8. Admiral Dewey’s vessels take posses¬ 
sion of Isla Grande in Subig Bay, near Ma¬ 
nila, and the German gunboat Irene, which 
had been interfering, withdraws. 

July 8. Admiral Camara starts to return 
through the Suez Canal to Spain. He reaches 
Cadiz July 29. 

July 10. Bombardment of Santiago resumed. 

July 13. Admiral Cervera and Spanish prison¬ 
ers arrive at Portsmouth, N. H. 

July 17. Santiago surrendered by Gen. Toral. 

July 20. General Leonard Wood appointed Mil¬ 
itary Governor of Santiago. 

July 21. Last naval engagement on the coast 
of Cuba. Four United States warships enter 
the harbor of Nipe, and after a furious bom¬ 
bardment take possession of that port. 

July 25. United States Army under General 
Miles lands at Guanica, Porto Rico. The 
town surrenders, and Ponce follows, July 28. 

July 26. The Spanish Government, through 
French Ambassador Cambon, applies for 
terms of peace. 

July 29. General Merritt lands at Cavite, Ma¬ 
nila Harbor. 

July 30. Tne President, through the French 
Ambassador, states the American terms. 

July 31. The Americans repulse the Spaniards, 
with loss on both sides, at Malate, near 
Manila. 

August 9. General Ernst defeats a Spanish 
force at Coamo, Porto Rico. 

August 9. Spain formally accepts the Presi¬ 
dent’s terms of peace. 

August 12. The peace protocol signed and an 
armistice proclaimed. The blockade of Cuba 
raised. 

August 13. Manila surrenders to the American 
forces after a short land fight and bombard¬ 
ment by the fleet. 

August 30. General Merritt sails from Manila 
for Paris to attend the Peace Conference. 

September 9. United States Peace Commission¬ 
ers appointed. They sail for France Sept. 17. 

September 20. The evacuation of Porto Rico by 
the Spaniards begins. 

October 1. The conferences of the Peace Com¬ 
missioners begin in Paris. 

October 12. The battle-ships Oregon and Iowa 
sail from New York for Manila. 

October 18. The American army and navy taka 
formal possession of the island of Porto Rico 
at San Juan. 

October 24. Time-limit for the evacuation of 
Cuba by the Spaniards extended to January 


Spanish* 202 American War 

\ 1899. 

October 27. After long and earnest contention 
'he Spanish Peace Commissioners accept the 
American decision not to assume the Spanish 
Cuban debt. 

October 31. The United States Peace Commis¬ 
sioners present the demand of the United 
States for the Philippines. 

November 7. The Cuban Assembly organised at 
Santa Cruz del Sur. Domingo Mendez Capote 
elected President. 

December 10. The Treaty of Peace signed at 
Paris at 8:45 o’clock P. M. 

SPANISH WAR, COST OF THE; the cost to 
the United States during the 114 days of 
active hostilities, including amount actually 
paid out and liabilities incurred, was $150,- 
000,000, of which $98,000,000 had been actually 
paid when the truce was declared. 

Beginning with March 1, when the first 
increases in the expenditures in anticipation 
of war became apparent in the daily expendi¬ 
tures of the treasury, the actual disburse¬ 
ments on this account have been approximate¬ 
ly as follows: March—Army, $600,000; nivy, 
$2,400,000; total, $3,000,000. April—Army $1,- 
200,000; navy, $9,800,000; total, $11,000,000. 
May—Army, $12,000,000; navy, $7,000,000; total, 
$19,000,000. June—Army, $16,500,000; r.avy, $6,- 
600,000; total, $23,000,000. July—Army, $29,- 
500,000; navy, $5,500,000; total, $35,000,000. To 
August 13—Army, $5,600,000; navy, $1,500,000; 
total, $7,000,000. Total charged to War De¬ 
partment, $65,300,000. Total charged to Navy 
Department, $32,700,000. Grand total, $98,000,- 
000. The appropriations made by Congress 
on account of the war aggregated about $360,- 
000,000, and"cover the time to January 1, 1899. 

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, AMERICANS 
KILLED OR WOUNDED IN: , 

Number of deaths by disease and accidents 
from May 1 to Sept. 30 (1898), was as follows: 


Camp Thomas, Chickamauga Park, Ga.... 425 

Camp Cuba Libre, Jacksonville, Fla. 246 

Tampa, Fla. 56 

Cuba . 427 

At sea, en route from Cuba to Montauk 

Point . 87 

Manila, Philippine Islands. 63 

Camp Wikoft, Montauk Point, N. T. 257 

Puerto Rico . 137 

Camp Alger, Falls Church, Va. 107 

Camps in San Francisco, Cal.... 139 

Camp Poland, Tenn. 23 

Camp Shipp, Ala. 12 

Camp Meade, Pa. 64 

Camp Hamilton, Ky. 29 

Camp Wheeler, Ala. 35 

At posts and minor camps. 378 

Officers . 80 


Total 


2,565 



















Spanish War 203 Spec. Grav. 

Grand total of deaths, all causes.2,910 

The total force was 274,717 men and the loss 
by death from all causes was 1.059 per cent. 
This does not include casualities after sus¬ 
pension of hostilities or in the Philippine re¬ 
bellion. 

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, U. S. NAVY EN¬ 
LISTMENT; at the commencement of the war 
with Spain there were 10,327 enlisted men in 
the navy, including the apprentices on board 
the training ships. On Aug. 1§, 1898, the 
total number of enlisted men on the rolls was 
24,123, which was the maximum strength. 
Of this number 11,810 were regulars, enlisted 
for th'°e years; 10,297 were volunteers, en¬ 
listed x. c one year, and 2,016 were appren¬ 
tices. 

SPAL'PEEN; Irish term of contempt. 

SPAR'TA; city of ancient Greece. 

SPAR'TAN; heroic. [elty to Animals. 

S. P. C. A.; Society for the Prevention of Cru- 

SPE'CIE CIRCULAR; issued July 11, 1836, by 
U. S., demanding gold or silver for lands. 

SPE'CIE PAYMENT; suspended Dec. 30, 1861; 
resumed Jan. 1, 1879. 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: the following table gives the 
specific gravity of a number of articles, or their 
weight in proportion to a like quantity of water. 


Aluminum. 

2.6 

Apple wood, dry 

.79 

Ash, green. 

.90 

Ash, dry. 

.70 

Beech, dry. 

.69 

Brick. 

1.9 

Butter. 

.94 

Brass . 

7.8 

Bronze. 

8.218 

Cedar, dry. 

.55 

Cork . 

.24 

Copper. 

8.7 

Cream, less than. 

1. 

Earth,loose. ... 

1.5 

Elm, dry. 

.67 

Gold. 

19.2 

Gravel, loose.... 

1.9 

Granite. 

27 

Grindstone. 

2.1 

Gun metal. 

8.784 

Hickory, green.. 

.95 

Hiokory, dry.... 

.80 

Iron. 

7.4 

Ice. 

.92 

Lead. 

11.3 

Lard. 

.94 


Limestone, av’rge. 2.5 


Milk, average.1.032 

Mortar. 1.75 

Marble, Vermont.. 2.64 

Mercury.. .13.5 

Nickel.8.279 

Maple, dry, hard.. .72 

Oil, linseed.94 

Oak,dry. white... .75 

Pewter.7.471 

Pine, dry, white.. .50 

Poplar, dry.38 

Platinum.22. 

Pumice stone.91 

Pear tree, dry.66 

Sand, moist. 2. 

Silver.10.4 

Slate.. .. 2.7 

Steel. 7.8 

Sugar. 16 

Tin. 7.2 

Type metal.10.4 

Vinegar. 1.08 

Walnut, dry.65 

Zinc. 0.8 


A cubic foot of water weighs 62J£ pounds and 
when a cubic foot of any other substance weighs 
more, its specific gravity is more than 1, if it 
weighs less than 62pounds, its specific gravity 
Is less than 1. Platinum, for instance, is 22 
times heavier than an equal bulk of water, cork 
is 24, which is less than an equal quantity or 
bulk of water. 








































Spectacles 2U4 Stael-Holstein 

SPEC'TACLES; invented by Roger Bacon, 1248. 

SPEC'TROSCOPE; a device for examining the 
rays of light. [of light. 

SPEC'TRUM; a device for displaying the rays 

SPEKE, J. H.; Eng. traveler, 1827-64. 

SPEL'TER; commercial name for zinc. 

SPENCER, HERBERT; Eng. philosopher, b. 
1820. d. 1904 [head. 

SFERMACE'TI; waxy matter from a whale’s 

SPHINX, The; (Myth.); a monster having the 
head and breast of a woman, the body of a 
dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of an 
eagle, the paws of a lion and a human voice. 
She lived in the country near Thebes, and 
proposed to every passer-by the following 
enigma: “What animal is that which walks 
on four legs in the morning, two at noon, 
and three in the evening?” Oedipus solved 
the riddle thus: “Man is the animal, for 
when he is an infant he crawls on his hands 
and feet; in the noontide of life he -walks 
erect, and as the evening of his existence 
sets in, he supports himself with a stick.” 
When the Sphinx found her riddle solved, 
she destroyed herself. Her image is found 
often represented in ancient Egyptian ar- 
rhitprturp nctpr 

SPHYG'MOGRAPH; a pulse indicator and reg- 

SPIKE'NARD; a plant yielding aromatic oil. 

SPI'NAL COL'UMN; the back bone. [1632-77. 

SPINO'ZA, B.; a Dutch-Jewish philosopher, 

SPIR'ITUALISM; belief in communication with 
departed spirits, since 1848. 

SPIT'HEAD;a roadstead on the S. coast of Eng. 

SPITZBER'GEN; a group of Arctic islands. 

SPLEEN; a gland above the kidneys. 

SPOLIA'TION CLAIMS; the claims of ship own¬ 
ers who lost their vessels from seizure by 
France, against the U. S., which were settled 
with France in 1801 by offsetting counter 
claims, but the Amer. ship owners have never 
been paid by the Amer. Government, although 
the matter came many times before Congress; 
settlement has recently begun. 

SPORAD'IC; scattered cases of disease. 

SPOT'TED FEVER; typhus and cerebro-spinal. 

SPOTTSYLVA'NIA, VA.; Battles of. May 10, 11, 
12, 18, 1864; the Federals victorious. 

SPRAIN; a wrench. Cure: Rest and bathe 
often with hot lead and opium wash. 

ST.; saint. [26, 1861. 

SPRING'FIELD; a city of Mo.; Battle of, Oct. 

SPRING HILL, TENN.; Battle of, Jan. 1, 1863. 

SPUR'GEON, C. H.; Eng. preacher, 1834-92. 

SQ. IN.; square inches. SQ. FT.; square feet. 

SQ. M.; square miles. 

STA'BAT MA'TER; a descriptive hymn on the 
Crucifixion; the most famous by Rossini. 

ST.; saint. 

STA'DIUM; a Roman measure of 606 ft. 9 in.; 
pi., Stadia. 

STADT'HOLDER; a Dutch magistrate or ruler. 

3TAEL-HOLSTEIN, BARONESS DE; Fr. au- 


205 State Dept. 


Staffs 

thoress, 1766-1817. 

STAF'FA; an island W. of Scotland. 

STAKED PLAINS; a large tract in N. W. 
Tex. and E. N. M. [icicles. 

STALAC'TITE; carbonate of lime hanging like 

STALAG'MITE; same as above, extending up¬ 
ward. [1880. 

STAL'WARTS; political supporters of Grant in 

STAMP ACT; one by the Brit. Parliament Mar. 
22, 1765, ordering all contracts in the Amer. 
Colonies to be upon stamped paper and the 
duty paid to the Crown; repealed Mar. 18, 
1766; in U. S. 1791; July 1, 1862; July 1898 
(War Tax Act). [ing. 

STAMP MILL; one that crushes ore by stamp- 

STAND'ARD TIME, The United States. Ex¬ 
tending from 65 degrees to 125 degrees west, 
longitude; it is divided into four time sec¬ 
tions, each of 15 degrees of longitude, exactly 
equivalent to one hour, commencing with the 
75th meridian. The first, ‘ Eastern” section in¬ 
cludes all territory between the Atlantic 
coast and an irregular line drawn from De¬ 
troit to Charleston, S. C., the latter being 
its most southern point. The second, “Cen¬ 
tral” section, includes all the territory be¬ 
tween the last-named line and an irregular 
line from Bismarck, N. D., to the mouth of 
the Rio Grande. The third, “Mountain” sec¬ 
tion, includes all territory between the last- 
named line and nearly the western borders 
of Idaho, Utah, and Arizona. The fourth, 
“Pacific” section, covers the rest of the 
country to the Pacific coast. Standard time 
is uniform inside each of these sections, and 
the time of each section differs from that next 
to it by exactly one hour. Thus at 12 noon 
in New York City (eastern time), the time at 
Chicago (central time) is 11 o’clock A. M.; at 
Denver (mountain time), 10 o’clock A. M., 
and at San Francisco (Pacific time), 9 o’clock 
A. M. See frontispiece. 

STAND'ISH, CAPT. MILES; famous Puritan 
soldier, came on the “Mayflower,” 1584-1656. 

STAND'PIPE; a vertical pipe into which water 
is forced. 

STAN'LEY, HENRY M.; (John Rowlands); 
African explorer, b. in Wales, 1841. 

STAN'TON, E. M.; Amer. statesman, 1814-69. 

STAR'BOARD; the right side looking forward. 

STAR CHAMBER; a place where schemes are 
concocted privately; originally a secret tri¬ 
bunal. 

STARK, J.; Amer. General, 1728-1822. 

STAR ROUTE; one marked (*) over which the 
U. S. mail is not carried by steam. [eracy. 

STARS AND BARS; flag of the Southern Confed- 

STARS AND STRIPES; flag of the U. S. since 
1777. [Key, Sept. 13, 1814. 

STAR SPANGLED BANNER; song by F. S. 

STATE DEPARTMENT; has a Sec.; 1st, 2d ana 
3d Asst. Secs.; Examiner of Claims, Cfaief 
Clerk, Solicitor, Interpreters and other minor 
officers. 


Statutes of 206 Limitations 


Statutes of Limitations and Interest Laws. 


States and 
Territories. 

Interest Lavs. 

Statutes or 
Limitation s. 

Legal 

Rate. 

Rate Allowed 
by Contract. 

Judg¬ 

ments, 

Years. 

Notes, 

Years. 

Open 

Ac¬ 

counts 

Years. 

Alabama. 

Pei ot. 
8 

Per ot. 

8 

20 

0 

3 

Arkansas .... 

6 

10 

10 

5 

3 

Arizona. 

7 

Any rate. 

5 

5 

3 

California... 

7 

Any rate. 

5 

4 

2 

Colorado. 

8 

Any rate. 

6 

6 

6 

Connecticut.. 

6 

Any rate. 


(a) 

6 

Delaware... 

6 

6 

(6) 

0 

3 

Dot. Columbia 

6 

10 

12 

3 

3 

Florida. 

8 

10 

20 

5 

4 

Georgia. 

7 

8 

7 

6 

4 

Idaho. 

7 

12 

6 

5 

4 

Illinois. 

5 

7 

7 

10 

5 

Indiana. 

6 

8 

20 

10 

6 

Iowa. 

6 

8 

20 

10 

5 

Kansas.. 

6 

10 

5 

5 

3 

Kentucky.... 

6 

6 

15 

15 

2 

Louisiana.... 

5 

8 

10 

5 

3 

Maine. 

6 

Any rate. 

20 

6 

6 

Maryland_ 

6 

6 

12 

3 

3 

Massachus’tts 

6 

Any rate. 

20 

0 

6 

Michigan. 

6 

8 

6 

6 

6 

Minnesota... 

7 

10 

10 

6 

6 

Mississippi... 

6 

10 

7 

6 

3 

Missouri. 

6 

8 

10 

10 

5 

Montana. 

10 

Anv rate. 

10 

8 

3 

Nebraska .... 

7 

10 

5 

5 

4 

Nevada. 

7 

Any rate. 

0 

6 

4 

N. Hampshire 

6 

6 

20 

6 

6 

New Jersey... 

6 

6 

20 

6 

6 

New Mexico.. 

6 

12 

7 

6 

4 

New York.... 

6 

Off 

20 

6 

6 

No. Carolina. 

9 

6 

10 

3 

3 

North Dakota 

6 

12 

10 

6 

6 

Ohio. 

6 

8 

5 

15 

6 

Oklahoma... 

7 

12 

5 

5 

3 

Oregon. 

8 

10 

10 

6 

6 

Pennsylvania 

6 

6 

5 

6 

6 

Rhode Island. 

6 

Any rate. 

20 

6 

6 

So. Carolina. 

7 

8 

20 

6 

5 

South Dakota 

7 

12 

10 

6 

6 

Tennessee.... 

6 

Any rate. 

10 

6 

6 

Texas. 

6 

10 

10 

4 

2 

Utah. 

8 

Any rate. 

8 

6 

4 

Vermont. 

6 

6 

8 

6 

6 

Virginia. 

6 

6 

10 

5 

2 

Washington.. 

7 

12 

6 

6 

3 

WestVirginia 

6 

6 

ho 

10 

5 

Wisconsin.... 

6 

10 

20 

6 

6 

Wyoming.... 

8 

12 

5 

5 

3 


(o) Negotiable notes 6 years; non-negotiable 17 
years. (6) 10 and 15 years. 
































state Flowers 207 Stock-Broker 

STATE FLOWERS; the following are “State 
Flowers/' as adopted in most instances by 
the votes of the public school scholars of the 
respective States: California: California Pop¬ 
py; Colorado: Columbine; Delaware: Peach 
Blossom; Idaho: Syringia; Indiana: Corn; 
Iowa: Wild Rose; Maine: Pine Cone and Tas¬ 
sel; Michigan: Apple Blossom; Minnesota: 
Cypripedium or Moccasin Flower; Montana: 
Bitter Root; Nebraska: Golden Rod; Nevada: 
Sunflower; New York: Rose; State tree, 
Maple; North Dakota: Golden Rod; Oklahoma 
Territory: Misletoe; Oregon: Golden Rod; 
Rhode Island: Violet; Utah: Sego Lily; Ver¬ 
mont: Red Clover; Washington: Rhododendron. 

STATES NICKNAMES; Alabama, “Cotton State”; 
Arkansas, “Bear State”; California, “Golden 
State”; Colorado, “Centennial State”; Connec¬ 
ticut, “Nutmeg State”; Delaware, “Blue hen 
State”; Florida, “Peninsular State”; Georgia, 
“Cracker State”; Illinois, “Prairie State”; In¬ 
diana, “Hoosier State” ; Iowa, “Hawkeye State”; 
Kansas, “Sunflower Sta.”; Kentucky, “Blue Grass 
State” ;Louisiana, “Pelican or Creole Sta”; Maine, 
“Pine Tree State”; Maryland, “Old Line State”; 
Massachusetts, “Bay Sta.”; Michigan, “Wolverine 
State”; Minnesota, “Gopher State”; Mississippi, 
“Bayou State”; Montana, “Stubtoe State”; Ne¬ 
braska, “Black Water State”; Nevada, “Silver 
State”; New Hampshire, “Granite State”; New 
Jersey, “Sharpbaek’s State”; New York, “Empire 
State”; N. Carolina, “Tar State”; N. Dakota, 
“Flickertail State”; Ohio, “Buckeye State”; Ore¬ 
gon, “Beaver State”; Pennsylvania, “Keystone 
State”; Rhode Island. “Little Rhody Slate”; 
So. Carolina, “Palmetto State”; South Dakota, 
“Swiagecat or Coyote State”; Tennessee, “Volun¬ 
teer State”; Texas, “Lone Star State”; Utah, 
“Mormon State”; Vermont, “Green Mountain”; 
State”; Virginia, “Old Dominion”; Wisconsin, 
“Badger State”; Washington, “Chinook State”; 
W. Virginia, “Little Mountain State.” 

STE'VENS,’ THAD; Amer. politician, 1793-1868. 

STE'VENSON, R. L.; Scotch novelist, 1850-94. 

STOCK EXCHANGE; place where stocks are 
bought and sold. 

STOCK-BROKER’S TECHNICALITIES: A Bull 
is one who operates to depress the value of 
stocks that he may buy for a rise. A Bear 
is one who sells stocks for future delivery, 
which he does not own at the time of sale. 
A Corner is when the Bears cannot buy or 
borrow the stock to deliver in fulfillment of 
their contracts. Overloaded is when the Bulls 
cannot take and pay for the stock they have 
purchased. Short is when a person or party 
sells stocks when they have none, and ex¬ 
pect to buy or borrow in time to deliver. 
Long is when a person or party has a plen¬ 
tiful supply of stocks. A Pool or Ring is a 
combination formed to control prices. A 
broker Is said to carry stocks for his cus- 


Stockholm 208 Suez Canal 

tomer when »ie has bought and Is holding 
it for his account, A Wash is a pretended 
sale by special agreement between buyer and 
seller, for the purpose of getting a quotation 
reported. A Put and Call is when a person 
gives so much per cent, for the option of 
buying or selling so much stock on a certain 
day, at a price fixed the day the option is 
given. 

STOCK'HOLM; cap. of Sweden, pop. 300,024. 
STONE'HENGE; a collection of standing stones 
(remains of Druids) on Salisbury Plains, Eng. 
STONE OF SCONE; one upon which the Scot¬ 
tish Kings were crowned. [known. 

STONE TOW'ER; at Newport, R. I.; origin un- 
STONY'HURST; a famous Cath. college in Ire. 
STOR'AGE BAT'TERY; a device for storing 
electricity. [way. 

STORTH'ING; the legislative assembly of Nor- 
STORRS, R. S.; Amer. clergyman, b. 1821. 
STO'RY, J.; Amer. jurist, 1779-1845. 

STOWE, H. E. BEECHER; Amer. authoress 
(Uncle Tom’s Cabin), 1811-96. 

STRABIS'MUS; squinting of the eyes. [21 A.D. 
STRA'BO; ancient geographer, 63 B. C. to 
STRADIVAR'IUS, A. ; Ital. violin maker, 1644- 
1737. [Wellesley, Penang. (Belong to Eng.j 
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS; Singapore, Malacca, 
STRAS'BURG; a Ger. city, cap, of Alsace- 
Lorraine, pop 150,268. [Shakespeare. 

STRAT'FORD-UPON-AVON; birthplace of 
STRAUSS, J.; Aus. musical composer, 1804-49. 
STRAW'-BAIL; that given by Irresponsible 
parties. [Harlem, 1S32. 

STREET RAILROAD; the first New York an<j 
STRIKES; since the first in 1741 there have 
been over 10,000 in the U. S. 

STRU'MA; a swelling; scrofula. [seeds. 

STRYCH'NINE; a poison from nux vomica 
STUART, J. E. B.; Confederate Gen., 1833-64. 
STUART, MARY; Queen of Scots, 1542-87. 
STUTT'GART; a city of Ger., pop. 176,318- 
STU YVES'ANT, PETER; Gov. of Ne W York, 
1602-82. 

STY; a tumor; a pen. [(See Styx.) 

STYG'IAN; pertaining to the Infernal regions. 
STY'RIA; an Alpine duchy of Austria. 

STYX (Myth.); the leading river of hell, which 
was held in such high esteem by the gods, 
that they always swore “By the Styx,” and 
such an oath was never violated. [Africa. 
SUAKIN; an island in the Red Sea, E. of 
SUBORNA'TION; the inducing of another to 
perjure himself. [in court. 

SUBPOE'NA; a notice compelling attendance 
SUB ROSA; under the rose; privately. 
SUBSTRA'TUM; an underlying stratum. 
SUB-TREAS'URIES, U. S.; Baltimore, Boston, 
Chicago, Cincinnati, New Orleans, New York, 
Philadelphia, St. Louis, San Francisco. 
SU'DRA; the lowest of the Hindoo castes. 
SU'EZ CANAL'; connects the Mediterranean 


Sui Generis 209 Sunday 

and Red Sea; built by Count Ferdinand do 
Lesseps, with French capital; opened in 1869: 
a most profitable enterprise. This is the sec¬ 
ond one; the first was by Necco and Darius 
423 B. C. (See Herodotus II., 158.) 

SUI GEN'ERIS; of its own kind. 

$UI JU'RIS; Of his own right. 

SUL'PHUR; a natural mineral substance. 

5ULPFCIAN; a congregation of R. C. Priests 
since 1643, devoted to the training of candi¬ 
dates for priesthood. 

t»UL'TAN; a Mohammedan ruler. 

SU'MAC; a shrub used in medicine and dyeing. 

SUMA'TRA; an island S. of Siam; areal61,612 
sq. m.; pop. 3,168,312. 

SUM'NER, CHAS.; Amer. statesman, 1811-74. 

BUMP'TUARY LAWS; those regulating ex¬ 
penses. 

SUN, FACTS ABOUT THE: Its light Is equal 
to 5,563 wax-candles held at a distance of one 
foot from the eye. It woulu require 800,000 
full moons to produce a day as brilliant as 
one of cloudless sunshine. 

The amount of heat received annually from 
it Is sufficient to melt a layer of ice thirty- 
eight yards In thickness, extending over the 
whole earth. Yet the sunbeam Is only 1-300,- 
000th part as intense as it is at the surface of 
the sun. Moreover, the heat and light stream 
off into space equally In every direction. Of 
this vast flood only one twenty-three hun¬ 
dred millionth part reaches the earth. It is 
said that if the heat of the sun were pro¬ 
duced by the burning of coal, it would re¬ 
quire a layer ten feet in thickness, extend¬ 
ing over the whole sun, to feed the flame a 
single hour. Were the sun a solid body of 
coal, ... would burn up at this rate in forty- 
six centuries. Sir John Herschel says that if 
a solid cylinder of jce forty-five miles In 
diameter and 200,000 miles long were plunged, 
end first, into the sun, it would melt in a 
second of time. 

The diameter of the Sun is about 850,000 
miles. 

Its volume is 1,245,000 times that of the 
earth, 1. e., it would take 1,245,000 earths to 
make a globe the size of the sun. Its mass is 
674 times that of all the rest of the Bolar 
system. Its weight may be expressed in tons 
thus, 

1, 910,278,070,000,000,000,000,000, 000, 
a number which represents the force of at¬ 
traction which holds our own earth and all 
the planets steadily in their places. 

SUN CHOL'ERA MEDICINE; Cayenne pepper, 
opium, rhubarb, essence of peppermint, spir¬ 
its of camphor, equal parts; mix well. Dose, 
for adults, 15 to 30 drops in a little water 
every 15 or 20 minutes. 

3UN'DA, STRAITS OF; between Sumatra and 
Java; ISLANDS SUNDA, S. of Siam. 

SUN'DAY; (see Sabbath). 


Sunday 210 Tael 

SUN'DAY IS.; N. E. of New Zealand. 
SUN'DAY SCHOOLS; first by Robt. Ralkes, 
1781. 

SUN'DOG; luminous spot seen near the sun. 
SUPE'RIOR, LAKE; bet. U. S. and Canada; 

area 32,000 sq. m. [power. 

SUPERSE'DEAS; suspension of an officer's 
SU'PRA; above. [wine. 

SURADEVI (Myth.); the Hindoo goddess of 
SUR'PLUS; in the U. S. Treasury; distributed, 
in 1837, to the States at the rate of $1 to each 
inhabitant. 

SUR'ROGATE; Probate Judge. 

SURYA (Myth.) ■ the Hindoo god corresponding 
to the Roman Sol, the sun. 

S. W.; South-West. 

SWE'DEN; in the N. of Europe; area 172,876 
sq. m.; pop. 5,198,750. Cap. Stockholm; pop. 
246,154. Ruler, King Oscar II., b. Jan. 21, 
1829; also King of Norway. 

SWE'DENBORG, E.; Swedish clergyman, 1688- 
1772; founder of Swedenborgian sect. 

SWIFT, J.; an Irish prelate, 1667-1745 <Dean). 
SWIN'BURNE, ALGERNON C.; Eng. poet. 

(Laus VenerisV b. 1837. [Johnson in 1866. 
SWINGING ’ROUND THE CIRCLE; used by 
SWIT'ZERDAND; a Republic In Cen. Europe; 
area 15,976 sq. m.; pop. 3.315,440. Op. 
Berne. In case of war between other coun¬ 
tries, its neutrality is guaranteed by all the 
Great Powers of Europe. 488, 

SYD'NEY; city of New South Wales, pop. [382. 
SY'ENITE; quartz, hornblende and mica. 
SYL'LABUS; an abstract or compendium; such 
a document is issued by the Pope at certain 
times, to fix points of doctrine. 

SYLPHS (Myth.); Genii, who according to Pla¬ 
to, lived in the air. 

SYMPO'SIUM; a merry-making gathering. 
SYNCHRONISM; occurrence of two or more 
events at one and the same time. 

SYNOP'SIS; a general review. 

SYN'TAX; correct sentence-making; Dr. S. 
Wm. Combe, early Eng. writer on the sub¬ 
ject, 1741-1823. 

SYN'THESIS; a compounding or mixing, op¬ 
posed to '‘analysis,'’ a taking apart or dis¬ 
secting. [Mediterranean. 

SYR'IA; a province of Asiatic Turkey on the 

T 

TABAS'CO; a S. E. State of Mexico. 

TABLE D’HOTE; the regularly given hotel din¬ 
ner at a fixed price. 

TA'BLE MOUN'TAIN; two in Cal.; one in S. 
C.; the best known one at the Cape of Good 
Hope. 

TA'BOR; a mountain in Palestine, 1,800 ft. high 
TABRIZ'; a city of N. Persia, pop. 70,000. 
TABULA'RIUM; a room containing memorial 
tablets. [56-117. 

TAC'ITUS, C. C.; Roman historian (Annals), 
TAEL; a Chinese coin, nominal value, $1.40; 

1 1-3 oz. silver (see Foreign Coins). 


Tftglioni 211 T«» 

TAGLIONI, MARIA: It. dancer, 1804-84. 

TA'GUS; the largest river in S. Spain. 

TAHITI: the largest of the Society Islands, In 
Oceanica; owned by France. [City. 

TAHOE; a lake in Cal. and Nev. W. of Carson 

TAJMAHAL'; marble mausoleum built in 16th 
century at Agra, India, by the Shah Jehan 
for himself and wife, at a cost of $20,000,000 
and the labor of 20,000 men 20 years. 

TALLAHATCH'IE; a river and county of Miss. 

TAL'LEYRAND, PRINCE DE; a Fr. statesman, 
1754-1838. [b. 1832. 

TAL'MAGE, T. D.; Presbyterian clergyman, 

TAL'MUD; a book of Jewish laws. [1789. 

TAM'MANY; a Dem. society formed In N. Y. 

TAM'PA; a large bay In Florida. 

TANGERINE; a s..iall, reddish orange. 

TANGIER'; a fortified seaport of Morocco on 
the Sts. of Gibraltar; pop. 30,000. 

TANNHAUSER; a German legend of the Middle 
Ages; an opera by Wagner. 

TAN'ISTS; a religious sect in China. 

TAN'TALUS (Myth.); as a punishment for 
serving up his son Pelops as meat at a feast 
to the gods, was placed in a pool of water 
In the infernal regions; but the waters re¬ 
ceded from him whenever he attempted to 
quench his burning thirst. Hence the word 
“tantalizing.” 

TAPE'WORM; Cure for: 1 oz. shelled pump¬ 
kin seeds bruised to a paste, mix with 2 oz. 
of water thoroughly and take It in the morn¬ 
ing, fasting; in 2 hours take from 2 to 4 
tablespoonsful of castor oil. [420. 

TAR'ASCON • a city of S. E. Francepop. 15,- 

TARANTEL'LA; a whirling Italian dance. 

TARAN'TULA; a large, hairy, ground spider. 

TAR'BOOSH; an Eastern headdress for men. 

TAR'IFF; a duty upon articles of export and 
import. 

TARIFF FOR REVENUE ONLY; sufficient for 
expenses, but not for protection of home In¬ 
dustries. 

TARIFF IS A LOCAL ISSUE; Gen. Hancock, 
in the Presidential campaign of 1880. 

TARPE'IAN ROCK; one from which criminals 
were thrown in Rome. 

TAR'SUS; a city of Asia Minor. [W. of China. 

TAR'TARY; the great central belt of Asia, 

TAS'MANIA; a large island S. of Australia, 
formerly called Van Diemen’s Land. 

TAS'SO, TORQUATO; an Italian poet (Jerusa¬ 
lem Delivered), 1544-95. [marks on skin. 

TATTOO'; evening drum-beat; indelible ink 

TAU'RUS; a bull. 

TAUROM'ACHY; bull fighting. 

TAY BRIDGE DISASTER; Dec., 1879. 

TAYLOR, BAYARD; Amer. author, 1825-78. 

TAYLOR, TOM.; Eng. dramatist, 1817-80. 

TAYLOR, ZACHARY; (see Presidents). 

TCHAD; a lake of Africa in the Soudan. 

TEA; destroyed in Boston Harbor, 1773, 4B 9 
protest against British taxation. 


Technology ziz Telephone 

TECHNOL'OGY: science of the industrial 

TELAU'TOGRAPH; an electric device for 
transmitting one’s own handwriting. 

TEL'EGRAPH; first, from Washington to B&ltl- 
more, May 21, 1844, by Morse. 

TELEGRAPH RATES TO FOREIGN COUN¬ 
TRIES. 

These rates are from ClliCcl^O. The address and signature ari 
included in the chargeable matter, and the length of words is limited 
to fifteen letters. When a word is composed of more than fifteen let¬ 
ters, erery additional fifteen or fraction of fifteen letters will be counted 


as a word. 

Per Word. 

Algeria.$0.38 

Alexandria (Egypt) .60 

Antigua.81 

Argentine Repub. ...1.00 

Austria.38 

Barbadoes.91 

Belgium.31 

Bermuda.46 

Bolivia.1.25 

Brazil.1.40 

Bulgaria.41 

Burmah.92 

Per Word. 

Matanzas.20 

Melbourne (Aus.)... .63 
MexicoCity, $1.7510 ws. 
Nassau, Bahamas.. .35 
Natal (So. Africa).. .92 

Netherlands.31 

New So. Wales.63 

New Zealand.63 

Norway,.41 

Orange Free State.. .92 

Panama. .97 

Paraguay., , t , 1.0(1 

Callao (Peru).1.25 

Cairo (Egypt).66 

Penang .1.17 

Peru.1.25 

Cape Colony (8. Af.). .92 

Ceylon.94 

Chile.1.25 

Porto Rico.Jg.75 

Portugal.45 

Queensland .. It , fi3 

China.1.19 

Ron mania..,_ T _ IIt ,46 

Cochin China.1.25 

Colon.97 

Cyprus.,. .62 

Demerara.1.44 

Ecuador.1.25 

Russia (Europe).... .49 
Russia (Asia, West) 56 
Russia (AsiaEast).. .56 

Santo Domingo.1.32 

Scotland , ,31 

England.31 

Servia.,4(1 

France.31 

Germany.31 

Sicily.37 

Siam . ,,, .03 

Gibraltar . 49 

Greece . 42 

Singapore . 1.17 

Spain . ,. .,,, 44 

Guatemala . 50 

Havana . 15 

St. Thomas . 1.69 

Sweden . , .44 

Hayti . 1.05 

Honolulu.41 

Hungary.38 

India. 92 

Ireland.31 

Italy.37 

Switzerland.36 

Sydney (N. S. W.).. .63 

Tangier.51 

Tasmania . 63 

Transvaal ....,. 92 

Trinidad.. _ T .. r T 98 

Jamaica . 48 

Japan . 1.50 

Java . 1.29 

Turkey (Europe)... .43 

Turkey (Asia) . 51 

TTmiriiav. 1 011 

Korea (Seoul) . 1.50 

Malta . 41 

Manila . 1.09 

Martinique . 1.00 

Venezuela . 1.50 

Vera Cruz,$1.75,lOwds. 
V ictoria (Aus.) . 63 


The rates from New York to Eastern points are 
6 cents less than rates given from Chicago. From 
San Francisco to Western points 7.5 cents leu 
than rates given from Chicago. 

TEL'EPHONE, HISTORY OF THE: The first 
discoverer of the speaking telephone was 
Johann Philipp Reis, a German scientist. 








































































Telephone 213 Tell 

April 25, 1861, Reis exhibited his telephone 
at Frankfort. As its commercial value was 
not at all comprehended, little attention was 
paid to it. Reis died in 1874, without having 
reaped any advantage from it, and disheart¬ 
ened by continual rebuffs. Meanwhile, ths 
idea wa^ being worked into more practical 
shape by Prof. Elisha Gray, and Prof. Alex* 
ander Graham Bell, and later by Edison. 
Gray’s successful experiments antedated those 
of the others, but Professor Bell was the first 
to perfect his patent. Feb. 12, 1877, his ar¬ 
ticulating telephone was tested by experi¬ 
ments at Boston and Salem, Mass., and was 
found to convey sounds distinctly from one 
place to the other, a distance of eighteen 
miles. This telephone was exhibited widely 
during that year, and telephone companies 
were established to bring it into general use. 
Edison’s carbon "loud-speaking” telephone 
was brought out in 1878. The Examiner of 
Patents at Washington. July 21, 1883, decided 
that Bell was me first Inventor, because he 
was the first to complete his invention and 
secure a full patent. Since 1878 there have 
been many improvements in the different 
parts of the telephone, rendering it now 
nearly perfect in Its working. The leading 
original patent expired in 1894, but the Bell 
Co. was so strongly entrenched that it still 
has supremacy over almost the whole U. S. 

TELEPHONE, CURIOUS FA' S ABOUT THE: 
The phone is composed of three parts. Firat, 
the ringing apparatus, then the transmitter, 
and last the receiver. In the first are two 
small cords about the size of a No. 40 
thread immediately behind the bells, each 
containing 500 feet, and In the ringing ma¬ 
chine is another coil, containing 1,200 feet, 
making in all 2,200 feet. In the second part 
is a coil of wire, about the size of No. 60 
thread, which contains 500 feet. In the re¬ 
ceiver is 200 feet more, making in all 2,900 

feet. In the Chicago telephone exchanges 

there are 89,000instruments. With 2,900 feet 
in each the total would make258,100,000 ft 
of very fine wire in use in the telephones of 
that city alone. Figuring 5,280 feet to tha 

mile, it would make over 48.882 miles, 

of wire as fine as a thread. This wire Is 
Insulated or shielded with two thicknesses of 
extremely fine silk thread, and is an Item 
of considerable expense, as the spools or coils 
are easily burned out. There is an equal 
amount of wire contained In coils back of the 
switchboard at "central," which makes 87, 
764 miles. 

TEL'ESCOPE; first made by Hans Leppersheln. 
a Dutchman, 1608; the largest, the Yerkes in 
Chicago, 40-Inch glass, 1893; a larger one at 
the Paris Exposition of 1900. [50. 

TELL, WM.; champion of Swiss liberty, 1305- 


Telpherage 214 Texas 

TEL'PHERAGE; moving suspended cars elec¬ 
trically. 

TEM'PERATURE OF THE HUMAN BODY; 
Normal and healthy: 98 2-5 degrees. 

TEM'PLARS, KNIGHTS; a religious order 
founded 1250- suppressed by King Philip IV. 
of France (1357). 

TEM'PLARS, INDEPENDENT ORDER OF 
GOOD; founded July 21,1852, (total abstainers); 
membership 560,000; juvenile branch, 200,000. 

TEM'PUS FU'GIT; time flies. [bone. 

TEN'DON; a cord connecting the muscles and 

TENNESSEE, TENN.; Indian word meaning “River 
of Big Bend.” Nickname “Volunteer State” ; area, 
42,050 sq. m. ;pop. 2,184,789. Principal indus¬ 
tries, agriculture and manufacturing; products, 
cotton, corn, oats and tobacco. Railways, 3,136 
miles; temp. 59 degrees; rain fall, 50 inches; 
The blast furnaces, machine shops, rolling mills 
and other branches of the iron industry are 
rapidly growing assets. The manufactured pro¬ 
ducts of the State for 1900 amounted to over 
$100,000,000. Coal, gold, and copper are other 
minerals mined, and the State leads in its marble 
quarries; electors, 12; dem. since 1876; repres., 
10; governor elected for two years; salary, 
$4,000; capital, Nashville. 

TEN'NYSON, LORD; Eng. poet, laureate; (la 
Memorlam), 1809-1892. 

TER.; Territory. 

TERE'DO; a boring worm In wood long lb 1 * 
mersed in warm sea-water. 

TER'ENCE; a Latin author about 193-155 B. C. 

TER'MINUS (Myth.); the Roman god of boun¬ 
daries. [sided over dancing. 

TERPSICH'ORE (Myth.); the Muse who pre- 

TER'RA AL'BA; a white earth used In adul¬ 
terations. [baked. 

TER'RA-COT'TA; potter’s clay and fine sand 

TER'RA FIR'MA; Arm ground; mainland. 

TER'RA INCOG'NITA; an unknown country. 

TER'RAPIN; a species of fresh-water turtle, 
the best comes from Chesapeake Bay. 

TER'TIARY; the third formation of the earth. 

TERTUL'LIAN; a Latin ecclesiastical writer, 
150-230. 

TES'LA, NICOLA; electrician, b. In Servla, 
1857; settled in U. S. 

TETE-A-TETE; a French word meaningface-to face 
conversation. 

TEU'TON; one of German race. In a wider sense, 
including those of Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon 
origin. The German branch is divided into the 
Low German and the High German. 

TEXAS, TEX.; an Indian word meaning “ Friends.” 
Nickname, “Lone Star State.” Visited by the 
Spaniards, 1585; settled at San Antonio, 1630; 
admitted as state, 1845; area, 266,011 sq. m.; 
pop. 3,896,642; temp. 68 degrees; rain fall, 29 
in. Principal industries, agriculture and stock 
raising. Discovery of oil has been one of the 
'argest of recent years. Mineral resources of the 


Thalberg 215 Thor 

State are practically undeveloped. Rail’s, I 3,147 
in. Texas leads the world with its cattle industry, 
its stock cattle for 1900, being valued at nearly 
$150,000,000. Over four and a half million lbs. 
of wool are clipped annually. The largest cotton 
seed oil mills of the country are located in Texas. 
Sugar, cement, liquors, brick and tile are other 
manufactured products. The salt industry is well 
developed nearly 400,000 barrels having been 
produced in 1900. Electors, 20; dem. since 1876 ; 
representatives, 18; the governor elected for two 
years; salary $4,000; capital, Austin. 

THAL'BERG, S.; a Swiss pianist, 1812-71. 

THA'LES; a Greek philosopher, 640-545 B. C. 

THALI'A (Myth.); the Muse who presided over 
comedy. [through London. 

THAMES; the largest river in England, runs 

THANKSGIV'ING; a special day of prayer, 
since 1622; national since 1862; last Thursday 
in November. 

THE'ATER; first in Athens, Greece, 420 B. C. 

THEBES; early cap. of Egypt, destroyed 86 B.C. 

THEINE; the same principle as Caffeine, q. v. 

THE'MIS (Myth.); the Roman goddess of 
laws, ceremonies and oracles. [B. C. 

THEMIS'TOCLES; Athenian statesman, 512-449 

THEOD'OLITE; an instrument for measuring 
angles. 

THEODO'SIUS; Emperor of the East, 346-95. 

THEOL., THEOL'OGY the science of religion. 

THEOPHRAS'TUS; a Greek philosopher, 372- 
287 B. C. 

THEOS'OPHY; a professed mystical relation 
between God and man; organizer: Madam* 
Blavatsky, a Russian. 

THERMOM'ETER; an instrument for Indicat¬ 
ing temperature, first in 1610. 

THERMOPYLAE; a pass in the N. E. cf 
Greece; Battle of, 480 B. C.; 300 Spartans 
against enormous Persian army. [ulator. 

THER'MOSTAT; an automatic temperature reg- 

THESAU'RUS; a treasury of cyclopedic knowl¬ 
edge. 

THE'SEUS; one of the most famous of the 
Greek heroes. A son of Aegeus, King of 
Athens. 

THE'TIS (Myth.); a sea-goddess and the moth¬ 
er of the famous Achilles (q. v.), whom she 
rendered all but invulnerable by dipping him 
into the River Styx. 

THJBET'; a Chinese dependency in C. Asia. 

THIERS, L. A.; a Fr. hist, and statesman, 
1797-1877. First President of the present Fr. 
Republic (1871-73). 

THIM'BLE RIG; a game of three small cup* 
and a ball; a great cheating device. 

THIRD HOUSE; the lobby. 

THIR'TY YEARS’ WAR; bet. Ger. Catbolici 
and Protestants, 1618-48. 

THOM'AS, G. H.; Amer. Gen., 1816-70. 

THOR (Myth.); the Scandinavian war god (eon 


Thorax 219 Token 

of Odin), who had rule over the aerial re¬ 
gions, and, like Jupiter, hurled thunder 
against his foes. THOR’S BELT is a girdle 
which doubled his strength whenever he put 
it on. 

THO'RAX; the chest between the neck and the 
abdomen. [mal) from the purest blood. 

THOR'OUGHBRED; a horse (in fact any au- 

THORWALDSEN, A. B.; a Danish sculptor, 
1770-1844. [bet. U. S. and Ottawa, Can. 

THOU'SAND ISLANDS; in St. Lawrence River, 

THUCYD'IDES; a Greek historian, 471-400 B.C. 

THUG; a strangling robber of Hindostan. 

THUN'DERER (The); Jupiter; The London 
“Times.” 

THUR'MAN; A. G.; Am. statesman, 1813-95. 

TI'BER; a river of Central Italy, runs through 
Rome. 

TIBE'RIAS; a city of Galilee, pop. 2,500. 

TIC DOULOUREUX; an affection of a facial 
nerve. [land. 

TICINO; a Swiss canton and river of Switzer- 

TICONDERO'GA; a noted N. Y. town and fort. 

TIERRA DEL FUEGO; Is. S. of S. America. 

TIFLIS; a city of W. Asia, pop. 160,000. 

TI'GRIS; a river in W. Asia, length 1,500 m. 

TILDEN, S. J.; Amer. statesman, 1814-86. 

TIL'SIT; a city of Ger., pop. 20,251; Treaty of, 
1807, bet. Napoleon and Alex. I. of Russia. 

TIMBUC'TOO; town of C. Africa, pop. 20,000. 

TIMOUR'; an Oriental conqueror, 1335-1405. 

TIP'POO TIB' • an Arab slave trader of Central 
Africa, b. 1840. 

TITIAN, T. V.; an Italian painter, 1477-1576. 

TI'TUS; a Roman Emperor, A. D. 40-81. 

T. O.; Turn over. [go. 

TOBAC'CO; so named from Tabaca, Sax Domin- 

TOBACCO INDUSTRY IN THE U. S.; total produc¬ 
tion for 1900, 868,169,275 pounds. Nearly one 
half of the tobacco used in the world is grown in 
the United States. New York, Pennsylvania and 
Ohio led in the manufacture of tobacco in 1900. 
Value of the products in these states being, res¬ 
pectively, $49,000,000, $91,500,000 and $11,- 
250,000. The internal revenue for 1892 was 
paid on 298,048,999 pounds of chewing and 
smoking tobacco, 17,671,196 pounds of snuff, 
2,651,618.797 cigarettes and 6,864,499,695 
cigars. The production for 1909 is rated as 
follows:—Total manufactured tobacco, 310,654,- 
699 lbs.; snuff, 18,840,747 lbs.; cigars, number 
7,426,890,409; cigarettes, 3,091,563,668. The 
growing of tobacco has been confined principally 
to the S. States, but a number of the more N. 
States are now successfully cultivating the plant. 

TOBOG'GAN SLIDE; an incline usually covered 

_ with snow. 

TOBOLSK'; a city of W. Siberia, pop. 20,427. 

TO'GA; a Roman outer garment;a Judge's robe. 

TOEP'LITZ; a watering-place in Bohemia. 

TOKAY'; a Hungarian wine. 

TO'KEN; a sign; a souvenir. 


Tokio 21V Tidjttn 

fOKIO'; a city of Japan, pop. 1,507,557. 

TOLE'DO; a city of Spain, pop. 35,469. 

TOL'STOI, COUNT LYOFF; Russian novelist 
(Anna Karenina), b. 1828. 

TOLU'; balsam from a S. Amer. tree. 

TOM'AHAWK; an Indian hatchet. 

TOMBIG'BEE; a river of Miss, and Alabama. 

TOM’S RIV'ER; a river of New Jersey. 

TON; 2,240 lbs., commonly 2,000 lbs. 

TON'NAGE; cubical contents of a ship or car. 

TON'GA; group of 180 islands in S. Pacific. 

TON'IC; a medicine that invigorates. Formula*. 
Elixir of quinine, iron and strychnine; 1 tea- 
Epoonful before meals. 

TONQUIN; a gulf and prov. In S. China. 

TONSILI'TIS; an inflammation of the throat. 

TON'SILS; two small projections in the throat 

TONTINE; a peculiar annuity form of life in¬ 
surance. [orine. 

TO'PAZ; a precious stone of alumina and flu- 

TO PHET; an unclean place; type of hell. 

TOREADOR; a bull-fighter. 

TORON'TO; a city of Canada, pop. 207,971 

TORPE'DO; a destructive device for explosion 
under water. 

TOR'RES; a strait bet. Australia and Guinea. 

TORRICELLI, E.; an It. scientist (barometer), 
1608-47. 

TOR'SO; the trunk of a statue. 

TORT; a wrong done to a person. 

TORTILLA; the unleavened Mexican pancake. 

TORTU'GAS; group of U. S. Is. S. of Florida. 

TO'RY; old name for a conservative in Engliah 
politics. 

TO'TEM; a symbolic pole rudely carved, es¬ 
pecially found among the Alaska Indians. 

“TO THE VICTOR BELONG THE SPOILS,” 
—W. L. Marcy. 1832. [101,172. 

TOULON'; a naval seaport of France, pop. 

TOURGUENIEFF, IVAN; Russian novelist, 
1818-83. 

TOUR'NAMENT or TOUR'NEY; a mock battle. 

TOURS; a city of France, pop. 64,095. 

TOUT ENSEMBLE; the whole taken together. 

TOW'ER OF LON'DON; a fortress containing 
the crown jewels, etc. 

TRA'CHEA; the wind-pipe. [wind-pipe. 

TRACHEOT'OMY; making an opening In the 

TRADE-MARK; one protected by law. 

TRADES'-UNION; a combination of workmen 
for the protection of their rights* first in 1741. 

TRADE'-WINDS; winds whose domain extends 
about 30 degrees each side of the Equator and 
which always blow in opposite directions to¬ 
ward the Equator. 

TRAFALGAR'; a Spanish cape; Square in 
London; Battle of, 1805, won by Lord Nelson 
over the Fronch-Spanish fleet. 

TRA'JAN, U. W.; a Roman Emperor, 53-117. 


Transub. 218 Treasury 

TRANSUBSTANTIA'TION; a belief that the 
Sacramental bread and wine are changed by 
the invocation of the priest celebrating mass 
into the actual body and blood of Christ. 

TRANSVA'AL; a republic in S. Africa; area 
119,139 sq. m.; pop. 1,094,156. Dutch called 
Boers. Capital Pretoria; first war with Eng¬ 
land (1881); Boer victory of Majuba Hill Feb. 
27. Peace favorable to Boers. Grave compli¬ 
cations with England (October, 1899). Oct. 
10. Boer ultimatum. Oct. 12. Boers invade 
Natal. Oct. 20. Siege of Kimberley by the 
Boers. Oct. 20. British victory at Dundee. 
Oct. 21. British victory at Elandslaagte. 
Oct. 29. Siege of Ladysmith begins. Oct. 
30. 870 British taken by Boers. Nov. 6. 

Shelling of Mafeking by besieging Boers. 
Nov. 9. First British transport reaches Cape 
town. Nov. 16. Wrecking of armored train 
by Boers at Estcourt. Nov. 23. Gen. Lord 
Methuen’s victory at Gras-Pan. Nov. 26. 

Second British Victory on Modder River. 
Dec. 10. Defeat of Lord Methuen at Spit- 
fontein. Dec. 10. Defeat of Gen. Gatacre 
at Stromberg; 1,000 British captured. Dec. 
15. Defeat of Gen. Buller at Colenso, on 
Tugela River; loses 1,200 men and eleven 
guns. Dec. 18. Lord Roberts appointed 
Commander-in-chief with Lord Kitchener 
chief of staff. 60,000 more men ordered to 
the front. January 7, 1900. Portion of 

Suffolk regiment captured. Over 900 British 
ofllcers and men lost in second battle on 
Tugela. Jan. 20. Gen. Clery captures Spion 
Kopje. Jan. 23. Gen. Warren driven from 
Spion Kopje with heavy losses. Gen. Buller 
retreats to the Tugela. Feb. 3. Lord 
Roberts asks for 90,000 more men. Feb. 3-10. 
Third failure of Gen. Buller to relieve Lady¬ 
smith. Feb. 26. Lord Roberts captures Gen. 
Cronje and 4080 Boers after a week of bom¬ 
bardment. Relief of Kimberley. Feb. 27. 
Relief of Ladysmith by Gen. Buller; the 
Boers in orderly retreat with all their guns. 
March 14. Roberts’ army occupies Bloomfontein. 
Annexed by Gr. Britain Sept. 1, 1900. Acknow¬ 
ledged by Burghers May 31, 1902. 

TREAS'URY DEPARTMENT, THE; has a 
Sec., 1st Asst. Sec., 2d Asst. Sec., Comptrol¬ 
ler of the Currency, Chief Clerk. Director 
of the Mint, Chief of the Bureau of Statis¬ 
tics, Chief of the Bureau of Engraving and 
Printing, Supervising Architect, Supt. of tbt 
Coast Survey, Treasurer and Asst. Treasurer, 
Register, Supt. of Life Saving Service, 
Comptroller and Asst. Comptroller, 1st, 2d, 
3d, 4th, 5th and 6th Auditors, Com. o' 
Customs, Com. of Internal Revenue, Com. ol 
Navigation, Solicitor. 


Trent Aft'air 219 Tricks 

TRENT AFFAIR; seizure of Mason and Slidell. 
Confederates envoys to Eurepe, by Capt. Win¬ 
slow of the U. S. N., on Eng. steamer Trent, Nov. 
8; released Dec. 27, 1861. 

TRIALS, REMARKABLE ENGLISH; King Charles 
1., Jan. 20; condemned Jan. 27, 1649. 

“Oates’s Popish Plot,” Edward Coleman, con¬ 
victed, Nov. 27; Wm. Ireland and other priests, 
Dec. 17, 1678. 

-Robt. Green and others, Feb. 10; Thomas 

Whitbread and other Jesuits, June 13; Richard 
Langhorne, counsellor, convicted, June 14,1679. 

Rye House Plot, Wm. Lord Russell, convicted, 
July 13; Algeron Sidney, Nov. 21, 1683. 

Eugene Aram, for murder at York, executed, 
August 13, 1759. 

Warren Hasting: lasted seven years and. three 
months, Feb. 13, 1788. 

Robert Emmett, at Dublin, for high treason, 
executed Sept. 20, 1803. 

Park Lane Murder, Margaret Dixblanco, sen¬ 
tenced to penal servitude for life, for murdering 
her mistress, June 21, 1872. 

Blood’s Conspiracy; Blood, a discarded officer of 
Oliver Cromwell’s household, with his confed¬ 
erates, siezed the duke of Ormond intending to 
hang him, and had got him to Tyburn, when he 
was rescued by his friends, Dec. 6,1670. Blood 
afterward, in the disguise of a clergyman, 
attempted to steal the regal crown from the 
Jewel-office in the Tower, May 9, 1671; yet, not¬ 
withstanding these and other offences, he was 
not only pardoned, but had a pension of £500 per 
annum settle on him by Charles II., 1671. He 
died August 24, 1680. 

Bloody Assizes, held by Jeffrey’s in the West of 
England, August, 1685, after the defeat of the 
Duke of Monmouth in the battle of Sedgmoor. 
Upwards of 300 persons were executed after 
short trials; very many were whipped, impris¬ 
oned, and fined, and nearly 1000 were sent as 
slaves to the American plantation. 

TRIBUNAL, REVOLUTIONARY; established at 
Paris, Aug. 1792. Up to July 27, 1794, whe« 
Robespierre was deposed, it had put to death 
2774 persons, including queen Marie Antoinette, 
the princess Elizabeth, and a large number of 
nobility and gentry, male and female. The oldest 
victim was counsellor Dupin, aged 97; the 
youngest, Charles Dubost, aged 14. From July 
27 to Dec. 15,1794, only Robespierre and his 
accomplices (about 100) suffered by it. 
TRICH'INA; a parasite or worm found in hogs and 
some other animals, producing a disease called 
Trichinosis. * 

TRICKS AND SHORT CUTS WITH FIGURES. 

Odd or Even; or the Mysterious Addition .—You 
take a handful of coins or counters, and invite 
another person to do the same, and to ascertain 
privately whether the number he has taken is odd 
or even. You request the company to observe that 
you have not asked a single question, but that you 
are able, notwithstanding, to divine and counteract 
Vis most secret intentions, and that you will, in 


Tricks 220 Trilogy 

proof of this, yourself take a number of coins and 
add them to those he has taken, when, if his num¬ 
ber was odd, the total shall be even; if his number 
was even, the total shall be odd. Requesting him 
to drop the coins he holds into a hat, held on high 
by one of the company, you drop in a certain num¬ 
ber on your own account. He is now asked if his 
number was odd or even; and, the coins being 
eounted, the total number proves to be, as you 
stated, exactly the reverse. The experiment is 
tried again and again, with different numbers, 
but the result is the same. The secret lies 
in the simple arithmetical fact that if you add an 
odd number to an even number, the result will be 
odd; if you add an odd number to an odd number, 
the result will be even. You have only to take care, 
therefore, that the number you yourself add, 
whetner large or small, shall always be odd. 

The diameter of a circle equals the circumfer 
ence multiplied by 0.31831. 

The diameter of a circle equals the square root 
of the area multiplied by 1.12838. 

The side of an inscribed equilateral triangle 
equals the diam. of the circle multiplied by 0.86. 

The side of an inscribed square equals the dia¬ 
meter of the circle multiplied by 0.225. 

The circumference of a circle multiplied by 
0 282 equals one side of a square of the same area. 

The side of a square equals the diameter of a 
eircle or the same area multiplied by 0.8862. 

The area of a triangle equals the base multiplied 
by half the altitude. 

The area of an ellipse equals the product of both 
diameters and .7854. t 
The solidity of a sphere equals its surface multi¬ 
plied by one-eighth of its diameter. 

The surface equals the product of its circumfer¬ 
ence and diameter. 

The surface equals the square of the diameter 
multiplied by 3.1416. 

The surface equals the square of the circumfer¬ 
ence multiplied by 0.3183. 

The solidity of a sphere equals the cube of its 
diameter multiplied by 0.5236. 

The diameter of a sphere equals the square root of 
the surface multiplied by 0.56419. 

TRICOLOR; a flag of three colors. The French 
National Flag, blue, white and red, divided ver- 
ically. That of German Empire, black, white 
and red. Italy, green, white and red. Belgium, 
black, yellow and red. Holland, red, white and 
blue divided horizontally. 

TRIENNIAL PARLIAMENTS; on Feb. 13, 1641, an 
act was passed providing for a meeting of a 
parliament at least once in three years. This 
law was broken by the Long Parliament, and was 
repealed in 1664. Another triennial bill, was 
passed in 1694, and repealed by the Septennial 
act, 1716. 

TRIGONOMETRY; science of the measurements of 
plain and spherical triangles. 

TRILOGY; group of Three Greek Tragedies, repre¬ 
senting a different story or connected with each 
other by a common subject. 


Trinidad 221 Trotting 

TRIN'IDAD; area, 1,754 sq. miles; pop. 255,148; 
cap. Trinidad. People are principally of mixed 
European and African blood. Both French and 
Spanish are spoken. Under the government of 
Great Britain. 

TRINITY; doctrine that»the Father, Son and Holy 
Ghost are three in one; equal in power and glory, 
the one Eternal God. [1546, by Henry VIII. 

TRINITY COLLEGE; Cambridge; Eng. founded in 

TRINITY SUNDAY ; follows immediately after 
Whitsunday. 

TRIPLE ALLIANCE ; name given to several im¬ 
portant treaties. First 1688 between England, 
Holland and Sweden. 

TRIP’OLI; under Turkish rule; area, 400,000 sq. 
m.; pop. 1,000,000. Practically no Turkish sett¬ 
lers. Revenue, 1902, £85,420. Expenditures, 
£170,424. Barley, wheat, dates, olive, oranges 
and lemons are chief products. Exports, ivory, 
ostrich’s feathers and goat skins. Cap. Tripoli. 

TR1POLITZA, (Greece); was stormed by the Greeks, 
who committed dreadful cruelties, Oct. 5,1821; 
retaken by the Egyptians, June 30,1825; given 
up to the Greeks, 1828. 

TRIREMES; galleys with three banks of oars, are 
said to have been invented by the Corinthians, 
784 or 700 B.C. 

TRISTAN D’AGUNHA; a small island in South 
Atlantic. Before the opening of the Suez Canal, 
the island prospered, through the visits of ships, 
now very rare. 

TRIUMPHS; were granted by the Roman Senate 
to generals of armies after they had won great 
victories. They were received into the city with 
great magnificence and public acclamations. 
There were the great, called the Triumph; and the 
less, the Ovation. 

TRIUMVIRATES,"Roman; in 60 B. C., Julius Caesar, 
Poinpey and Crassus formed a coalition to rule 
the state. This lasted ten years, and the civil 
war ensued. The second triumvirate, 43 B. C., 
was formed by Octavius Caesar, Mark Antony and 
Lepidus, through whom the Romans totally lost 
their liberty. Lepidus was expelled in 36 ; Antony 
was subdued in 31, and Octavius made himself 
absolute. In February, 1849, a triumvirate was 
appointed at Rome, consisting of Joseph Mazzini, 
Armellini and Saffi, who resigned on July 1, 
1849, when the city was taken by the French. 

TRO'JAN WAR; to recover Helen from Paris, Prince 
of Troy, who had eloped with her from her hus¬ 
band’s home. 1194-84 B. C., ended in the con¬ 
quest of Troy by the allied Greeks. 

TROPPAU, CONGRESS OF; in Austrian Silesia. The 
emperors Francis of Austria and Alexander of 
Russia met at Troppau, Oct. 20,1820. The con¬ 
gress between them and the king of Prussia, 
against Naples, took place Nov. 10; and the con¬ 
ference was transferred to Laybach, as nearer 
to Italy, Dec. 17, 1820. 

TROTTING, HISTORY OF; races, one of the ancient 
games of Greece. Horse-races were known in 
England in very early times. Fitz-Stephen, in 
days of Henry II., mentions the delight taken by 


Trotting 222 Trumpet 

the citizens of London in the diversion. In James 
I.’s reign Croydon in the south, and Garterly in 
the north, were celebrated courses. Near York 
there were races, and the prize was a little golden 
bell. In the end of Charles I.’s reign, races were 
performed at Hyde Park. Charles II. patronized 
them, and instead of bells, gave a silver bowl, or 
cup, value 100 guineas. William III. added to 
the plates (as did queen Anne), and founded an 
academy for riding. 

The first racing calendar is said to have been 
published by John Cheney, 1727. 

Act for suppressing races by ponies and weak 
horses, 19,1739. 

The most eminent races in England were those 
at New Market, established by Charles II., 1067; 
and at Epsom, begun about 1711; by Mr. Park- 
hurst. The earl of Derby began the Oaks, 1779; 
the Derby, 1780 (first won by Diomed.) 

At Ascot begun by the duke of Cumberland, 
uncle to George III., 1727. 

At Doncaster, by Col. St. Leger (the St. Leger 
stakes were founded in 1776, and so named in 
1777). 

Trotting Records. 


1818 Boston Blue.. 

1839 Dutchman. 

1856 Flora Temple. 

1867 Dexter. 

1874 Goldsmith Maid. 

1885 Maud S. 

1892 Nancy Hanks. 

1903 Lou Dillon. 

Pacing. 

1839 Drover. 

1852 Pet. 

1878 Sweetzer... 

1883 Johnston. 

1892 Mascot. 

1894 Robert J. 

1897 Star Pointer. 

1903 Dan Patch. 


3. minutes 
2.28 


2.24tf 
2.17 X 
2.14 
2.08^ 
2.04 
1.58)4 


2.28 

2 - 18)4 

2.15 

2.10 

2.04 


2 . 01)4 

1-59)4 

1.56)4 


TROY WEIGHT; Romans introduced their ounce, 
our avoirdupois ounce, into Britain. The pre¬ 
sent ounce was brought from Grand Cairo into 
Europe, about the time of the Crusades, 1095, 
and was first adopted, atTroyes.a city of France, 
whence the name. It is used to weight gold, 
silver, and precious stones. The Troy weight. 
Scots, was established by James VI., in 1618. 

TRUMPET; some of the Greek historians ascribe 
the invention of the trumpet to the Tyrrhenians, 
and others to the Egyptians. It was in use in 
the time of Homer. First torches, then shells of 
fish, sounded like trumpets, were the signals in 
primitive wars. The Jewish feast of trumpets 
was appointed 1490 B. C. Offa, king of Mercia, 
is said to have had trumpets sounded before him 
when traveling, about A. D. 790. The speaking 
*rumpet is said to have been used by Alexander 
the Great in 335 B. C.; improved by Kircher in 
A. Q, 1652; by Salland, 1654; and philosoph- 
explained by Morland, 1671. 




















Tropics 223 Tunis 

TROPIC AND SEMI-TROPIC FRUITS AND OTHER 
PRODUCTS, growing in U. S.,not including our 
foreign possessions, 1900. 


Bananas... 

Citrons. 

Coffee. 

Figs. 

Guava . 

Kaffir Corn.. 

Lemons . 

Limes. 

Olive Oil. 

Oranges. 

Persimmons. 

Pineapples (number) 

Pomeloes. 

Miscellaneous. 


141,653 bunches. 
100 boxes. 
2,297,000 pounds. 
13,016,274 “ 

1,675,000 “ 

5,169,113 bushels. 
675,000 boxes. 
25,000 “ 

. 8,643 gallons. 

6,200,000 boxes. 

. 135,000 pounds. 

. 2,980,240 
. 30,791 boxes. 

. 2,969,239 pounds. 


Other Fruits— 

Apples. 

Apricots. 

Cherries. 

Peaches. 

Pears. 

Plums,. 

Blackberries.... 

Currants. 

Gooseberries... 

Raspberries. 

Strawberries.... 
Grapes. 


.175,397,626 bushels. 
.. 2,642,128 “ 

.. 2,873,499 “ 

..15,433,623 « 

.. 6,625,417 “ 

.. 8,764,032 “ 

..62,189,885 quartB. 
..18,592,695 “ 

.. 9,320,530 “ 

..76,628,107 “ 

.257,437,523 “ 

.. 13,010,134 centals. 


Other products— Honey-.61,196,160 pounds. 

Maple Sugar. 11.928,770 

Maple Syrup. °!? S ' 

Mohair and Goat Hair. 9bl ,328 pounds. 

Peanuts 11,964.957 bushels. 

Peppermint. 187.427 pounds. 

Sweet Potatoes. .42,525,696 bushels. 

R j OP 285,722,627 pounds. 

Sutrar‘.‘..1.664,020,814 “ 

Molasses.S allo *j s - 

Tobacco.868,163,270 pounds. 

Wax... 1,765,315 “ 

TRUSTEE'; one holding property for another. 
TRUST'Y; a trusted convict; worthy of con¬ 


fidence. 

TRUTH (Myth.); a daughter of Time, because 
Truth is discovered in the course of Time. 
Said to lie hidden at the bottom of a well, 
whence she emerges but seldom and always 
naked, with a mirror in her hand. 

TSET'SE; a large poisonous African fly. 

TUBERCULO'SIS; a disease of the lungs. 

TU'BULAR; round. r of England. 

TU'DOR; name, of one of the royal famlllec 

TUIL'ERIES; royal palace of France, in Pari^ 
burned by the Commune, May 1871. 

TU'MULUS; an artificial mound; tomb. 

TUN; a measure of four hogsheads. 

TUN'DRA: marshy, moss-covered land. 

TU'NIS; city of N. Africa; pop. 153.00U. 






































Turcoman 224 Ulilan 

TUR'COMAN; a native of Centra) Asia. 

TURIN'; a city of N. Italy; pop. 335,639. 

TUR'KEY; in Europe and S. W. Asia, area In Eu¬ 
rope, 65,752 sq. m.; pop. 6,086,300; area in 
Asia, 650,394 sq. m.; pop. 17,545,300; total 
population, with all dependencies, 40,440 000; 
cap. Constantinople, pop. 1,136,000. Sultan, 
Abdul Hamid II., b. Sept. 22, 1842. 

TURKESTAN'; a country S. W. of Siberia. 

TUR'NER’S NAT. REBEL'LION; a slave revolt 
in Va., 1831. 

TURN'VEREIN; Ger. association of athletes. 

TURQUOISE'; precious, bluish-green mineral. 

TUS'CANY; a province of Italy, once (until 
1860) a Duchy. 

TUYRE; a blow pipe In a blast furnace. 

TWEED, W. M.; Amer. politician, 1823-78. 

TWEED RING; for the looting of N. Y. city 
treasury, 1869-71. 

TWEE'ZERS; small pincers. [er, Ga. 

TYBEE' ISLAND; at entrance of Savannah Rlv« 

TYCHO BRAHE; Danish astronomer, 1546-1601. 

TY'LER, JOHN; (see Presidents). 

TYM'PANUM; drum of the ear. 

TYN'DALL, JOHN; Eng. scientist, 1820-93. 

TYPE MET'AL; an alloy of lead and antimony. 

TY'PHOID FE'VER; an acute malarial fever. 

TY'PHON (Myth.); a monster with a hundred 
heads who made war against the gods, but 
was crushed by Jove’s thunderbolts, and im¬ 
prisoned under Mount Etna; hence the rum¬ 
bling of the volcano. In Egyptian mythology, 
Typhon is the god who tries to undo all the 
good work effected by Osiris. [able type. 

TYPOG'RAPHY; impression by means of mov- 

TYPE'SETTING MACHINE; first by W. Church 
of Conn., 1820. [1704. 

TYPE'WRITER; first by Henry Mills of Eng., 

TYPE'WRITER,, A CHINESE; one has been 
invented by the Rev. Mr. Sheffield, a Presby¬ 
terian missionary, at Tung Chow. As near 
as can be understood from the description 
published in the Chinese papers, the char¬ 
acters, about 4,000 in number, are on the 
edges of wheels about one foot In diameter. 
It requires 20 or 30 wheels to carry all the 
letters, and the operator must strike two 
keys to make an impression. The first key 
turns the wheel and the second stops it at 
the letter wanted which is brought down 
upon the paper by an ingenious device. 

TYPOTH'ETAE; an American association ot 
master-printers. 

TYRE; an ancient city of Phoenicia. 

TYR'OL; a province of Austria. 

TYRONE' • a Co. of Ulster province, Ireland. 

TYROTOX'ICON; a small ptomain resembling 
a short rod, found in cheese. (See Ptomain.) 
- U 

UGAN'DA; an African kingdom under Br. In¬ 
fluence, on the N. shore of Victoria Nyanza;- 
area, 45,000 sq. m.; Pop. about 4,000,000. 

UHLAN ■. a light cavalryman in the German army. 


Ukase 225 U. 8. Constitution 

UKASE; a Russian order; an edict of the Czar. 

UKEREW'E; reputed spot of the source of the 
Nile; an is. in Lake Victoria Nyanza. 

UKRAINE; a country bordering the Dnieper, 
in Russia. 

ULE'MAS; a body of Turkish officials. [coat. 

UL'STER; a N. county of Ireland; a heavy 

ULT. or UL'TIMO; the past month. 

UL'TIMA THU'LE; the utmost limit. 

ULTIMA'TUM; the last decision. 

UL'TRA; beyond; extreme; radical. 

ULTRAMARINE'; a blue coloring matter. 

ULTRAMON'TANE; a strong supporter of the 
Pope’s supremacy in temporal as well aa 
religious matters. [ers. 

UL'TRA VI'RES; acts in excess of one’s pow- 

ULYS'SES; a king of Ithaca, whose exploit* 
in connection with the Trojan War, and his 
adventures on his return therefrom, are the 
subject of Homer’s Odyssey. His wife Pene¬ 
lope was a pattern of constancy; for though 
Ulysses was reported to be dead, she would 
not marry anyone else, and had the satisfac¬ 
tion of finding her husband return after an 
absence of about twenty years. 

UMATIL'LA; a river and county of Oregon. 

UM'BER; a brown ore or paint. 

UMBRIA; a central province of Italy, onca 
part of the Pope’s domains. 

UNALAS'KA; one of the Aleutian Islands. 

U'NA VO'CE; with one voice. 

UN'CIAL; style of letter used in old manu¬ 
scripts. [Sam” Wilson, 1812. 

UNCLE SAM; from U. S., as applied to “Uncla 

UNDERWRITING; the act or practice of in¬ 
suring. 

UN'GUENT; a soft ointment. 

U'NICORN; the E. Indian rhinoceros. 

UN'ION JACK; a small U. S. flag without th* 
fly; the national flag of Gr. Britain. 

UN'ION LEAGUE; the first political club of 
the name formed in New York City, 1863. 

UN'ION PACIFIC RAILROAD; constructed 
1863-9. [minute. 

U'NIT OF POWER; raising 1 lb. one foot in 1 

UNIT RULE; that a majority of State dele¬ 
gates shall dictate the State’s policy in con¬ 
vention. 

UNIT'ED STATES; a republic of N. America, 
extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific; 
area, including Alaska, 3,692,125 sq, m.i pop. 
1900, 86,180,221.; cap. Washington. 3 Ter¬ 
ritories, 45 States and 1 District. See each 
State under its proper name. The constitu¬ 
tion was adopted by a convention held at 
Philadelphia, 1787, and by the States, March 
4, 1789. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt. 

UNIT'ED STATES BANK; from 1792 to 1832. 

UNITED STATES, CONSTITUTION OF. Full 
text. We, the people of the United States, 
in order to form a perfect Union, establish 
justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide 
for common defense, promote the general wel¬ 
fare, and secure the blessings of liberty to 
8 


United States 226 Constitution 

ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and 
establish this Constitution for the United 
States of America. 

“Article I.” Section I. 1. All legislative 
powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the United States, which shall 
consist of a Senate and a House of Repre¬ 
sentatives. 

Section II. 1. The House of Representa¬ 
tives shall be composed of members chosen 
every second year by the people of the sev¬ 
eral States, and the electors in each State 
shall have the qualifications requisite for 
electors of the most numerous branch of the 
State Legislature. 

2. No person shall be a Representative who 
shall not have attained to the age of twenty- 
five years, and been seven years a citizen of 
the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitant of that State in 
which he shall be chosen. 

3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be 
apportioned among the several States which 
may be included within this Union according 
to their respective numbers, which shall be 
determined by adding to the whole number 
of free persons, including those bound to 
service for a term of years, and excluding 
Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other 
persons. The actual enumeration shall be 
made within three years after the first meet¬ 
ing of the Congress of the United States, 
and within every subsequent term of years, 
in such manner as they shall by law direct. 
The number of Representatives shall not ex¬ 
ceed one for every thirty thousand, but each 
State shall have at least one Representative: 
and until such enumeration shall be made, 
the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled 
to choose 3; Massachusetts, 8; Rhode Island 
and Providence Plantations, 1; Connecticut, 5; 
New York, 6; New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania, 
8; Delaware, 1; Maryland, 6; Virginia, 10; 
North Carolina, 5; South Carolina, 5, and 
Georgia, 3. 

4. When vacancies happen In the repre¬ 
sentation from any State, the Executive 
Authority thereof shall issue writs of election 
to fill such vacancies. 

5. The House of Representatives shall 
choose their Speaker and other officers, and 
shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section III. 1. The Senate of the United 
States shall be composed of two Senators 
from each State, chosen by the Legislature 
thereof, for six years; and each Senater shall 
have tfne vote. 

2. Immediately after they shall be assem¬ 
bled in consequence of the first election, they 
shall be divided as equally as may be into 
three classes. The seats of the Senators of 
the first class shall be vacated at the expira¬ 
tion of the second year, of the second class 
at the expiration of the fourth year, and of 


United States 227 Constitution 

the third class at the expiration of the sixth 
year, so that one-third may be chosen every 
second year; and if vacancies happen by 
resignation, or otherwise, during the recess 
of the Legislature of any State, the Executive 
thereof may make temporary appointment 
until the next meeting of the Legislature, 
which shall then fill such vacancies. 

3. No person shall be a Senator who shall 
not have attained to the age of thirty years, 
and been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, b# 
an inhabitant of that State for which he shall 
pe chosen. 

4. The Vice-President of the United States 
shall be President of the Senate, but shall 
have no vote unless they be equally divided. 

6. The Senate shall choose their other offi¬ 
cers, and also a President pro tempore, in ths 
absence of the Vice-President, or when hs 
shall exercise the office of President of the 
United States. 

6. The Senate shall have thd sole power to 
try all impeachments. When sitting for that 
purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. 
When the President of the United States is 
tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no 
persdn shall be convicted without the concur¬ 
rence of two-thirds of the members present. 

7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall 
not extend further than to removal from office, 
and disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
office of honor, trust, or profit under the 
United States; but the party convicted shall 
nevertheless be liable and subject to Indict¬ 
ment, trial, judgment, and punishment, ac¬ 
cording to law. 

Section IV. 1. The times, places and man¬ 
ner of holding elections for Senators and 
Representatives shall be prescribed in each 
State by the Legislature thereof; but the 
Congress may at any time by law make or 
alter such regulations, except as to the places 
of choosing Senators. 

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once 
In every year, and such meeting shall be on 
the first Monday in December, unless they 
shall by law appoint a different day. 

Section V. 1. Each House shall be the 
Judge of the elections, returns, and qualifica¬ 
tions of its own members, and a majority of 
each shall constitute a quorum to do busi¬ 
ness; but a smaller number may adjourn from 
day to day, and may be authorized to compel 
the attendance of absent members in such 
manner and under such penalties as each 
House may provide. 

2. Each House may determine the rules of 
its proceedings, punish its members for dis¬ 
orderly behavior, and with the concurrence 
of two-thirds expel a member. 

3. Each House shall keep a Journal of its 
proceedings, and from time to time publish 


United States 228 Constitution 

the same, except such parts as may In their 
Judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and 
nays of the members of either House on any 
question shall, at the desire of one-flfth of 
those present, be entered on the journal. 

4. Neither House, during the session of 
Congress, shall, without the consent of the 
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor 
to any other place than that in which the 
two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section VI. 1. The Senators and Representa¬ 
tives shall receive a compensation for their 
services, to be ascertained by law, and paid 
out of the Treasury of the United States. 
They shall in all cases except treason, fel¬ 
ony, and breach of the peace, be privileged 
from arrest during their attendance at the 
session of their respective Houses, and in 
going to and returning from the same; and 
for any speech or debate in either House 
they shall not be questioned in any other 
place. 

2. No Senator or Representative shall dur¬ 
ing the time for which he was elected, be 
appointed to any civil office under the author¬ 
ity of the United States which shall have 
been created, or the emoluments whereof 
shall have been increased during such time; 
and no person holding any office under the 
United States shall be a member of either 
House during its continuance in office. 

Section VII. 1. All bills for raising reve¬ 
nue shall originate in the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives, but the Senate may propose or 
concur with amendments, as on other bills. 

2. Every bill which shall have passed the 
House of Representatives and the Senate 
shall, before it become a law, be presented 
to the President of the United States; if he 
approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall 
return it, with his objections, to that House 
in which it shall have originated, who shall 
enter the objections at large on their journal 
and proceed to reconsider it. If after such 
reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall 
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, to¬ 
gether with the objections, to the other 
House, by which It shall likewise be recon¬ 
sidered; and if approved by two-thirds of that 
House it shall become a law. But in such 
cases the votes of both Houses shall be de¬ 
termined by yeas and nays, and the names of 
the persons voting for and against the bill 
shall be entered on the journal of each House 
respectively. If any bill shall not be re¬ 
turned by the President within ten days 
(Sundays excepted) after it shall be presented 
to him, the same shall be a law in like man¬ 
ner as if he had signed it, unless the Con¬ 
gress by their adjournment prevent its re¬ 
turn; in which case it shall not be a law. 

3. Every order, resolution, or rote to which 


United States 229 Constitution 

tho concurrence of the Senate and House of 
Representatives may be necessary (except on 
a question of adjournment) shall be presented 
to the president of the United States; and 
before the same shall take effect shall be ap¬ 
proved by him, or being disapproved by him, 
shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate 
and the House of Representatives, according 
to the rules and limitations prescribed in the 
case of a bill. 

Section VIII. 1. The Congress shall have 
power: 

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, 
and excises, to pay the debts and provide for 
the common defense and general welfare of 
the United States; but all duties, imposts, 
and excises shall be uniform throughout the 
United States. 

2. To borrow money on the credit of the 
United States. 

3. To regulate commerce with foreign na¬ 
tions, and among the several States, and with 
the Indian tribes. 

4. To establish an uniform rule of natural¬ 
ization and uniform laws on the subject of 
bankruptcies throughout the United States. 

5. To coin money, regulate the value there¬ 
of, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard 
of weights and measures. 

6. To provide for the punishment of counter¬ 
feiting the securities and current coin of the 
United States. 

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads. 

8. To promote the progress of science and 
useful arts by securing for limited times to 
authors and inventors the exclusive rights to 
their respective writings and discoveries. 

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to tho 
Supreme Court. 

10. To define and punish piracies and fel¬ 
onies committed on the high seas, and 
offences against the law of nations. 

1. To declare war, grant letters of marquo 
and reprisal, and make rules concerning cap¬ 
tures on land and water. 

12. To raise and support armies, but no 
appropriation of money to that use shall bo 
for a longer term than two years. 

13. To provide and maintain a navy. 

14. To make rules for the government and 
regulation of the land and naval forces. 

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque 
to execute the laws of the Union, suppress 
insurrections, and repel invasions. 

16. To provide for organizing, arming, and 
disciplining the militia, and for governing 
such part of them as may be employed in the 
service of the United States, reserving to the 
States respectively the appointment of the 
officers, and the authority of training the 
militia according to the discipline presorlbed 
by Congress. 


United States 230 Constitution 

17. To exercise exclusive legislation In all 
cases whatsoever over such district (not ex¬ 
ceeding ten miles square) aB may, by cession 
of particular States and the acceptance of 
Congress, become the seat of Government of 
the United States, and to exercise like author¬ 
ity over all places purchased by the consent 
of the Legislature of the State in which the 
same shall be, for the erection of forts, maga¬ 
zines, arsenals, dry-docks, and other needful 
buildings. And. 

18. To make all laws which shall be necea- 
eary and proper for carrying Into execution 
the foregoing powers, and all other power* 
vested by this Constitution in the Government 
of the United States, or in any department or 
officer thereof. 

Section IX. 1. The migration or importa¬ 
tion of such persons as any of the States now 
existing shall think proper to admit Bhall not 
be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a 
tax or duty may be imposed on such im¬ 
portation, not exceeding ten dollars for each 
person. 

2. The privilege of the writ of habeas cor¬ 
pus shall not be suspended, unless when in 
cases of rebellion or Invasion the public 
safety may require it. 

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto taw 
shall be passed. 

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall bs 
laid, unless in proportion to the census or 
enumeration hereinbefore direoted to be 
taken. 

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles 
exported from any State. 

8. No preference shall be given by any regu¬ 
lation of commerce or revenue to the port 
of one State over those of another, nor shall 
vessels bound to or from one State be obliged 
to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

7. No money shall be drawn from the Treas¬ 
ury but in consequence of appropriations mads 
by law; aHd a regular statement and account 
of the receipts and expenditures of all publio 
money shall be published from time to time. 

S. No title of nobility shall be granted by 
the United States. And no person holding 
any office of profit or trust under thorn shall, 
without the consent of the Congre3«. accept 
of any present, emolument, office, or title of 
any kind whatever from any king, prinoe, or 
foreign state. 

, Section X. 1. No State shall enter Into any 
treaty, alliance or confederation, grant let¬ 
ters of marque and reprisal, coin money, emit 
bill of credit, make anything but gold and 
silver coin a tender in payment of debts, pass 
any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or 
law impairing the obligation of contracts or 
grant any title of nobility. 


United States 231 Constitution 

2. No State shall, without the consent of 
the Congress, lay any Impost or duties on 
imports or exports, except what may be abso- 

utely necessary for executing its inspection 
laws; and the net produce of all duties and 
imposts, laid by any State on imports or ex¬ 
ports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of 
the United States; and all such laws shall be 
subject to the revision and control of the 
Congress. 

3. No State shall, without the consent of 
Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep 
troops or ships of war in time or peace, enter 
into any agreement or compact with another 
State, or with a foreign power, or engage in 
war, unless actually invaded, or in such im¬ 
minent danger as will not admit of delay. 

“Article IL” Section I. 1. The executive 
power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall hold his 
office during the term of four years, and, 
together with the Vice-President, chosen for 
the same term, be elected as follows: 

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner 
as the Legislature thereof may direct, a num¬ 
ber of electors, equal to the whole number of 
Senators and Representatives to which the 
State may be entitled in the Congress; but no 
Senator or Representative or person holding 
an office of trust or profit under the United 
States shall be appointed an elector. 

3. The electors shall meet in their respect¬ 
ive States and vote by ballot for two persons, 
of whom one at least shall not be an inhab¬ 
itant of the same State with themselves. And 
they shall make a list of all the persons voted 
for, and of the number of votes for each, 
which list they shall sign and certify and 
transmit, sealed, to the seat of the govern¬ 
ment of the United States, directed to the 
President of the Senate. The President of the 
Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, open all the 
certificates, and the votes shall then be 
counted. The person having the greatest 
number of votes shall be the President, if 
such number be a majority of the whole num¬ 
ber of electors appointed, and if there be 
more than one who have such majority, and 
have an equal number of votes, then the 
House of Representatives shall immediately 
choose by ballot one of them for President; 
and if no person have a majority, then from 
the five highest on the list the said House 
shall be taken by States, the representation 
from each State having one vote. A quorum, 
for this purpose, shall consist of a member 
or members from two-thirds of the States, 
and a majority of all the States shall i>e 
necessary to a choice. In every case, after 
the choice of the President, the person having 
the greatest JWlmber of votes of the electors 


United States 232 Constitution 

shall be the Vice-President. But If there 
should remain two or more who have equal 
votes, the Senate shall choose from them by 
ballot the Vice-President. 

4. The Congress may determine the time of 
the choosing the electors and the day on 
which they shall give their votes, which day 
shall be the same throughout the United 
States. 

5. No person except a natural born citizen, 
or a citizen of the United States at the time 
of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be 
eligible to the office of President; neither 
shall any person be eligible to that office who 
shall not have attained to the age of thirty- 
five years and been fourteen years a resident 
within the United States. 

6. In case of the removal of the President 
from office, or of his death, resignation, or 
inability to discharge the powers and duties 
of the said office, the same shall devolve on 
the Vice-President, and the Congress may by 
law provide for the case of removal, death, 
resignation, or inability, both of the Presi¬ 
dent and Vice-President, declaring what offi¬ 
cer shall act accordingly until the disability 
be removed or a President shall be elected. 

7. The President shall, at stated times, re¬ 
ceive for his services a compensation, which 
shall neither be increased nor diminished 
during the period for which he shall have 
been elected, and he shall not receive within 
that period any other emolument from the 
United States, or any of them. 

8. Before he enter on the execution of his 
office he shall take the following oath or 
affirmation: 

“I do solemnly swear (or affirm), that I 
will faithfully execute the office of President 
of the United States, and will, to the best of 
my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the 
Constitution of the United States.” 

Section II. 1. The President shall be Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the 
United States, and of the militia of the sev¬ 
eral States, when called into actual service 
of the United States; he may require the 
opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in 
each of the executive departments upon any 
subject relating to the duties of their re¬ 
spective offices, and he shall have power to 
grant reprieves and pardons for offences 
against the United States except in cases of 
impeachment. 

2. He shall have power, by and with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, to make 
treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators 
present concur; and he shall nominate, and 
by and with the advice and consent of the 
8enate shall appoint ambassadors, other 


United States 233 Constitution 

public ministers and consuls, judges of th® 
Supreme Court, and all other officers of th® 
United States whose appointments are not 
herein otherwise provided for, and which 
shall be established by law; but the Congress 
may by law vest the appointment of such in¬ 
ferior officers as they think proper in the 
President alone, in the courts of law, or in 
the heads of departments. 

S. The President shall have power to fill up 
all vacancies that may happen during the re¬ 
cess of the Senate by granting commissions, 
which shall expire at the end of their next 
session. 

Section III. He shall from time to time 
give to the Congress information of the state 
of the Union, and recommend to their con¬ 
sideration such measures as he shall judge 
necessary and expedient; he may on extra¬ 
ordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or 
either of them, and in case of disagreement 
between them with respect to the time of 
adjournment, he may adjourn them to such 
time as he shall think proper; he shall re¬ 
ceive ambassadors and other public minister®; 
he'shall take care that the laws be faithfully 
executed, and shall commission all the offi¬ 
cers of the United States. 

Section IV. The President, Vice-President, 
and all civil officers of the United States shall 
be removed from office on impeachment for 
and conviction of treason, bribery, or other 
high crimes and misdemeanors. 

“Article III.” Section I. The Judicial 
power of the United States shall be vested in 
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior 
courts as the Congress may from time to time 
ordain and establish. The judges, both of the 
Supreme and inferior courts,' shall hold their 
offices during good behavior, and shall at 
stated times receive for their services a com¬ 
pensation which shall not be diminished dur¬ 
ing their continuance in office. 

Section II. 1. The judicial power shall ex¬ 
tend to all cases in law and equity arising 
under this Constitution, the laws of the 
United States, and treaties made, or which 
shall be made, under their authority; to all 
cases affecting ambassadors, other public 
ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admi¬ 
ralty and maritime jurisdiction; to contro¬ 
versies to which the United States shall be a 
party; to controversies between two or more 
States, between a State and citizens of an¬ 
other State, between citizens of different 
States, between citizens of the same State 
claiming lands under grants of different 
States, and between a State, or the citizen® 
thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or sub¬ 
jects. 

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
oublic ministers, and consuls, and those in 


United Staten con constitution 

which a State shall be a party, the Supren*, 
Court shall have original jurisdiction. In a!} 
the other cases before-mentioned the Supreme 
Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both 
as to law and fact, with such exceptions and 
under such regulations as the Congress shah 
make. 

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases 
of impeachment, shall be by Jury, and such 
trial shall be held in the State where the 
said crimes have been committed; but when 
not committed within any State the trial shall 
be at such place or places as the Congress 
may by law have directed. 

Section III. 1. Treason against the United 
States shall consist only in levying war 
rgalnst them, or in adhering to their enemies, 
giving them aid and comfort. No person shall 
be convicted of treason unless on the testi¬ 
mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, 
or on confession in open court. 

2. The Congress shall have power to declare 
the punishment of treason, but no attainder 
of treason shall work corruption of blood or 
forfeiture except during the life of the person 
attained. 

“Article IV.” Section I. Full faith and 
credit shall be given in each State to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings 
of every other State. And the Congress may 
by general laws prescribe the manner in 
which such acts, records, and proceedings 
shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

Section II. 1. The citizens of each State 
shall be entitled to all privileges and im¬ 
munities of citizens in the several States. 

2. A person charged in any State with 
treason, felony, or other crime, who shall 
flee from justice^ and be found in another 
State, shall, on demand of the executive 
authority of the State from which he fled, 
be delivered up, to be removed to the State 
having jurisdiction of the crime. 

3. No person held to service or labor in one 
State, under the laws thereof, escaping into 
another shall, in consequence of any law or 
regulation therein, be discharged from such 
service or labor, but shall be delivered up 
on claim of the party to whom such service or 
labor may be due. 

Section III. 1. New States may be admitted 
by the Congress into this Union; but no new 
State shall be formed or erected within the 
jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State 
be formed by the junction of two or more 
States, or parts of States, without me con¬ 
sent of the Legislatures of the States con¬ 
cerned, as well as of the Congress. 

'5 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose 
of and make all needful rules and regulations 
respecting the territory or other property be- 


U. S. Constitution 235 Amendments 

longing to the United States; and nothing In 
this Constitution shall be so construed as to 
prejudice any claims of the United States, or 
of any particular State. 

Section IV. The United States shall guar¬ 
antee to every State in this Union a republi¬ 
can form of government, and shall protect 
each of them against invasion, and, on appli¬ 
cation of the Legislature, or of the Executive 
(when the Legislature cannot be convened), 
against domestic violence. 

“Article V.” The Congress, whenever two- 
thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, 
shall propose amendments to this Constitu¬ 
tion, or, on the application of the Legisla¬ 
tures of two-thirds of the several States, shall 
call a convention for proposing amendments, 
which, in either case, shall be valid to all 
Intents and purposes, as part of this Consti¬ 
tution, when ratified by the Legislatures of 
three-fourths of the several States, or by con¬ 
ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the o»e 
or the other mode of ratification may be pro¬ 
posed by the Congress; provided that no 
amendments which may be made prior to the 
year one thousand eight hundred and eight 
shall in any manner affect the first and 
fourth clauses in the Ninth Section of the 
First Article; and that no State, without its 
consent, shall be deprived of its equal suf¬ 
frage in the Senate. 

“Article VT.“ 1. All debts contracted and 
engagements entered into before the adoption 
of this Constitution shall be as valid against 
the United States under this Constituiou as 
under the Confederation. 

2. This Constitution and the laws of the 
United States which shall be made in pursu¬ 
ance thereof and all treaties made, or which 
shall be made, under the authority of the 
United States, shall be the supreme law of 
the land; and the judges in every State shall 
be bound thereby, anything in the Constitu¬ 
tion or laws of any State to the contrary not¬ 
withstanding. 

3. The Senators and Representatives before 
mentioned, and the members of the several 
State Legislatures, and all executive and ju¬ 
dicial officers, both of the United States and 
of the several States, shall be bound by oath 
or affirmation to support this Constitution; 
but no religious test shall ever be required 
as a qualification to any office or public trust 
under the United States. 

“Article VII.” The ratification of the Con¬ 
ventions of nine States shall be sufficient for 
the establishment of this Constitution be¬ 
tween the States so ratifying the same. 

UNITED STATES, AMENDMENTS TO THE 
CONSTITUTION OF. 

“Article I.” Congress shall make no law 
respecting an establishment of religion, ox 


U. S. Constitution 236 Amendments 

prohibiting the free exercise . thereof; or 
abridging the freedom of speech or of the 
press; or the right of the people peaceably 
to assemble, and to petition the Government 
for a redress of grievances. 

"Article II.” A well-regulated militia be¬ 
ing necessary to the security of a free State, 
the right of the people to keep and bear arms 
shall not be infringed. 

"Article III.” No soldier shall, in time of 
peace, be quartered in any house without the 
censent of the owner, nor in time of war but 
in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

"Article IV.” The right of the people to be 
secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches and 
seizures, shall not be violated, and no war¬ 
rants shall issue but upon probable cause, 
supported by oath or affirmation, and particu¬ 
larly describing the place to be searched, and 
the persons or things to be seized. 

"Article V.” No person shall be held to 
answer for a capital or other infamous crime 
unless on a presentment or indictment of a 
grand jury, except in cases arising in the 
land or naval forces, or in the militia, when 
in actual service, in time of war or public 
ddnger; nor shall any person be subject for 
the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy 
of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any 
criminal case to be a witness against himself, 
nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law; nor shall private 
property be taken for public use without just 
compensation. 

"Article VI.” In all criminal prosecutions, 
the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the 
State and district wherein the crime shall 
have been committed, which district shall 
have been previously ascertained by law, and 
to be informed of the nature and cause of 
the accusation; to be confronted with the 
witnesses against him; to have compulsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, 
and to have the assistance of counsel for his 
defence. 

"Article VII.” In suits at common law, 
where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by Jury 
shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a Jury 
shall be otherwise re-examined in any court 
of the United States than according to the 
rules of the common law. 

"Aiticle VIII.” Excessive ball shall not 
be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishments Inflicted. 

"Article IX.” The enumeration in the 
Constitution of certain rights shall not be 
construed to deny or disparage others re¬ 
tained by the people. 


V. S. Constitution 237 Amendments 

“Article X.“ The powers not delegated tc 
the United States by the Constitution, nor 
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved 
to the States respectively, or to the people. 

“Article XI.“ The judicial power of the 
United States shall not be construed to ex¬ 
tend to any suit in law or equity, commenced 
or prosecuted against one of the United 
States, by citizens of another State, or by 
citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 

“Article XII.” The electors shall meet in 
their respective States, and vote by ballot for 
President and Vice-President, one of whom 
at least shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same State with themselves; they shall name 
in their ballots the person voted for as Presi¬ 
dent, and in distinct ballots the person voted 
for as Vice-President; and they shall make 
distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
President, and of all persons voted for as 
Vice-President, and of the number of votes 
for each, which list they sh-11 sign and cer¬ 
tify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the 
government of the United States, directed to 
the President of the Senate; the President of 
the Senate shall, in the presence of the Sen¬ 
ate and House of Representatives, open all 
the certificates, and the votes shall then bo 
counted; the person having the greatest num¬ 
ber of votes for President shall be the Presi¬ 
dent, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed; and if 
no person have such majority, then from the 
persons having the highest numbers not ex¬ 
ceeding three, on the list of those voted for 
as President, the House of Representatives 
shall choose immediately, by ballot, the Pres¬ 
ident. But in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by States, the repre¬ 
sentation from each State having one vote; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a 
member or members from two-thirds of the 
States, and a majority of all the States shall 
be necessary to a choice. And if the House 
of Representatives shall not choose a Presi¬ 
dent, whenever the right of choice shall de¬ 
volve upon them, before the fourth day of 
March next following, then the Vice-Presi¬ 
dent shall act as President, as in the case 
of death or other constitutional disability of 
the President. The person having the great¬ 
est number of votes as Vice-President Bhall 
be the Vice-President, if such number be a 
majority of the whole number of electors ap¬ 
pointed, and if no person have a majority, 
then from the two highest numbers on the 
list the Senate shall choose the Vice-Presi¬ 
dent; a quorum for the purpose shall consist 
of two-thirds of the whole number of Sen¬ 
ators, and a majority of the whole number 
shall be necessary to a choice. But no person 
constitutionally ineligible to the office of 


U. S. Constitution 238 Amendments 

President shall be eligible to that of Vice- 
President of the United States. 

“Article XIII.” 1. Neither slavery nor in¬ 
voluntary servitude, except as a punishment 
for crime whereof the party shall have been 
duly convicted, shall exist within the United 
States, or any place subject to their Jurisdic¬ 
tion. 

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

"Article XIV.” 1. All persons born or nat¬ 
uralized in the United States, and subject to 
the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the 
United States and of the State wherein they 
reside. No State shall make or enforce any 
law which shall abridge the privileges or im¬ 
munities of citizens of the United States; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, 
liberty, or property without due process of 
law, nor deny to any person within its juris¬ 
diction the equal protection of the laws. 

2. Representatives shall be apportioned 
among the several States according to their 
respective numbers, counting the whole num¬ 
ber of persons in each State, excluding In¬ 
dians not taxed. But when the right to vote 
at any election for the choice of electors for 
President and Vice-President of the United 
States, Representatives in Congress, the 
executive and judicial officers of a State, or 
the members of the Legislature thereof, is 
denied to any of the male members of such 
State being of twenty-one years of age, and 
citizens of the United States, or in any way 
abridged, except for participation in rebellion 
or other crime, the basis of representation 
therein shall be reduced in the proportion 
which the number of such male citizens shall 
bear to the whole number of male citizens 
twenty-one years of age In such State. 

3. No person shall be a Senator or Repre¬ 
sentative in Congress, or elector of President 
and Vice-President, or holding any office, 
civil or military, under the United States, or 
under any State, who, having previously 
taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or 
as an officer of the United States, or as a 
member of any State Legislature, or as an 
executive or judicial officer of any State, to 
support the Constitution of the United States, 
shall have engaged in insurrection or rebel¬ 
lion against the same, or given aid and com¬ 
fort to the enemies thereof. But Congress 
may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, 
remove such disability. 

4. The validity of the public debt of the 
United States, authorized by law, including 
debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
bounties for services in suppressing insurrec¬ 
tion or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 


U. S. Constitution 239 Ratification 

But neither the United States nor any State 
shall assume or pay any debt or obligation 
incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
against the United States, or any claim for 
the loss or emancipation of any slave, but 
all such debts, obligations, and claims shall 
be held illegal and void. 

5. The Congress shall have power to enforce 
by appropriate legislation the provisions of 
this article. 

"Article XV.” 1. The right of the citizens 
of the United States to vote shall not be de¬ 
nied or abridged by the United States or any 
State, on account of race, color, or previous 
condition of servitude. 

2. The Congress shall have power to enforce 
the provisions of this article by appropriate 
legislation. 

‘‘Ratification of the Constitution.” 

The Constitution was ratified by the thir¬ 
teen original States in the following order: 

Delaware, Dec. 7, 1787, unanimously; Penn¬ 
sylvania, Dec. 12, 1787, vote 46 to 23; New 
Jersey, Dec. 18, 1787, unanimously; Georgia, 
Jan. 2, 1788, unanimously; Connecticut, Jan. 
9, 1788, vote 128 to 40; Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 
1788, vote 187 to 168; Maryland, April 28, 1788, 
vote 63 to 12; South Carolina, May 23, 1788, 
vote 149 to 73; New Hampshire, June 21, 
1788, vote 67 to 46; Virginia, June 25, 1788, 
vote 89 to 79; New York, July 26, 1788, vote 
30 to 28; North Carolina, Nov. 21, 1789, vote 
193 to 75; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790, vote 
84 to 32. 

“Ratification of the Amendments.” 

I. to X. inclusive were declared in force 
Dec. 15 4 1791. 

XI. was declared in force Jan. 8 , 1798. 

XII. , regulating elections, was ratified by 
all the States except Connecticut, Delaware, 
Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, which 
rejected it. It was declared in force Sept. 
28, 1804. 

XIII. , the emancipation amendment, was 
ratified by 31 of the iv» States; rejected by 
Delaware and Kentucky, not acted on by 
Texas, conditionally ratified by Alabama and 
Mississippi. Proclaimed Dec. 18, 1865. 

XIV. , reconstruction amendment, was rati¬ 
fied by 23 Northern States, rejected by Dela¬ 
ware, Kentucky, Maryland, and 10 Southern 
States, and not acted on by California. The 
10 Southern States subsequently ratified under 
pressure. Proclaimed July 28, 1868. 

XV. , negro citizenship amendment, was 
not acted upon by Tennessee, rejected by Cal-' 
ifornia, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, New 
Jersey, and Oregon; ratified by the remaining 
30 States. New York rescinded its ratification 
Jan. 6, 1870. Proclaimed March 30. 1870. 


, C. S. Growth 240 Uruguay 

UNITED STATES, GROWTH OF. This country 
began the present century with 5,308,483 peo¬ 
ple. In the year 1810 the population was 
7,239,881, an increase of 36.28 per cent; in 
1820 it was 9,633,822, an increase of 33.66 per 
cent; in 1830 it was 12,866,020, an increase of 
32.51 per cent; in 1840 it was 17,069,453, an 
increase of 32.52 per cent; in 1850 it was 
23,191,876, an increase of 35.83 per cent; in 
1860 it was 31,443,321, an increase of 35.11 per 
cent; in 1870 it was 38,558,371, an increase of 
22.65 per cent; in 1880 it was 50,155,783, an 
increase of 30.08 per cent; in 1890 It waa 
622,250, an increase of about 28 per cent. 
In 1900, 76,058,177, exclusive of our foreign 
possessions. This great growth is shown by a few 
comparisons. The British Islands began the pre¬ 
sen century with three times as many people as 
the U. S., and yet its present population is only 
three-fifths of our own. Of all the civilized coun¬ 
tries, Russia has 129,004,514; but at our rate of 
increase it will not be many years before this 
country passes Russia. Another interesting 
fact is that the English language is spread¬ 
ing twice as rapidly as any other tongue, so 
that the future promises to the United States 
not only leadership in population, but in the 
language* ef the world. 

UNIT'ED WORKMEN, ANCIENT ORDER OF; 
a protective society founded 1858. Member¬ 
ship (1893), 460,165; benefits paid since organ* 
ization, $130,891,958. 

UNIVER'SALISM; a belief in final salvation of 
all* [25,000. 

UNTERWALDEN; a canton of Switzerland, pop. 

U. P.; Union Pacific. 

UPAN'ISHADS; religious Hindoo literature. 

U'PAS; a poisonous Javanese tree. 

UP'PER TEN; the aristocracy. 

UPS ALA; a city of Sweden, pop. 28,803; uni¬ 
versity founded 1477. 

UR OF THE CHAL'DEANS; a city of ancient 
Babylonia. [rope. 

U'RAL MTS. and RIVER; E. boundary of Eu- 

URA'NIA (Myth.); the muse who presides over 
astronomy. 

U'RANUS; farthest planet excepting Neptune. 

URE, ANDREW; Scotch chemist and lexicog¬ 
rapher, 1778-1857. [17,249. 

URI; a central canton of Switzerland; pop. 

U'RIC AC'ID; a white acid found in urine; 
its excess determines rheumatism. 

U'RIM; a mysterious ornament worn by the 
Jewish high priest, which is reported along 
with the Thummim as giving oracular re¬ 
sponses. [Little Bear; two constellations. 

UR'SA MA'JOR; Great Bear. UR'SA MI'NOR; 

UR'SULINES; a R. C. female monastic order, 
founded in 1527, in memory of St. Ursula, 
a British Christian martyr. 

URUGUAY'; a small republic in S. Amer.; area 
72,210 b<i. m.$ pop. 978,000; Cap. Montevideo; 


Uruguay 241 Valhalla 


pop. 268,334; Pres. Juan Cuestas. 

URUGUAY'; a large river of S. America. 

U. S.; United States. 

U. S. A.; United States Army. 

U. S. N.; United States Navy. 

U. S. PROPERTY IN PRINCIPAL CITIES. 
(Close of fiscal year ended June 30, 1898.) 


Buildings. Sites. 

New York . $13,713,000 $2,883,00* 

Chicago* . 1,129,000 1,340,008 

Philadelphia . 5,786,000 2,439,00ft 

Boston . 6,366,000 1,459,000 

St. Louis . 6,739,000 405,00ft 

Cincinnati . 5,215,000 758,000 

San Francisco . 4,200,000 1,580,000 

New Orleans . 5,586,000 35,000 

In Washington City the government’s real 
estate property is estimated at $293,764,628. 
In city property throughout the country and 
in country lands its holdings amount in the 
aggregate to $1,700,000,000. 

*To be considerably increased in value when 
the Federal building in process of erection 
will be completed. 


USQUEBAUGH; Gaelic name for Irish whiskey. 
UTAH; an Indian word meaning “Mountain Home.” 
Explored by Spaniards 1540. Salt Lake discov. 
ered 1824. Settled at Salt Lake City 1847, by 
Mormons. Territory organized Sept. 9, 1850. 
Entered as a State July 16, 1896. Area, 84,928 
sq.m.; pop. 373,351; temp. 51 deg.; rainfall 
16 in.; railroads, 2,276 miles. Principal indus¬ 
tries: mining, agriculture and stock raising. 
Many sub-tropical fruits are grown in southern 
part of state. In the mining of silver and lead 
Utah ranked third in 1900; fourth in copper and 
sixth in salt. Electors, four; dem. 1896; rep. 
1900-8; representatives, one; governor elected 
for 5 years; salary $4 f 000; cap. Salt Lake City. 
UTILE DULCI; useful and agreeable. 

UTO'PIA; a place of ideal perfection. 
UTRECHT; a city of the Netherlands; pop. 
104,191.Treaty of, 1723, between Louis XV. 
of France and the allied English, Dutch, etc. 
U'VULA; a projection in the bs'dc of the 


mouth. 

UZ'BECKS; natives of Turkestan. 


V 


V. or VS.; versus; against. 

VACCINA'TION; first by Dr. Jenner 1796, q.v. 
VAC'UUM; a space without air. 

VA'DE ME'CUM; come with me; a hand-book. 
VALEN'CIA; a city of Spain, pop. 213 .§30. 
VALEN'CIA; a city of Venezuela,pop, 204,768. 
VALAIS; a canton of Switzerland; pop. 114,438. 
VAL'ENTINE; a love letter; Saint’s Day, 
Feb. 14. 

VALE'RIAN; a medicinal extract, [pop. 65,000. 
VALET'TA; fortified cap. of the Is. of Malta, 
VALHAL'LA (Myth.); the Scandinavian temple 
of immortality inhabited by the souls of he¬ 
roes slain In battle. 










Valladolid 242 Venn* 

VALLADOLID; city of Spain, pop. 278,561. 

VALLADOLID'; city of Mexico, pop. 20,000. 

VALLADOLID'; city of Yucatan, pop. 17,000. 

VAL'LEY FORGE, PA.; Battle of, Dec. 15, 
1777. U. S. army wintered there. 

VALPARAI'SO; a city of Chili, pop. 143,022. 

VAN BU'REN, MARTIN; (sqe Presidents). 

VANCOU'VER IS.; S. W. Brit. Columbia, pop. 
Vancouver City 26,113. 

VAN'DERBILT, CORNELIUS; Amer. capitalist, 
founder of the family’s colossal fortune, 1794* 
1877. 

VANDYKE'; Flemish painter, 1599-1641. 

VA'RluLOID; mild form of small pox. 

’VARS'ITY; short for University. 

VARU'NA (Myth.); the Hindoo Neptune; repre¬ 
sented as a white man riding: on a sea-horse, 
carrying a club in one hand and a rope in 
the other. 

VAS'SAR COL'LEGE, for women; founded by 
Matthew Vassar, 1861, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 

VAT., VAT'ICAN; residence of the Pope at 
Rome. 

VATICINA'TION; prophecy; foretelling. 

VAUDE'VILLE; a varietv performance. 

VE'DA; the Bible of the Brahmins. 

VEILED PROPHET; Hakin ben Allah of Ara¬ 
bia. 

VELOCITIES OF VARIOUS BODIES AND 
FLUIDS. A man walks 3 miles per hour or 
4 feet per second. A horse trots 7 miles per 
hour or 10 feet per second. A horse runs 20 
miles per hour or 29 feet per second. Steam¬ 
boat runs 20 miles per hour or 26 feet per 
second. Sailing vessel runs 10 miles per 
hour or 14 feet per second. Rapid rivers 

flow 3 miles per hour or 4 feet per second. A 
moderate wind blows 7 miles per hour or 10 
feet per second. A storm moves 36 miles per 
hour or 52 feet per second. A hurricane 
moves 80 miles per hour or 117 feet per sec¬ 
ond. A rifle ball, 1,000 miles per hour or 1466 
feet per second. Sound, 743 miles per hour, 
or 1142 feet per second. Light, 192,000 miles 
per second. Electricity, 288,000 miles per 
second. 

VENDUE'; an auction or public sale. 

VENE'TIAN; resident of Venice. 

VE'NI, VI'DI, VI'CI, I came, I saw, I con¬ 
quered; (Caesar). 

VENEZUE'LA; republic in the N. W. ‘ of S. 
America; area 693,943 sq. m.; pop. 2,323,527; 
cap. Caraccas. Pres. Gen. Castro. 

VEN'ICE; a city of W. Italy, pop. 151,840, 

VENI'RE; persons summoned as jurors. 

VENI'RE FA'CIAS; an order to the sheriff 
for jurors. 

VEN'TRICLE; a small cavity in the heart. 

VE'NUS; second planet in order from the s’in. 

VE'NUS (Myth.); the goddess of beauty i.nd 

mother of love; said to have sprung from the 


Venus 243 Vessels 

foam of the soa. Vulcan married her, but she 
accepted the attentions of Mars, and later tall 
in love with Adonis, a beautiful youth who 
was killed when hunting a wild bear. 

VE'NUS DE MEDICI; a marble statue by 
Cleomenes, 180 B. C. [1820 at Milo. 

VE'NUS OF MI'LO; a marble statue found in 
VER'A CRUZ; a seaport of Mexico, pop, 29,164. 

Victory of the U. S. troops, March 24, 1847. 
VERBA'TIM ET LITERA'TIM; word for word 
and letter for letter. 

VERDE RIO; the name of 5 Brazilian rivers. 
VERD ANTIQUE; a dark green marble. 
VERDI; a celebrated It. composer (II Trova- 
tore), 1814. [copper. 

VER'DIGRIS (Paris Green); a greenish rust on 
VER'MIFORM APPENDIX; the termination of the 
ascending colon. Location lower part of right 
groin; about the size of a goose quill. Inflamma¬ 
tion of this part, is called appendicitis. Opera¬ 
tion for the cure of the disease consists of its 
excision. It is said to contain a fluid which acts 
as a lubricant for the intestines. 

VER'MIFUGE; a medicine to expel worms. 
VERMII/LION; the red sulphide of mercury. 
VERMONT, VT., from the French meaning “Green 
Mountains.” Nickname, the same. Settled first 
near Brattleboro, 1724, by emigrants from Mas¬ 
sachusetts. Admitted as a State March 4. 1791. 
Area, 9,563 sq. m.; pop. 1910,355,956. rail¬ 
roads, 1,195 m.; temp. 45 deg.; rain fall, 32 in. 
Principal Industries agriculture and manufact¬ 
uring. Dairy, fruit farming and the maple sugar 
industry have made the State famous. It ranks 
second in the production of slate. Monuments, 
lumber products and woolen goods are other im¬ 
portant manufactures. Electors, four; rep. since 
1860; representatives, two; governor elected for 
two years; salary , $2,500; cap. Montpelier. 
VERNET, HORACE; Fr. battle painter. 1789- 
VERO'NA; a city of N. E. Italy, pop. 74,271. 
VERONESE, PAUL; celebrated It. painter, 
1528-88. 

VERON'ICA; a R. C. saint. It is said that 
Christ in wiping his face with her handker¬ 
chief Imprinted his portrait upon it. 
VERSAILLES; a city of France, pop.54,982. 
VERST; A Russian measure of 2-3 of a mile. 
VER'SUS; against; VS. (abbreviation). 
VER'TEX; the top. 

VER'TIGO; dizziness. Cure: A teaspoonful of 
sulphate of soda in a glass of hot water 1 
hour before breakfast. 

VERTUM'NUS (Myth); god of spring, and the 
husband of Pomona, the goddess of orchards. 
VESA'LIUS, A.; an Italian and father of mod¬ 
ern anatomy, 1514-64. 

VESPA'SIAN, T. F.; Roman Emperor, 9-79. 
VES'PERS; an evening church service. 
VESPUCCI, AMERIGO; Italian navigator, 1451- 
1512; America named from him. 

VES'SELS, AU'MORED; first In England, 1840. 


V«st» 244 Vilayet 

VES'TA (Myth); the goddess of fire; had under 
her special care a famous statue of Minerva, 
before which the Vestal Virgins kept a fire 
constantly burning. 

VESU'VIUS;a volcano 6 m. E. of Naples, Italy. 
Eruption Feb. 24, 79; loss, 30,000. 

VI'A; by way of. [water. 

VICHY; a French town noted for its mineral 

VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Name. 

Resi¬ 

dence. 

Qualified. 

Poli¬ 

tics. 

Died. 

Year 

Age 

1 

John Adams. 

Mass. 

1789 

54 

Fed.. 

1826 

2 

Thomas Jefferson.. 

Va. .. 

1797 

54 

Rep.. 

1826 

3 

Aaron Burr. 

N. Y.. 

1801 

45 

Rep.. 

1836 

4 

George Clinton. 

N. Y.. 

1805 

66 

Rep.. 

1812 

5 

Elbridge Gerry. 

Mass. 

1813 

69 

Rep.. 

1814 

6 

Daniel D. Tompkins 

N. Y.. 

1817 

43 

Rep.. 

1825 

7 

John C. Calhoun... 

S. C.. 

1825 

43 

Rep.. 

1850 

8 

Martin Van Buren.. 

N. Y.. 

1833 

51 

Dem . 

1862 

9 

Richard M. Johnson 

Ky... 

1837 

67 

Dern . 

1860 

10 

John Tyler. 

Va... 

1841 

51 

Dem 

1862 

11 

George M. Dallas... 

Pa.... 

1845 

53 

Dem . 

1864 

12 

Millard Fillmore... 

N. Y.. 

1849 

49 

Whig 

1874 

13 

William R. King... 

Ala .. 

1853 

67 

Dem . 

1853 

14 

Jno. C. Breckinridge 

Ky... 

1857 

36 

Dem . 

1875 

15 

Hannibal Hamlin.. 

Me... 

1861 

58 

Rep.. 

1891 

16 

Andrew Johnson.... 

Tenn. 

1865 

57 

Rep.. 

1875 

17 

Schuyler Colfax.... 

Ind .. 

1869 

46 

Rep.. 

1885 

18 

Henry Wilson .... 

Mass. 

1873 

61 

Rep.. 

1875 

19 

William A. Wheeler 

N. Y. 

1877 

58 

Rep.. 

1887 

20 

Chester A.‘ Arthur.. 

N. Y.. 

1881 

51 

Rep.. 

1886 

21 

Thos. A. Hendricks. 

Ind .. 

1885 

66 

Dem . 

1885 

22 

Levi P. Morton.. .. 

N. Y.. 

1889 

65 

Rep.. 

. , 

23 

Adlai E. Stevenson. 

Ill.... 

1893 

58 

Dem . 


24 

Garret A. Hobart... 

N. J; 

1897 

52 

Rep.. 

1899 

25 

TheodoreRoosevelt 

N.Y.. 

1901 

40 |Rep..| 


26 

C. W. Fairbanks... 

N.Y.. 

1 1905 

43 

(Rep. 


27 

J. F. Sherman. 

N.Y.. 

1909 

53 

|Rep. 

• . 


VICKS'BURG, Miss.; pop. 14,834; Battles of, 
Dec. 31, ’62, Confederates victorious; May. 
21-22, ’63, July 4, ’63, the Federals victorious. 
VIC'TOR EMAN'UEL II.; first King of Italy. 

1820-78. [press of India, b. May 24, 1819. 

VICTO'RIA; Queen of Gr. Britain and Em- 
VICTO'RIA; colony of S. E. Australia, pop. 

1,201;341; area 87,884 sq. m. 

VICTORIA; cap. of Brit. Columbia, pop. 20,816. 
VICTORIA NYAN'ZA; a lake where is found 
the source of the Nile in E. Africa. 
VICTO'RIA CROSS; one given by the Queen of 
England for valor since 1856. 

VIDE; see; a conference. 

VIDOCQ', F. J.; famous Fr. detective, 1775-1857. 
VIDOR; the Scandinavian god of silence, who 
could walk on the water and in the air. 
VIEN'NA; cap. of Austria, pop. 1,662,269. 

VI ET AR'MIS; with force and arms. 
VI'KING: a Scandinavian sea pirate. [pasha. 
VILA YET'; a Turkish province ruled by a 























Villafranca 245 Voltameter 

VILLAFRAN'CA; Italy, pop. 9,000; Treaty of. 
1859, bet. France and Sardinia (victors) and 
Austria (beaten). [1519. 

VINCI. LEONARDO DA; Italian painter, 1452- 

VIN'CULUM; a binding together; a bond. 

VINE'LAND; the S. coast of Mass. [1821. 

VIR'CHOW, R. VON; German pathologist, b. 

VIRGIL; a Roman epic poet, 70-19 B. C. 

VIRGINIA, VA.j named after Queen Elizabeth of 
England, “Virgin Queen.” Nickname, “Old Do¬ 
minion State.” Settled in 1607 at Jamestown 
by the English. One of the original thirteen 
States. Area 42,330 sq. m.; population, 1910, 
2,061.612. Temperature, 57 deg. j rainfall 42 
ins; railroads, 3,775 m. Agriculture, mining 
and manufacturing principal industries. Leads 
in peanuts, third in tobacco. Rich in coal, iron, 
granite, limestone and marbles. Electors, 12. 
Democratic since 1876. Representatives, 10. 
Governor elected for four years; salary, $5,000. 
Capital, Rtchmond. 

VOLCANIC DISASTERS. Lives lost. 

Feb, 24. 79—Pompeii and Herculaneum 

destroyed by eruption of Mt.Vesuvius, 30.000 
1137—Catania,Sicily, Mt.jEtna eruption, 16,000 
1268—Cilicia, Asia Minor, earthquake.. 60,000 
Dec. 5, 1456—Earthquake at Naples.... 40,000 
Feb. 26, 1531—Earthquake at Lisbon... 30,000 
July 30,1626—Earthquake at Naples... 70.000 

April 6, 1667—Schamaki destroyed. 80,000 

Sept., 1693—Earthquake in Sicily de¬ 
stroyed 54 cities and 300 villages.100,000 

Feb. 2,1703—Jeddo, Japan, destroyed. .200,000 
Nov. 30, 1731—Earthquake at Pekin . .100,000 
Oct. 28,1746—At Lima and Callao, Peru, 18,000 
Sept., 1754—Grand Canary destroyed. . 40,000 
June 7, 1755—Kashan, Persia, engulfed. 40,000 
Nov.1,1755—Great earthquake and tidal 
wave in Spain and Portugal; 50,000 
people of Lisbon perished; Coimbra, 

Oporto, Braga and St. Ubes overturned. 

Malaga, Spain, razed. 12,000 killed 

at Fez, Morocco.100,000 

Feb. 4,1797—Panama and Quito buried, 40,000 
Aug. 10,1822—Aleppo, Syria, destroyed, 20,000 
Dec. 16,1857—Calabria,Sicily, destroyed, 10,000 
July 2, 1863—Earthquake at Manila.... 1,060 

Aug. 31,1868—In Peru and Ecuador.... 25,000 
Oct. 20, 1883—Eruptions in Java and 

Sumatra.100,000 

Aug. 31,1886—Earthquake at Chai les- 

ton, S. C. 41 

May 8, 1902 — St. Pierre, Martinique, 

eruption of Mt. Pelee. .. 30,000 

May 8,1902—St.Vincent.W. I., eruption, 2,500 
VOL'NEY, C. F.; & French writer, 

VOLT; the standard unit of electric motive 
force. 

VOL'TA, A.; Italian scientist, 1745-1827. 
VOLTAIRE', AROUET DE; famous French 
author, 1694-1778. [trie currents. 

VOLTAM'ETER; a device for measuring elec* 







Von Moltke 246 Vote 

VON MOLT'KE, H. VON; famous German 

General, 1800-92. 

VOS'GES; a chain of mountains of E. France. 

VOTE, POPULAR. For Presidential condldates 

from 1824 to and including 1908. (Prior to 

1824 the electors were chosen by the legisla¬ 
tures of the different states.) 

1824—J. Q. Adams had 105,321 to 156,872 for 
Jackson, 44,282 for Crawford and 46,687 for 
Clay. Jackson over Adams, 50,651. Adams 
less than combined vote of others, 140,869. 
Of the whole vote Adams had 29,92 per 
cent, Jackson 44.27, Clay 13.23, Crawford 
13.23. Adams elected by house of repre¬ 
sentatives. 

1828—Jackson had 647,231 to 509,097 for J. Q. 
Adams. Jackson’s majority, 138,134. Of 
the whole vote Jackson had 65.97 per cent, 
Adams 44.03. 

1832—Jackson had 687,502 to 530,189 few Clay 
and 33,108 for Floyd and Wirt combined. 
Jackson’s majority, 124,205. Of the whole 
vote Jackson had 54.96 per cent, Clay 42.39 
and the others combined 2.65. 

1836—Van Buren had 761,549 to 736,656, the 
combined vote for Harrison, White, Web¬ 
ster and Mangum. Van Buren’s majority, 
24,893. Of the whole vote T^an Buren had 
60.83 per cent and the others combined 
49.17. 

1840—Harrison had 1,275,017 to 1,128,702 for 
Van Buren and 7,059 for Birney. Harri¬ 
son’s majority, 139,256. Of the whole vote 
Harrison had 52.89 per cent, Van Buren 
46.82 and Birney .29. 

1844—Polk had i 337,243 to 1,299,068 for Clay 
and 62,300 for Birnev. Polk over Clay, 
38,175. Polk less than others combined, 
24.125. Of the whole vote Pelk had 49 56 
per cent, Clay 48.14 and Birney 2.21. 

1848—Taylor had 1,360,101 to 1,220,544 for Cass 
and 291,263 for Van Buren. Taylor over 
Cass, 139,577. Taylor less than others com¬ 
bined, 151,706. Of the whole vote Taylor 
had 47.36 per cent, Cass 42.50 and Van 
Buren 10.14. 

1862—Pierce had 1,601,474 to 1.316,678 for Scott 
and 156,149 for Hale. Pierce over all, 68,- 
747. Of the whole vote Pierce had 59.9# per 
cent, Scott 44.10 and Hale 4.97. 

1856—Buchanan had 1,838.169 to 1,841,264 for 
Fremont and 874,634 for Fillmore. Buchan¬ 
an over Fremont, 496,905. Buchanan less 
than combined vote of others, 377,629. Of 
the whole vote Tuchanan had 45.34 per 
cent, Fremont 33.09 and Fillmore 21.57. 

1860—Lincoln had 1,866,352 to 1,375,157 for 
Douglas, 845,763 for Breckinridge and 589,- 
581 for Bell. Lincoln over Breckinridge. 
491,195. Lincoln less than Douglas and 
Breckinridge combined, 354,568. Lincoln 
less than combined vote ®f all others, 944,- 


Vote 247 Vote 

149. Of the whole vote Lincoln had 39.91 
per cent, Douglas 29.40, Breckinridge 18.08 
and Bell 12.61. 

1864—Lincoln had 2,216,067 to 1,808.725 for 
McClellan (eleven states not voting, viz.: 
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, 

Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, 

South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Vir¬ 
ginia). Lincoln’s majority, 408,342. Of the 
whole vote Lincoln had 55.06 per cent and 
McClellan 44.94. 

1868—Grant had 3,015,071 to 2,709,613 for Sey¬ 
mour (three states not voting, viz.: Missis¬ 
sippi, Texas and Virginia). Grant’s ma¬ 
jority, 305,458. Of the whole vote Grant 
had 52.67 per cent and Seymour 47.33. 

1872—Grant had 3,597,070 to 2,834,079 for Gree¬ 
ley, 29,408 for O’Conor and 5,608 for Black. 
Grant’s majority, 729,975. Of the whole 
vote Grant had 55.63 per cent, Greeley 
43.83, O’Conor .15, Black .09. 

1876—Hayes had 4,033,950 to 4,284,885 for Til- 
den, 81,740 for Cooper, 9,522 for Smith ana 
2,636 scattering. Tilden’s majority over 

Hayes, 250,935. Tilden’s majority of the 
entire vote cast, 157,037. Hayes less than 
the combined vote of others, 344,833. Of 

the whole vote cast Hayes had 47.95 per 
cent, Tilden 50.94, Cooper .97, Smith .11, 
scattering .3. 

1880—Garfield had 4,449,053 to 4,442,035 for 
Hancock, 307,306 for Weaver and 12,676 
scattering. Garfield over Hancock, 7,018. 
Garfield less than the combined vote for 
others, 313,864. Of the popular vote Gar¬ 
field had 48.26 per cent, Hancock 48.25, 
Weaver 3.33, scattering .13. 

1884—Cleveland had 4,874,986 to 4,851,981 for 
Blaine, 150,569 for St. John, 173,370 for But¬ 
ler. Cleveland had over Blaine 23,006. 
Cleveland had 48.48 per cent, Blaine 48.22, 
St. John 1.49, Butler 1.74. 

1888—Harrison had 5,441,902 to 5,538,560 for 
Cleveland, 249,937 for Fisk, 147,521 for 
Streeter, 3,073 for Cowdney, 1,591 for Curtis 
and 9,845 scattering. Harrison had 96,658 
less than Cleveland. Of the whole vote 
Harrison had 47.83 per cent, Cleveland 
48.63, Fisk 2.21 and Streeter 1.30. 

1892—Cleveland had 5,556,562 to 5,162,874 for 
Harrison, 264,066 for Bidwell, 1,055,424 for 
Weaver and 22,613 for Wing. Of the whole 
vote Cleveland had 45.73 per cent, Harri¬ 
son 42.49, Bidwell 2.17 and Weaver 8.67. 

1896—McKinley had 7,507,822; Bryan, 6.611,- 
073; Levering, 130,683; Bentley, 13,950; 
Matchett, 33,545; Palmer, 133,800. Of the 
whole vote McKinley had 50.49 per cent 
and Bryan had 46.26. 


Voting 248 Voting „ 

1900—McKinley had 7 207,924; Bryan. 6,358,- 
133; Woolley, 208,914; Barker, 60,373 ; Debs, 
87,814; Malloney, 39,739 ; Leonard, 1,059 ; 
Ellis, 5,698. 

1904—Roosevelt had 7,623,486; Parker, 5,077, 
971; Debs, 402,283; Swallow, 258,536; Wat¬ 
son, 117,183; Corrigan, 31,249. 

1908—Taft had 7,061,875; Brvan, 6,015,160; 
Debs, 482.000; Chapin, 260,000; Watson, 90,- 
000; Gilhaus, 32,000. 

Of the presidents Adams, Polk, Buchanan, Tay¬ 
lor, Lincoln, Hayes, Garfield, Harrison and Cleve¬ 
land, did not, when elected, receive a majority of 
the popular vote. Hayes and Harrison were 
elected presidents without a majority over their 
principal competitors—Tilden and Cleveland. 

VOTING SYSTEM, AUSTRAL.AN; Instructions 
for Voters. When entering the voting place, 
give your name, and if required, your resi¬ 
dence, to the Judges of Election. < 

If your name be found on the Register, you 
will be permitted to enter the enclosed space 
inside the guard rail. Then, if your vote 
be not challenged, one of the Judges will 
hand you a ballot, on the back of which he 
must write his initials. If your name be 
not on the Register, or has been erased, you 
cannot vote. 

If your vote be challenged, you will not re¬ 
ceive a ballot until you have established your 
right to vote, either under oath to the Judges 
of Election, or by affidavit. 

When you have received a ballot retire at 
once, alone, into one of the voting booths, 
and prepare your ballot for the ballot box 
by marking it as the law prescribes. 

At the top of each column you will find the 
name of each party ticket or list of candi¬ 
dates, as Democratic, Republican, Prohibi¬ 
tion, etc. The names of all the candidates 
of each party and each group of petitioners 
are to be found in that column directly be¬ 
neath the name of the party, and nowhere 
else. 

At the left of the party name, or heading 
of the different tickets, will be a circle half¬ 
inch in diameter. At the left of each name 
on the ballot will be a square quarter-inch 
on each side. To prepare your ballot for 
voting, you must mark it with a cross, either 
in the circle at the top of the ticket, or in 
the square before the name of each candi¬ 
date for whom you wish to vote; you can 
make this cross either with a pen or pencil. 

Do not mark your ballot in any way, ex¬ 
cept as directed below, and do not erase any 
names. 

The law of most states using the Australian 
ballot system, permits four methods of mark¬ 
ing the ballots for voting, as follows: 

1. To vote for all candidates of a party. 



Voting 249 Voting 

that Is to vote a straight party ticket, mark 
a cross in the circle at the head of the 
ticket, mark a cross in the circle at the head 
ticket of your choice, a ballot so marked 
will be counted for all the candidates 
in the column under the circle so marked. 

This is the Illinois State law. Similar 
laws, differing only in unimportant details, 
are in use in a majority of the States of the 
Union. 

2. To split or scratch a ballot make a cross 
in the circle at the head of the ticket of 
your choice, and then make a cross in the 
square before the name or names of any 
candidates for whom you want to vote on any 
other ticket or tickets. A ballot so marked 
will be counted for all of the candidates on 
the ticket under the circle marked, except 
for the offices for which the names of candi¬ 
dates are marked on the other ticket or tick¬ 
ets on the ballot, and the latter will be 
counted for the candidates marked in the 
square on those tickets. But voters are cau¬ 
tioned against marking a ballot by this 
method when there is more than one candi¬ 
date to be elected to the same office on the 
same ballot, as in case of Presidential 
Electors, Congressman-at-Large, etc. The 
law says: “If the voter marks more names 
than there are persons to be elected to an 
office, his ballot shall not be counted for such 
office.” Therefore, if you wish to split your 
ticket on presidential Electors, Congressmen- 
at-Large, etc., you should do so by placing a 
cross (X) opposite the names of all those you 
wish to vote for, but you must be careful not 
to make a cross (X) opposite the names of 
more than the number of men to be elected 
for each office. When there is but one candi¬ 
date to be elected to the same office on the 
same ballot, the danger of confusion above 
pointed out does not arise. A safe way to 
“split” a ticket, however, is to mark the 
name of each candidate for whom you want 
to vote in the squares and leave the circle 
blank. 

3. Another method of marking a ballot, 
that is, to vote for some of the candidates 
on one ticket and remaining candidates on 
another ticket, leave all the circles blank and 
mark a cross in the square to the left of 
each candidate of your choice. A ballot so 
marked will be counted only for the candi¬ 
date marked. But be careful not to mark 
more names than there are persons to be 
elected to office, or your ballot will not be 
counted for such office. 

4. If the voter desires to vote for a candi¬ 
date not on the ticket of his choice, he may 
write in the name of the candidate of his 
choice in the blank space on the tloket 


Voting ooU Voting 

making a cross (X) before the name writ 

ten in. 

Where the word ballot is used in this in¬ 
struction the entire sheet given to the voter 
by the Judge of Election is meant. 

Where the word ticket is used, only a 
single party group of candidates is meant. 

In voting on any proposition submitted to 
vote, and printed on the ballot, make a cross 
(X), mark in the column opposite the head¬ 
ings “Yes” or “No,” and your ballot will 
be counted “for,” if you mark opposite 
“Yes” and “against,” if you mark opposite 
“No.” 

Before leaving the voting booth fold your 
ballot so as to conceal the marks, and to 
expose the official endorsement on the back. 

Leave the booth and hand your ballot to 
the judge in charge of the ballot box, who, 
without numbering it, must deposit it in the 
box. 

You will not be allowed to occupy a voting 
booth with another voter. 

You will not be allowed to occupy a booth 
more than five minutes, if others are waiting 
to vote. 

You will not be allowed to remain in the 
enclosed space more than ten minutes, and 
you must quit it as soon as you have voted. 

You will not be allowed to re-enter the 
enclosed space, after you have voted, during 
the election. 

You will not be allowed to take a ballot 
from the polling place. 

You will not be allowed to vote any ballot 
except the one you received from the judges. 

If you spoil a ballot in preparing it, you 
must return it and ask for another in the 
place of it. Do not vote a torn or mutilated 
ballot. 

If a voter will declare upon oath that he 
cannot read the English language, or that 
by reason of physical disability he is unable 
to mark his ballot, upon request he will be 
assisted by two of the election officers, ap¬ 
pointed for that purpose, of opposite political 
parties. These officers will mark the ballot 
as directed by the voter. 

Intoxication will not be regarded as a phy-> 
sical disability, and if a voter is intoxicated, 
he will receive no assistance in marking his 
ballot. 1 

The polls will be opened at 6 o’clock In the 
morning and closed at 4 o’clock in the even¬ 
ing. Between these hours voters are entitled 
to absent themselves from their place of 
employment ftr the period of two hours for 
the purpose of voting. They will not be 
liable to any penalty for their absence, nor 
shall any deduction be made from their wages 
or salary on that account; but they must ask 


Vox Dei 251 Wallenstein 

for leave of absence before the day of elec¬ 
tion, and their employer may specify the 
hours during which they may be absent. 

VOX DEI; the voice of God. 

VOX POP'ULI; the voice of the people. 

V. S.; Veterinary Surgeon. VS.; against. 

VT.; Vermont. 

VUL'CAN (Myth.); the god of fire, the son of 
Jupiter and Juno. He offended Jupiter, was 
by him thrown out of heaven; and dropped 
with such violence that he broke his leg, and 
was lame forever after; was married to 
Venus. 

VUL., VULGATE; the Latin version of the 
Bible accepted by R. C. church. Prepared 
by St. Jerome about 350 A. D. 

VUL'PES; a fox. 

VUL'TURE; a large S. A. bird of prey. 

W 

W. ; West. [long. 

WA'BASH; a river of Ind. and Ill., 500 m. 

WACHT AM RHEIN; a German patriotic song. 

WADE, BENJAMIN F.; Amer. jurist, 1800-78. 

WAGES, TABLE 0*'— 


Data 

$ 3.50 

$ 4 . 0 C 

► $ 4.50 

$ 5.00 

$ 5,50 

$ 6.00 

$ 6.50 

1... 

2... 

3 .. . 

4 .. . 

5 .. . 

6 .. . 

• 58 * 

1 . 16 * 

1.75 

2 . 33 * 

2 . 91 * 

3.50 

. 66 * 

1 . 33 * 

2.00 

2 . 66 * 

3 . 33 * 

4.00 

.75 

1.50 
2.25 
3.00 
3.75 

4.50 

• 83 * 

1 .^ 5 * 

2 . 5 u 

3 . 33 * 

4 . 16 * 

500 

• 91 * 

1 . 83 * 

2.75 

3 . 66 * 

4 . 58 * 

5.50 

1.00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

108 * 

2 . 16 * 

3.25 

4 - 32 * 

5 . 41 * 

6.50 

Data 

$ 7.00 

$ 7.50 

$ 8.00 

$ 9.00 

$10 

$11 

$12 

1... 

2... 

3 .. . 

4.. . 

6.. . 
6... 

1 . 16 * 

2 33 * 

3.50 

4 . 66 * 

6 . 83 * 

7.00 

1.25 

2.50 
3,75 
5.00 

6.25 

7.50 

133 * 

2 . 66 * 

4.00 

5 . 33 * 

5 . 66 * 

3.00 

1.50 
3.00 

4.50 
6.00 

7.50 
7.50 

1.66 

3 . 33 * 

5.00 

5.66 

3 . 33 * 

L 0.00 

1 . 83 * 

3.66 

5.50 

7 33 * 
9.16 
LI .00 

2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

10.00 

12.00 


To find wages at $13, $14, $15, $16, or more per 
week find the amount at $6.50, $7, $7.50, $8., etc., 
and multiply by 2. 

WAG'NER, RICHARD; Ger. composer (The 
Tannhauser), 1813-83. [dans. 

WAHA'BEES; a sect of reformed Mohamme- 
WAITE, M. R.; Chief Justice of U. S., 1818-88. 
WALDEN'SES; a sect of religious reformers. 
1180. 

WALES; a principality on the W. coast of 
Eng.; area 7,363 sq. m.; pop. 1,519,035. 
WALK'ER, R. J.; Amer. statesman, 1801-69. 
WALK'ER, W.; Amer. filibuster in South and 
Central America, 1824-60. 

WALK'ING DEL'EGATE; one who watches the 
outside interest of trades-unions. 

WAL'LACE, SIR WILLIAM; a popular Scot¬ 
tish hero, 1274-1306. [with Roumania. 

WALLA'CHIA; a Turkish province now united 
WAL'LA WAL'LA; a river of Washington. 
WALLENSTEIN, COUNT; Aust. general, 1583- 






























Walpole 252 Washington 

1634. [1717-97. 

WAL'POLE, H . ; Eng. writer and statesman, 

WALPUR'GIS NIGHT; a Ger. festival on May 1. 

WAL'RUS; a marine Arctic animal. 

WAL'TER, J.; founder of the London 
“Times,” 1736-1812. [1593-1683. 

WAL'TON, IZAAK; Eng. angler and author, 

WALTZ; a Ger. national dance. 

WAM'PUM; shell beads used as money by 
Amer. Indians. 

WAN'DERING JEW; according to ancient 
legend, a person condemned by Christ, for an 
insult on Calvary, to always wander over 
the world and never die. 

WAR BETWEEN U. S. AND MEXICO; May 
13, 1846, to Feb. 2, 1848. 

WAR OF 1812; from June, 1812, to Dec., 1814, 
between Gr. Britain and U. S. 

WAR DEPART'MENT; has a Secretary, Asst. 
Sec’y, Chief Clerk, Adjt. Gen., Inspector 
Gen., Quarter-Master-Gen., Comm’r-Gen., 
Surgeon-Gen., Paymaster-Gen., Chief of En¬ 
gineers, Judge Advocate Gen., Chief Signal 
Officer, and numerous other clerks. 

WAR LOAN OF 1898, The People’s. July 10, 
1898, when the time expired for receiving 
proposals for the war bonds, the following 
statement was given out by the Treasury 
Department: 

Total amount of bond loan.$ 200,000,000 

Total amount subscribed. 1,200,000.000 

Total amount of money deposited 600,000,000 
Highest Individual allotments... 10,000 

Lowest individual allotments.... 20 

Less than $5,000 subscriptions 

accepted . 50,000,000 

Less than $500 subscriptions ac¬ 
cepted . 10,000,000 

WAR WITH SPAIN (see Spanish-American 
War). [humorist, 1834-67. 

WARD, ARTEMUS, (C. F. Browne); Amer. 

WARD, J. Q. A.; Amer. sculptor, b. 1830. 

WARE, WM.; Amer. author, 1797-1852; (Zeno- 
bia, etc.) 

WARNER, C. D.; Amer. author, b. 1829. 

WAR'PAINT; colors used by N. A. Indians, on 
their faces especially. 

WAR'RANT; a guarantee; a writ; a certificate. 

WARREN, J.: Amer. patriot, 1741-75. [638,209. 

WAR'SAW; cap. of Russian Poland, pop. 

WARTS, TO CURE; soak them with acetic 
acid and apply lunar caustic. 

WARWICK; a castle and town of England; 
Earl of W., “the King-Maker,” 1428-71. 

WASH'BURN, E. B.; Amer. statesman, 1816-87. 

WASH.; Washington, D. C.; cap. of the U. S., 
pop. 278,718. 

WASH'INGTON, GEO., GEN.; Commander of 
the Continental army, appointed and took 
command at Cambridge, Mass., June 15, 1775; 
b. Feb. 22, 1732; d. Dec. 14, 1799; (see Preti- 
dents). 






Washington 253 Water 

WASHINGTON, WASH.; (State) named after Geo. 
Washington, 1st President. Nickname, “Chinook 
State.” Visited by Spaniards 1775; Columbia 
River ascended 1792; first settlement 1811; 
area, 70,574 sq. miles; admitted as a State 
1889 ; pop. 1910, 1,141, 990; temp. 50 degrees; 
rainfall, 53 inches; railroads, 3,510 m. Agricul¬ 
ture, lumbering, mining, manufacturing and 
fisheries principal industries. Forests are very 
extensive and valuable. The horticultural indus¬ 
try is rapidly developing. Plums, apples, cher¬ 
ries, grapes and pears are principal fruits raised; 
berries also are extensively cultivated. Electors, 
seven; rep. 1892-1900-08; dem.. 1896; repre¬ 
sentatives five; governor elected for four years; 
salary, $6,000; capital, Olympia. 

WASHINGTON MONUMENT; 555 ft. 5 % in. 
high; begun 1848, completed 1884; cost 
$1,187,710.31; located at Washington, D. C. 

WASH'IT A; a river of Arkansas and Louisiana. 

WATCH'ES; first in Nuremberg, 1477. 

WATER, SIMPLE TESTS FOR IMPURE— 
The presence of organic impurity in water 
can be detected by dissolving some loaf 
sugar in it, and then, after putting in a 
tight stopper, allowing it to stand in a 
warm, well-lighted room for a few days. If 
it becomes turbid, there are organic Im¬ 
purities in it; if it remains clear it is safe 
to drink. To test the presence of earthy 
matters, take litmus paper which has turned 
red by being dipped in vinegar, and if, on 
immersion, the paper returns to its true 
shade (blue), the water does not contain 
earthy matter or alkali. If a few drops of 
sirup be added to water containing an earthy 
matter, it will turn green. To ascertain if 
the water contains iron, boil a little nut 
gall and add to the water. If it turns gray 
or slate black iron is present. Or dissolve a 
little prussiate of potash, and if iron is 
present it will turn blue. The presence of 
carbonic acid may be ascertained, even in 
very small quantities, thus; Take equal 
parts of water and clear lime water. If com¬ 
bined or free carbonic acid is present, a pre¬ 
cipitate is formed, to which, if a few drops 
of muriatic acid be added, an effervescence 
commences. To detect magnesia, boil the 
water to a twentieth part of its weight, and 
then drop a few grains of neutral carbonate 
of ammonki into a glass of it, and a few 
drops of phosphate of soda. If magnesia be 
present it will fall to the bottom. Even a 
small quantity of lime is detected If into a 
glass of water we put two drops of oxalic 
acid and blow upon it. If it gets milky lime 
is present. The presence of any acid can be 
shown by dipping into the water a piece of 
litmus paper. If it turns red there must be 
acid. If it precipitates on adding lime 
water it Is carbonic acid. The unfailing test 



Watered Stock 254 West 

for hard or soft water is to take a little good 
soap and dissolve It In alcohol. A few drops 
of this In a vessel of water will turn it 
quite milky if it is hard; if it is soft it will 
remain clear. 

WA'TERED STOCK; increase of shares with¬ 
out increase of property. [35,000. 

WA'TERFORD; a seaport city of Ireland, pop. 

WA'TERLOO; a village of Belgium; Battle of, 
'June 18, 1815, destroying Napoleon’s power; 
the British and Prussians victorious, under 
Wellington and Blucher. 

WAT'KIN’S GLEN; in Central N. Y., at the 
head of Seneca Lake. [a horse-power. 

WATT; an electrical unit of power, 746 equal 

WATT, JAMES; Scottish engineer, 1736-1819. 

WA'VERLEY NOVELS; those by Sir Walter 
Scott; anonymous until 1827. 

WAYNE, ANTHONY Amer. Gen., 1745-96. 

WAYNES'BORO, VA.; Battle of, Mar. 3, 1865. 

WAYS AND MEANS; a committee on financial 
measures. 

W. C. T. U.; Women’s Christian Temperance 
Union, founded 1874; membership, 600,000. 

WEALTH SUNK in the Ocean. The long list 
of treasure ships which lie at the bottom of 
the sea include L’Orient, sunk by Nelson 
at the battle of the Nile, with $3,000,000 
aboard; the Latune, sunk in the Zuyder Zee, 
with $7,000,000 in her hold; the De Brake, 
lost off Delaware Bay, with Spanish bullion, 
and the ship Golden Gate, which Went down 
off Cape Hatteras while returning from Cali¬ 
fornia in the 50s, loaded with void. Official 
statistics show that 2,000 vessels are sunk 
annually, the vesssels and cargoes being 
valued at $100,000,000. 

WEATH'ER BU'REAU; (see Signal Service). 

WEB'STER, DANIEL; Amer. statesman, 1782- 
1852. [1843. 

WEB'STER, NOAH; Amer. lexicographer, 1768- 

WED. ; Wednesday. [1730-95. 

WEDGWOOD, JOSIAH; Eng. ceramic potter, 

WED'DING ANNIVER'SARIES; 5th, wooden; 
10th, tin; 16th, crystal; 20th, china; 25th, 
silver; 50th, golden; 60th, pearl; 75th, dia¬ 
mond. 

WEDNES'DAY; the 4th day of the week. 

WEED, THURLOW; Amer. journalist, 1797-1882. 

WEJI HAI WEI; a naval station in Pechili 
Gulf, N. E. China. See Japanese-Russian-War. 

WELDON RAILROAD; Battle of, June 23, 
1864, the Federals victorious. [Ontario. 

WEL'LAND CANAL'; connects Lakes Erie and 

WEL'LINGTON, DUKE OF; Eng. Gen., con¬ 
queror of Napoleon at Waterloo, 1769-1852. 

WELLS, D. A.; Amer. economist, b. 1828. 

WEL'TER-WEIGHT; one who fights at 148 lbs. 

WE'NER; a large lake in S. Sweden. 

WE'SER; a river of Germany. 

WES’LEY, JOHN; Methodist divine, 1703-91. 

WEST. BEN'JAMIN; Amer. painter, 1738-1820. 


Western Reserve 255 Wlien 

WEST'ERN RESERVE'; 3,666,921 acres, em¬ 
bracing a strip about 60 miles wide along 
Lake Erie from Sandusky Co., O., to Pa. 

WEST IN'DIES; a large number of islands S. 
E. of the U. S., among which are Porto Rico 
and all islands formerly under Spanish rule 
but now under U. S. supremacy; Cuba is in 
a state of half independence; Hayti and San 
Domingo are independent republics, the 
others belong to the Netherlands, Denmark, 
England and France. [abbey of 13th century. 

WEST'MINSTER; a celebrated London Church and 

WEST VIRGINIA, W. Va.; Nickname “Pan Handle 
State.” Formerly a part of Virginia. Admitted 
as a State 1863 ; area, 24,504 sq. m.; pop. 1910> 
1,221,119; temp. 53 deg.; rainfall, 42 inches; 
railroads, 2,450 miles. Industries; agriculture, 
manufacturing and mining. Corn, hay, tobacco 
and small fruits leading products. Iron, steel, 
glass, pottery, leather, cotton and wool principal 
manufacturing products. State ranks third in 
coal output and production of natural gas. 
Electors, eight; dem. 1876 to 1892; rep. 1896- 
1908; representatives, six; governor elected for 
four years; salary, $5,000; cap. Charleston. 


WHEAT CROP OF THE WORLD BY COUNTRIES. 


Algeria. f ... .25,000,000 
Argen. Rep. 

& Chili....35.000,000 

Asia.42,000,000 

Austria.40,000,000 

Belgium.15,000,000 

Canada.61,000,000 

Denmark.... 1,820,000 

Egypt.10,000,000 

France.231,000,000 

Germany... 86,000,000 
Great Brit.. 71,000,000 
Hungary. .119,000,000 

WHEN FOLLOWING ST. 


Italy.102,000,000 

India.235,000,000 

Netherlandsl42,000,000 
Portugal.... 8,000,000 
Roumania.. .64,000,000 

Russia.186,000,000 

Servia.10,000,000 

Sweden & 

Norway.4,500,000 

Switzerland. .8,500,000 

Spain.75,500.000 

Turkey.21,000,000 

U. S.600,000,000 

TES WERE ADMITTED. 


(32) Vermont,4 March, 1791; Kentucky, June 1, 
1792; Tennessee, June 1, 1796; Ohio, Nor. 29, 
1802; Louisiana,30 April, 1812; Indiana, 11 Dec., 
1816; Mississippi,Dec. 10,1817; Illineis, Dec. 3, 
1818; Alabama, Dec. 14,1818; Maine, March 15, 
1820 ; Missouri, August 10, 1821 ; Arkansas, 
June 15,1836; Michigan, Jan. 26,1837; Florida, 
March 3,1845; Texas, December 29, 1845; Iowa, 
Dec. 28,1848; Wisconsin, May 29, 1848; Califor¬ 
nia, September 9, 1850; Minnesota, May 11, 1868; 
Oregon, February 14,1859; Kansas, January 29, 
1861; West Virginia, 19 June, 1863; Nevada, Oct. 
31, 1864; Nebraska, March 1, 1867; Colorado. 
August 1,1876; N. Dakota, November 2, 1889; S. 
Dakota, Nov. 2, 1889; Montana, Nov. 8, 1889; 
Washington, Nov. 11.1889; Idaho, July 3,1890; 
Wyoming, July 11,1890; Utah, January 4, 1896. 
* Thirteen Original States, as follows :— Delaware, 
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, 
Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, Virginia, 
New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Rhode 
Island. Constitution adopted March 4, 1789. 




















Wheeler 256 Wild Animate 

WHEEL'ER, W. A.; (see V. Presidents). 

WHIS'KEY REBEL'LION IN PA.; caused by 
excise duties, 1794. 

WHIS'TLER, J. A. M.; Amer. painter, b. 1834. 

WHIS'TON, W.; an Eng. clergyman; (Jose¬ 
phus), 1667-1752. 

WHITE CAPS; a self-canstituted vigilance 
committee in the S. States after civil war. 

WHITE, RICHARD G.; Amer. author, 1821-85. 

WHITE'FIELD, G.; famous Eng. preacher, 
1714-70. [Executive Mansion. 

WHITE' HOUSE; residence of the President; 

WHITE LADY; an apparition said to appear 
to certain European nobles before a death. 

WHITE MTS.; from Katahdin, Me., nearly 
across N. H. [ascending from Khartoum. 

WHITE NILE; the right branch of the Nile in 

WHITE RIV'ER; a river of Ark. and Mo., 800 
m. long. [Mt. Carmel. 

WHITE RIV'ER, ILL.; from near Petersburg to 

WHITE SEA; an arm of the Arctic in N. W. 
Russia. [in W. Va. 

WHITE SUL'PHUR SPRINGSwatering-place 

WHITE SWEL'LING; a disease of the knee- 
joint. 

WHITE WA'TER; a river of Mo., 250 m. long. 

WHIT'LOW; a felon, q.v.; disease of the joints. 

WHIT'MAN, WALT.; Amer. poet, 1819-92. 

WHIT'NEY, ELI; inventor of cotton-gin, 1765- 
1825. 

WHIT'NEY, W. D.; Amer. philologist, 1827-94. 

WHIT'-SUNDAY; the 7th Sunday after Easter. 

WHIT'TIER, JOHN G.; the Quaker poet, 1807-92. 

WHIT'WORTH, SIR JOSEPH; Eng. mechani¬ 
cian, 1803-87. 

WHOOP'ING COUGH; a persistent, clinging 
cough. Cure: put 1 oz. of garden thyme in 
a pint of boiling water, boil 20 minutes; 
strain and sweeten. Dose, 1 or 2 teaspoon¬ 
fuls every hour or two, according to age. 

WHY'DAH; a seaport of W. Africa. 

WHYM'PER, E.; Eng. traveller, b. 1840. 

W. I.: West Indies. 

WICK'LOW; a seaport and county of Ireland. 

WIESBA'DEN; a city and watering-place of 
* Germany, pop. 86,111 * [pop. 44 000. 

WIG'AN; a manufacturing town of England, 

WIL'BERFORCE, W.; a celebrated Eng. M.P., 
who secured the freedom of slaves through 
English colonies, 1759-1833. 

WILD ANIMALS, REPTILES AND BIRDS, 
COST OF. Hamburg, Antwerp and London 
have a regular trade in the following speci¬ 
mens: Lion (South Africa), $1,500; lioness 
(South Africa), $500; lion (North Africa), 
$800: lioness (North Africa!. $400; lion (Asia). 
$750; lioness (Asia), $350; tiger (Bengal), 
$800; tigress (Bengal), $450; cubs of above, 
$150 to $300; puma, a pair, $400; leopards, 
$250; cheetah, a pair, $350; dromedary, $150; 
gazelles, a pair, $50; gnus, $600; bison 
(America), $500; hippopotamus, $2,000; Bac- 


Wildcat 257 Wind 

trian camel, $250; kangaroo (great red), 
$150; ourang-outang, $500; chimpanzee, $350; 
wapiti, $100; gorilla (full grown), $10,000; 
Cape eland, a pair, $700; emus, a pair, $100; 
polar bear, $250; brown bear, $50; sloth 
bear, $125; sea lion, $500; seal, $20; elephant 
(Burmah), $1,500; elephant (Africa), $2,500; 
rhinoceros (India), $2,000; rhinoceros (Africa), 
$3,000; true zebra (Cape), $1,000; Burchell’s 
zebra, $700; giraffes, a pair, $6,000; llamas, 
a pair, $250; alpacas, a pair, $350; pythons, 
$10 to $100; rattlesnakes, $10 to $50; croco¬ 
diles, grown, $50; ostriches (Somali), $200; 
kiurs, a pair, $100; flamingoes, a pair, $50; 
pelicans, $30; cranes, a pair, $100; storks, a 
pair, $100; parrots (gray), $2 to $100. 
WILD'CAT BANKS; State banks of issue from 
1833-37. [the Federals victorious. 

WIL'DERNESS, VA.; Battle of, May 5-7, 1864; 
WILKES, C.; Amer. naval officer, 1801-77. 
WIL'KINSON, SIR JOHN G.; Eng. archaeol¬ 
ogist, 1797-1875. 

WILLIAM'ETTE; a river and co. of Or. 
WIL'LIAM I.; of England, The Conqueror, 
1027-87. 

WIL'LIAM I.; German Emperor, 1797-1888. 
WILLIAM II., Ger. Emperor, b. 1859. 
WIL'LIAM III.; Prince of Orange, King of Eng¬ 
land, etc., with his wife Mary, daughter of 
James II., 1650-1702. [1684. 

WIL'LIAMS, ROGER; founder of R. I., 1599- 
WILLIAMSBURG, VA.; Battle of, May 5, 1862. 
WIL'LIS, N. P.; Amer. author, 1806-67. 
"WIL'MOT PROVI'SO; a congressional measure; 
it prohibited slavery in the Mexican purchase 
of 1846. [159,568. 

WIL'NA; a city of European Russia, pop. 
WIL'SON, A.; Amer. ornithologist, 1766-1813. 
WIL'SON, H.; (see Vice-Presidents). 
WIL'SON’S CREEK, MO.; Battle of, Aug. 10, 
1862. [Federals victorious. 

WILSON’S RAID; Battle of, Mch. 22-24, 1865; 
WILSON TARIFF BILL; went into effect Aug. 

l, 1894; with few exceptions it ceased to 
operate when Dingley Bill was voted in 1897. 

WIL'TON; a town in Eng. noted for its car¬ 
pets, pop. 12,000. 

WIN'CHESTER, ENG.; noted for its cathedral. 
WIN'CHESTER, VA.; Battle of, June 14, 1863. 
WIN'DERMERE, a lake in N. W. of England. 
WIND RIV'ER MTS.; Rocky Mts. in E. Ore. 
WIND'SOR, ENG.; seat of Royal Castle; 22 

m. W. of London. 

WIND'WARD ISLANDS; N. E. of Venezuela. 
WIND, HIGHEST VELOCITY OF; IN U. S. Miles. 


Amarillo, Tex . 80 

Block Island, R. 1. 84 

Buffalo, N. Y. 90 

Cairo, III,. 84 

Canby, Fort. Washington..... 104 

Charleston, S. C. 96 

Chicago, Ill. 64 


9 









Winnebago 258 Woden 

Corpus Christi, Tex. 80 

Galveston, Tex.... 84 

Hatteras, N. C. 105 

Key West, Fla. 88 

Kittyhawk, N. C. 100 

Memphis, Tenn. 75 

Nashville, Tenn. 75 

New York, N. Y. 80 

North Platte, Neh. 96 

St. Louis, Mo..... 80 

Savanah, Ga. 80 

Sioux City, Iowa. 84 

Pounds pressure per sq. ft. 

Calm from 0 to 3 miles. 004 to .036 

Light air, 4 to 8 miles.064 to .104 

Light breeze, 9 to 13 miles.369 

Gentle breeze, 14 to 18 miles.762 

Moderate breeze, 19 to 23 miles. 1.27 

Fresh Breeze, 24 to 28 miles. 2.64 

Moderate gale, 35 to 40 miles. 3.50 

Fresh gale, 41 to 48 miles. 4.44 

Strong gale, 49 to 56 miles. 6.66 

Whole gale, 67 to 65 miles. 9.22 

Storm, 66 to 75 miles. 12.2 

Hurricane, 76 and over. 15.5 to 22.8 

WINNEBA'GO; a lake in E. Wisconsin. 


WIN'NIPEG; a lake of S- Brit. N. A., 240 by 
65 m. 

WIN'NIPEG; a district of Manitoba. 

WINNEPESAU'KEE; a lake in S. E. of N. H., 
23 by 10 m. 

WINSLOW, EDWARD- one of the founders of 
Plymouth colony, 1620; 3 times its Governor, 
1696-1655. 

WIN'SLOW, J. A.; Amer. naval officer, 1811-73. 

WISCONSIN, WIS.; an Indian word meaning “wild, 
rushing channel ” Nicknamed, “Badger State.’’ 
Explored in 1634 by the French. Settled at La 
Pointe in 1665. Organized as Territory April 
20,1836; admitted as a State May 29,1848; 
area, 65,805 sq. m.; pop 2.333,860: temp. 60 
to 70 degrees; rainfall: 30 inches/ railroads, 
8,068 miles. Principal industries: agriculture, 
lumbering ahd manufacturing. Products: cereals 
of all kind, fruits, apples, cherries, plums, straw¬ 
berries, etc. Manufactures, beer, wagons, car¬ 
riages, foundry products, etc. In 1900 the State 
ranked first in the lumber industry. Electors, 13; 
Dem. 1876 to 1792; rep 1896 to 1908; repre¬ 
sentatives. 11; governor elected for two years; 
salary $5,000; capital, Madison. 

WISE, H. A.; Amer. statesman, 1806-76. 

WITCH'CRAFT; a supposed exercise of super¬ 
natural power prevailing from the days of 
Saul (I. Samuel xxvili. 7-26) down to the 
present time; witches burned by the Puri¬ 
tans, in Salem, 1692. 

“WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE; WITH 
CHARITY FOR ALL;” Lincoln, 1865. 

WO'DEN (Myth.); the Anglo-Saxon form of 
the Scandinavian name Odin; Wednesday 18 
called after him. 




























Woffington 259 World’s Fair 

WOF'FINGTON, PEG; an Irish actress, 1710-60. 
WOLFE, J.; an English General, 1726-69. 
WOL'LASTON LAND; a region in the Arctic 
ocean. 

WOLSELEY, LORD; British Gen., b. 1833. 
WOL'SEY, THOMAS; Eng. cardinal and states* 
man (under Henry VIII.), 1471-1530. 
WOM'AN’S RIGHTS; a question lnvolying 
their political status, their legal rights and 
disabilities. [blocks. 

WOOD ENGRAV'ING; figures drawn and cut on 
WOOL, J. E.; Amer. General, 1784-1869. 
WOOL'SACK; the British Lord Chancellor’s 
seat stuffed with wool. [ 89 . 

WOOL'SEY, T. D.; Pres, of Yale College, 1801- 
WOOL WICH; Eng. naval station 8 m. from 
London. 

WORCESTER, J. E.; Amer. lexicographer, 
1784-1865. [cathedral, pop. 35,000. 

WORCESTER: an English town noted for its 
WORDS'WORTH, W.; an Eng. poet, 1770-1851/. 
WOR'DEN, J. L.; Am. rear-admiral, 1818-97. 
WORLD’S BRIDGES, NOTABLE. The bridge 
at Burton over the Trent; once the 
longest bridge in England; 1,545 feet. The 
old London Bridge was the first stone bridge; 
commenced in 1176, completed in 1209. The 
Niagara Suspension Bridge was built by 
Roebling in 1852-55. Cost $400,000; 245 feet 
above water; 1,268 feet long; estimated 1,200 
tons. The Brooklyn Bridge was commenced 
under the direction of J. Roebling in 1870, 
and completed in about thirteen years; 3,475 
feet long, 135 high. Cost, $15,000,000. The 
Canti-Lever Bridge, 1884, over the Niagara, 
steel. Length, 910 feet; weight, 3,000 tons. 
Cost, 222,000. Rush street Bridge, Chicago, 
1884. The largest general traffic draw-bridge 
in the world. Will accommodate four teams 
abreast, and its foot passages are 7 feet wide 
in the clear. Cost, $132,000. Cincinnati, 
over the Ohio River (suspension), 2,220 
feet long. Highbridge, Harlem (stone), 

1,460 feet long. Victoria Bridge at Montreal 
over the St. Lawrence River (tubular), 9,144 
feet long. Louisville, over the Ohio River 
(truss), 5,218 feet long. St. Louis, over the 
Mississippi River (steel), 2,045 feet long. 
Cost, over $6,000,000. Trajan’s, over the Dan¬ 
ube River (stone), 4,770 feet long. The 

Bridge of the Holy Trinity, Florence, built 
In 1569 of marble, 322 feet long. 

WORLD’S COAL AREA. United States, 
192,000 sq. m.; British America, 18,000; Great 
Britain, 12,000; Spain, 4,000; France, 2,000; 
Germany, 1,800; Belgium, 518; Rest of Eu¬ 
rope, 100,000; China, 2,000; Japan, 5,000. 

WORLD’S FAIR; St. Louis. Opened Apr. 30,1904, 
Closed Dec. 1,1904. Area, 1240 acres, 128 acres 
under roof. Cost$50,000,000. In honor of the 
hundreth anniversary of the purchase of the 
Louisiana Territory- 


World’* Fair 260 Yacht 

Site and Cost of Principal Exhibition Palaces 


j Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 
Government. 756 ft. lg. Cost. .$450,000 


Agriculture. 500x1600 “ 

Horticulture.... 800x 400 “ ** 


529.940 

228,872 


Forestry, Fish 

and Game. 300x 600 “ “ 

Fine Arts. 836 “ “ 

Liberal Arts. 750x 525 “ “ 

Education. 525x 750 “ “ 

Manufactures.... 525x1200 “ “ 
Varied Industries 525x1200 “ “ 
Mines, Metallurgy 525x750 “ " 

Electricity. 750x525 “ “ 

Machinery. 525x1000 “ « 

Transportation.. 525x1300 “ “ 


171,000 

987,727 

497,917 

367,362 

719,399 

712,679 

498,000 

415.352 

510,086 

696,000 


WUR'TEMBERG; a kingdom of S. Germany. 

W. VA.; West Virginia. [Ind. 

WYANDOTTE'; a city and cave in Crawford, Co., 
WYCK'LIFFE, J.; Eng. reformer, 1324-84. 
WYOMING, WYO.; an Indian word meaning large 
plains. Explored by Spaniards about 1650; 
Fremont, 1842. Settled 1867, at Cheyenne. 
Organized as Territory July 25,1868; admitted 
as State July 10,1890. Area, 97,878 sq. m.; 
pop. 145,965. Temp. 44 degrees; rainfall 12 in.; 
railways, 1,456 m. Principal industry stock 
raising and mining. Agriculture under irriga¬ 
tion is rapidly increasing. Nearly 15,000,000 
acres will be made arable when the provisions of 
the national irrigation law are put into effect. 
Timber is quite extensive, and the mineral wealth 
still undeveloped to Its fullest capacity. The 
State is noted for its Yellowstone Nat. Park of 
3.350 sq. m. Electors, 3; rep. 1900-1908; dem. 
1896; representatives, 1; governor elected for 
four years; salary, $4,000; cap. Cheyenne. 


X 


X RAYS, a new electric light penetrating 
opaque bodies and even revealing the bones 
and organs within living persons or animals. 
Discovered in 1896 by Roentgen, q.v. 

XANTHIP'PE; the scolding wife of Socrates. 

XAVIER, ST. FRANCIS; a Jesuit missionary, 
1506-52; one of the early directors of the 
Order of Jesuits. 

XEN'OPHON; Athenian Gen. and historian, 
430-357 B. C. 

XERX'ES; King of Persia, son of Darius, 619- 
465 B. C.; the Biblical Ahasuerus. 

XIME'NES; a Spanish Cardinal and prime 
minister, 1436-1517. 

XMAS; Christmas. XN.; Christian. 

XYLOG'RAPHY; a style of engraving on wood. 

XY'LONITE; a kind of celluloid. 












Yale 261 Yemen 

YALE COL'LEGE; New Haven, Conn., found 
ed 1701. 

YA'LU RIV'ER; between Corea and China. 

YA'MA (Myth.); the Hindoo devil, represented 
as a terrible monster of green color, with 
flaming eyes. [2,500 m. long. 

YANG-TSE-KIANG'; largest river of China. 

YAN'KEE; a soubriquet for a native of New 
England. [English ballad. 

YAN'KEE DOO'DLE; from Nanky Doodle, an 

YARKAND'; cap. of Chinese Turkestan, pop. 
150,000. 

YAR'MOUTH; a seaport of Eng., pop. 46,000. 

YAR'MOUTH; seaport of Nova Scotia and of 
Mass. 

YASH'MAK; a Moslem woman’s veil. 

YAQUIS; a Mexican tribe of Indians. 

YCLEPT'; so called; so named. 

YD.; yard; enclosure; measure. 

YEARS IN WHICH A GIVEN AMOUNT WILE 
DOUBLE AT SEVERAL RATES OF INT. 


H 

K 

« 

At Simple 
Interest. 

At Compound Interest. 

Com¬ 

pounded 

Yearly. 

Com¬ 

pounded 

Semi- 

Annually. 

Com¬ 

pounded 

Q’arterly 

1 

100 years. 

69.660 

69.487 

68.237 

1H 

66.60 

46 556 

46.382 

46.298 

2 

50.00 

35.003 

34.630 

34.743 

2 H 

40.00 

28.071 

27.899 

27.748 

3 

33.33 

23.450 

23.276 

23.191 

3K 

28.57 

20.149 

19.977 

19.890 

4 

25 00 

17 673 

17.501 

17.415 

4^ 

22.22 

15.747 

15.576 

15.490 

6 

20.00 

14.207 

14.035 

13.949 

5 H 

18.18 

12.942 

12.774 

12.689 

6 

16.67 

11.896 

11.725 

11.639 

6tf 

15.38 

11.007 

10.836 

10.750 

7 

14.29 

10.245 

20.074 

9.964 

7M 

13.33 

9.584 

9.414 

9.328 

8 

12.50 

9.006 

8.837 

8.751 

8K 

11.76 

8.497 

9.327 

8.241 

9 

11.11 

8.043 

7.874 

7.788 

9X 

10.52 

7.638 

7.468 

7.383 

10 

10.00 

7.272 

7.103 

7.313 

12 

8.33 

6.116 

5.948 

5.862 


YED'DO; now called Tokio, q.v. 

YG'DRASIL' (Myth.); the famous ash-tree of 
Scandinavia, under which the gods held 
daily council. [sickness on board. 

YEL'LOW FLAG; at sea denotes contagious 
YEL'LOW JACK; yellow fever. [China. 

YEL'LOW SEA; an inlet of the Pacific in E. 
YEL'LOWSTONE PARK, WYO.; National 
pleasure park, since 1872. 

YEL'LOWSTONE; a river of Cen. Montana. 
YEM'EN; the S. E. part of Arabia. 













Y*n 262 Zachariah 

YEN; a Japanese coin, silver 73, gold 100 cents. 
YENISEI; a large river in E. Siberia. 

YES'SO; a large Northern Japanese island. 
YEUD OR YEZD; a fortified city of Central 
Persia. 


YIELD OP VARIOUS GRAINS. 


Hops. 

Lbs. per acre. 
. 442 

Wheat.... 

.1,260 

Barley ... 

.1,600 

Oats. 

.1,840 

Peas. 

.1,920 

Beans.... 

.2,000 

Plums.... 

..2,000 

Cherries.. 

.2.000 

Onions.., 

.2,800 

Hay . 

.4,000 

Pears . 

.5,000 


Lbs. per acre. 

Grass . 7,000 

Carrots. ... 6,800 

Potatoes. 7,500 

Apples. 8,000 

Turnips. 8,420 

Cinquefoil grass, 9,600 
Vetches, green... 9,800 

Cabbage.10,900 

Parsnips.11,200 

Mangel Wurzel.. .22,000 


Y. M. C. A. ; Young Men’s Christian Associa¬ 
tion; membership in America 300,000; value 
of property, $20,000,000; yearly expenditures, 
over $3,000,000. There is hardly an Ameri¬ 
can city of any size without a branch of the 
new famous organization. Reading rooms, gym¬ 
nasiums, baths and swimming pools are main¬ 
tained and a through course of instruction can be 
secured in almost any college study. Lectures 
by noted men are frequent and religious exercises 
are generally held on Sunday. 

YMIR(Myth); the Scandinavian god, correspond¬ 
ing to Chaos of the Greeks. 

YO'GI; an ascetic; a Hindoo philosopher. [762. 

YOKOHA’MA; a seaport of Japan; pop. 1,193,- 

YORK, HOUSE OF; an English royal family 
which is now reigning, having triumphed 
over the House of Lancaster. 

YORK; a city in N. of England, pop. 75,000. 

YORK'SHIRE; a N. county of England. 

YORK'TOWN, VA.; surrender of Lord Corn¬ 
wallis to Washington and Lafayette, 1781; an¬ 
niversary 1881; evacuated by Confederates 
May 3, 1862. [Co., Cal. 

YOSEM'ITE; a beautiful valley in Mariposa 

YOU'MANS, E. L.; Eng. scientist, 1821-87. 

YOUNG, BRIG'HAM; Mormon prophet and 
President of Utah territory, 1801-77. 

YUCATAN'; most E. State of Mexico; area 
35,203 sq. m.; pop.314,087; cap. Campeachy. 

YUC'CA; a white, flowering shrub. 

YU'KON; a river in Alaska, from Francis Lake 
to Behring Sea, 2,000 m.; the Klondike river, 
so rich in gold, is one of its.affluents. 

YULE TREE; a Christmas back log. 

YU'MA- Indian reservation and town of Arlz. 

Y. W. C. A.; Young Women’s Christian Asso¬ 
ciation, founded 1886, q.v. 

Z 

ZAAN'DAM or SAAR'DAM; a city of N. Hol¬ 
land, pop, 22,574. 

ZACATECAS; a central county of Mexico. 

ZACHARI'AH; King of Israel, 730-673 B. C. 





















ZaoharJ** 263 Zymotic 

ZACHARI'AS; father of John the Baptist. 

ZAMBESI; ». large river of E. Africa. [20,000. 

ZAN'TE; an island 12 m. W. of Greece, pop. 

ZAN'ZIBAR; a sultanate on the E. coast of 
Africa; pop., with island (on which the sea¬ 
port of Z. is situated), 280,000; Sultan, Seyid 
Ali II., under English protectorate. 

ZA'RA; cap. of Dalmatia, 170 m. from Venice. 

ZEA'LAND; the largest island in the Baltic 
Sea. 

ZE'BRA; a kind of striped horse of S. Africa. 

ZENO'BIA; Queen of Palmyra, Arabia, 245-95. 

ZEPH'YR (Myth.); the god of flowers, a son 
of Aeolus and Aurora; the west wind. 

ZERIA'BA; a camping place protected by 
bushes. 

ZE'RO; 32 deg. below freezing point in Fahr., 
at freezing point in Centigrade and Reaumur 
thermometers. [salem. 

ZI'ON; the highest and most S. Mt. of Jeru- 

ZO'AR; a communistic village in Tuscarawas 
county, O. [deg. each side of the ecliptic. 

ZO'DIAC; an imaginary belt in the heavens, 9 

ZO'LA, Emile; French novelist, (Therese 
Raquin), b. 1840, d. 1902. [man States, 1864. 

ZOLLVEREIN; a customs-union of the Ger- 

ZOOL'OGY; the science which treats of the 
structure, habits, etc., of animals. 

ZOROAS'TER; founder of the Parsee belief in 
fire worship, 600 B. C. 

ZOUAVE; a light infantryman in Arab dress. 

ZUG; a lake and canton in central Switzerland. 

ZULULAND; a country on the S. E. of Africa. 

ZU'NI; a town and Mt. range in N Mexico. 

ZU'RICH; a city of N. Switzerland; pop. 150,239 

ZUYDER ZEE; an arm of the German ocean in 
Holland. 

ZWINGLI, U.; Swiss reformer, 1484-1531. 

ZYMOT'IC; a disorder, due to contagion and 
caused by fermentation in the system. 


The Great Plapues of the World. 

The plague prevailed in Athens in 432-429 
B. C. and reappeared eighteen months after 
it was thought to have been stamped out. 

In the third century B. C. pestilences swept 
away countless numbers in Egypt. 

Livy records a great plague that destroyed 
millions in various parts of Africa in the third 
century B. C. 

In 542 A. D. the plague spread over Egypt 
and reached Constantinople, where 10,000 died 
in a day. In the same century it ravaged 
Italy and northern Africa. 

In the seventh century, the plague invaded 
England and claimed scores of victims. 

In 1270 it appeared in Cairo and Constan¬ 
tinople, spread, and became epidemic. 



Bubonic 264 Plague 

In the fourteenth century the pestilence came 
from Arabia and swept Egypt, Armenia, Asia 
Minor, northern Africa, and nearly all Europe. 
Hecker, the historian, estimates that It 
claimed 25,000,000 victims in Europe during 
the century. 

In 1646 the plague depopulated Naples, claim¬ 
ing 300,000 victims in five months. 

In 1654-’55 London suffered ravages by the 
pestilence and 100,000 died. 

In 1720 one-third of the people of Marseilles 
died and the following year 88,000 died in 
Toulon and the whole of Provence. 

« In 1743 nearly 50,000 died in Messina. 

In 1771 the plague destroyed 50,000 lives in 
Moscow. 

In 1835 Cairo again was visited by the plague 
and one-fifth of the people died. 

The Histery of the Bubonic Plague. 

1890 and 1891—Sporadic cases in Tonquin and 
Hongkong. 

1892—Carried to Lang-tchu and Yun-Nan. 

1893 and 1894—Epidemic in Tonquin. at Hong, 
kong, Canton, Lang-tchu, and Yun-Nan. 

1895 to 1897—Sporadic cases at Yun-Nan and 
Lang-tchu and along the Manchurian frontier; 
also in various parts of India. 

1898—Plague becomes epidemic in Bombay 
and Calcutta, and famine paves the way for 
its renewed inroads along the Manchurian 
frontier. 

June, 1899—Pestilence spreads rapidly in 
Hongkong, Bombay, and Calcutta, and many 
cases appear at Rangoon and Singapore. 

July, 1899—Epidemic at Port Arthur, New- 
chwang, Chefoo, and Tien-tsin, and plague 
spreads to Australia and Shantung. 

August, 1899—Disease appears at Tokio and 
Kobe, in Japan, and at Chemulpo, in Corea; 
also spreads to Vladivostock and through 
Siberia, and becomes practically epidemic in 
Russian Province of Astrakhan. 

November, 1899—Plague reaches Manila, and 
two cases are brought into port at New York. 

December, 1899—Appears in Valparaiso and 
other Pacific South American ports, and 
breaks out in Honolulu and Noumea, New 
Caledonia, numerous cases in Portugal. 

January, 1900—Pestilence appears in Sydney, 
New South Wales, and Napjoakt. Japan; also 
passes Cape Horn and reaches Rio Janeiro and 
Santot,, Brazil; Rosario, Argentina, and the 
island of Cozumel, off the coast of Yucatan. 

February, 1900—Epidemic breaks out afresh 
in Honolulu after being once almost stamped 
out; also spreads to other Hawaiian Islands. 


CijtrOTomrtetrfl. 

CX>MPAJRATTV» SC JLLSS. 

Beau- 

CentJ- 

Fair- 


mur. 

grade. 

enhelt, 


60 ®. 

10Q«. 

818®. 

Water Boixa 

AT S K A- 



203 

76 

95 

T -«1V1EL. 

72 

00 

194 

68 

85 

185 


63.1 

7a 9 

174 


60 

66 

75 

70 

m 

AlooHol Bolls. 

62 

66 

149 


48 

60 

140 


44 

55 

131 


42.2 

62.8 

127 

Tallow Melts. 

40 

50 

122 


86 

45 

118 


33.8 

42.2 

108 


32 

40 

104 


29.3 

36.7 

98 

Blood Heat 

g.8 

35 

32.2 

18 

21.3 

18.7 

80 

80 


20 

16 

s 

£ 


12.4 

15.3 

60 

Tessperatc 

10.2 

12.8 

65 

8 

10 

50 


6.8 

7.2 

45 


4 

6 

41 


A 8 

1.7 

85 

f 

0 

0 

32 

Wateb 

- 0.9 

- 1.1 

30 

TPn.aTF.CTER, 

- 4 

- 6 

23 


- 6.3 

- a 7 

20 


- 8 

-10 

14 


- 9.8 

-12.2 

10 


-12 

-15 

6 


-14.2 

-17. a 

0 

ZxaoTahz. 

—16 

-20 

- 4 


—20 

—25 

-13 


-24 

-30 

-22 


-28 

-36 

-31 


-32 

-40 

-40 



The following formulas give the conver 
ion of the above scales: 


F = R X 9 -f- 4 H- 32« 
F = CX 9 + 5-J- 82* 









of Golt, 


Th© Game 266 

RULES OF GOLF. j 

1. The Game of Golf Is played by two of 
more sides, each playing Us own ball. A 
side may consist of one or more persons. 

2. The game consists in each side playing 
a ball from a tee into a hole by successive 
strokes, and the hole is won by the side 
holing its ball in the fewest strokes, except 
as otherwise provided for in the rules. If 
two sides hole out in the same number of 
strokes, the hole is halved. 

3. The teeing ground shall be indicated by 
two marks placed in a line at right angles 
to the course, and the player shall not tee 
in front of. nor on either side of, chese 
marks, nor more than two club lengths be¬ 
hind them. A ball played from outside the 
limits of the teeing ground, as thus de¬ 
fined, may be recalled by the opposite side. 

The hole shall be 4V4 inches in diameter, 
and at least 4 inches deep. 

4. The ball must be fairly struck at, and 
not pushed, scraped, or spooned, under pen¬ 
alty of the loss of the hole. Any movement 
of the club which is intended to strike the 
ball is a stroke. 

6. The game commences by each side play¬ 
ing a ball from the first teeing ground. In 
a match with two or more on a side, the part¬ 
ners shall strike off alternately from the tees, 
and shall strike alternately during the play 
of the hole. 

The players who are to strike against each 
other shall be named at starting, and shall 
continue in the same order during the match. 

The player who shall play first on each side 
shall be named by his own side. In case of 
failure to agree, it shall be settled by lot 
which side shall have the option of leading. 

6. If a player shall play when his partner 
should have done so, his side shall lose the 
hole, except in the case of the tee shot, 
when the stroke shall be recalled at the 
option of the opponents. 

7. The side winning a hole shall lead in 
starting for the next hole, and may recall 
the opponent’s stroke should he play out of 
order. This privilege is called the “hon¬ 
our.” On starting for a new match, the 
winner of the long match in the previous 
round Is entitled to the “honour.” Should 
the first match have been halved, the win¬ 
ner of the last hole gained is entitled to the 
“honour.” 

8. One round of the Links—generally IS 
holes—is a match, unless otherwise agreed 
upon. The match is won by the side which 
gets more holes ahead than there remain 
holes to be played, or by the side winning 
the last hole when the match was all even 


The Game 267 off Golf. 

at the second last hole. If both sides have 
won the same number, it is a halved 
match. 

9. After the balls are struck from the 
tee, the ball furthest from the hole to which 
the parties are playing shall be played first, 
except as otherwise provided for in the 
rules. Should the wrong side play first, the 
opponent may recall the stroke before his 
side has played. 

10. Unless with the opponent’s consent, a 
ball struck from the tee shall not be 
changed, touched, or moved before the hole 
is played out, under the penalty of one 
stroke, except as otherwise provided for in 
the rules. 

11. In playing through the green, all 
loose impediments, within a club length of 
a ball which is not lying in or touching 
a hazard, may be removed, but loose im¬ 
pediments which are more than a club 
length from the ball shall not be removed 
under penalty of one stroke. 

12. Before striking at the ball, the player 
shall not move, bend, or break anything 
fixed or growing near the ball, except in 
the act of placing his feet on the ground 
for the purpose of addressing the ball, and 
in soling his club to address the ball, under 
the penalty of the loss of the hole, except 
as provided for in Rule 18. 

13. A ball stuck fast in wet ground or 
sand may be taken out and replaced loosely 
in the hole which it has made. 

14. When a ball lies In or touches a haz¬ 
ard, the club shall not touch the ground, 
nor shall anything be touched or moved be¬ 
fore the player strikes at the ball, except 
that the player may place his feet firmly 
on the ground for the purpose of addressing 
the ball, under the penalty of the loss of 
the h®le. But if in the backward or in the 
downward swing, any grass, bent, whin, or 
other growing substance, or the side of a 
bunker, a wall, paling, or other immovable 
substance be touched, no penalty shall be 
incurred. 

15. A “hazard” shall be any bunker of 
whatever naturewater, sand, loose earth, 
mole hills, paths, roads or railways, whins, 
bushes, rushes, rabbit scrapes, fences, ditch¬ 
es, or anything Which is not the ordinary 
green of the course, except sand blown on 
to the grass by wind, or sprinkled on grass 
for the preservation of the Links, or snow 
or ice, or bare patches on the course. 

16. A player or a player’s caddie shall not 
press down or remove any irregularities of 
surface near the ball, except at the teeing 
gqround, under penalty of loss of the hole. 


The Gam* 2t>8 of Golf. 

17. If any vessel, wheelbarrow, tool, rol¬ 
ler, grass-cutter, box, or other similar ob¬ 
struction has been placed upon the course, 
such obstruction may be removed. A ball 
lying on or touching such obstruction, or 
on clothes, or nets, or on ground under re¬ 
pair or temporarily covered up or opened, 
may be lifted and dropped at the nearest 
point of the course, but a ball lifted in a 
hazard shall be dropped in the hazard. A 
ball lying in a golf hole or flag hole may 
be lifted and dropped not more than a club 
length behind such hole. 

18. When a ball is completely covered 
with fog, bent, whins, etc., only so much 
thereof shall be set aside as that the player 
shall have a view of his ball before he 
plays, whether in a line with the hole or 
otherwise. 

19. When the ball is to be dropped, the 
player shall drop it. He shall front the 
hole, stand erect behind the hazard, keep 
the spot from which the ball was lifted 
or in the case of running water, the 
spot at which it entered) in a line between 
him and the hole, and drop the ball behind 
him from his head, standing as far behind 
the hazard as he may please. 

20. When the balls in play lie within six 

Inches of each other—measured from their 
nearest points—the ball nearer the hole 
shall be lifted until the other is played, 

and shall then be replaced as nearly as 
possible in its original position. Should 
the ball further from the hole be accident¬ 
ally moved in se doing, it shall be re¬ 
placed. Should the lie of the lifted ball be 

altered by the opponent in playing. It may 

be placed in a lie near to, and as nearly as 
possible similar to, that from which it was 
lifted. 

21. If the ball lie or be lost in water, fhe 
player may drop a ball, under the penalty 
of one stroke. 

22. Whatever happens by accident to a 

bali in motion, such as its being deflected 
or stopped by any agency outside the 

match, or by the fore caddie, is a "rub or 

the green," and the ball shall be playea 

from where it lies. Should a ball lodge in 
anything moving, such ball, or, if it cannot 
be recovered, another ball shall be dropped 
as nearly as possible at the spot where the 
object was when the ball lodged in it. But 
if a ball at rest be displaced by any agency 
outside the match, the player shall drop 
it or another ball as nearly as possible ai 
the spot where it lay. On the Putting 

Green the ball may be replaced by hand. 

IS. If the player's ball strike, or be acci¬ 
dentally moved by an opponent or an oppo- 


Xfc« Gam* 269 of Golf. 

caddie or flubs, the opponent loses 
the hole. 

24. If Lhe player’s ball strike, or b 
stopped by himself or _his partner, or either 
of their caddies or clubs, or if, while in the 
act of playing, the player strike the ball 
twice, his side loses the hole. 

26. If the player when not making a 
stroke, or his partner or either of their 
caddies touch their side’s ball, except at 
the tee, so as to move it, or by touching 
anything cause it to move, the penalty is 
one stroke. 

26. A ball is considered to have been 
moved if it leave its original position in the 
least degree and stop in another; but if a 
player touches his ball and thereby cause it 
to oscillate, without causing it to leave Its 
original position, it is not moved in the 
sense of Rule 26. 

27. A player's side loses a stroke if he 
play the oponent’s ball, unless (1) the op¬ 
ponent then play the player’s ball, whereby 
the penalty is cancelled, and the hole must 
be played out with the balls thus ex¬ 
changed, or (2) the mistake occur through 
wrong information given by the opponent, 
in which case the mistake^ if discovered 
before the opponent has played, must be 
rectified by placing a ball as nearly as 
possible where the opponent’s ball lay. 

If it be discovered before either side has 
struck off at the tee that one side has 
played out the previous hole with the side 
of a party not engaged in the match, that 
side loses that hole. 

28. If a ball be lost, the player’s side 

loses the hole. A ball shall be held as 

lost if it be not found within five minutes 
after the search is begun. 

29. A ball must be played wherever it 
lies, or the hole be given up, except as 
otherwise provided for in the Rules. 

30. The term “putting green’’ shall mean 
the ground within 20 yards of the hole, ex¬ 
cepting hazards. 

31. All loose impediments may be re¬ 

moved from the putting green, except the 
opponent’s ball, when at a greater dis¬ 
tance from the player’s than six inches. 

32. In a match of three or more sides, a 
ball in any degree lying between the 
player and the hole must be lifted, or, if 
on the putting green, holed out. 

33. When the ball is on the putting green, 
no mark shall be placed, nor line drawn as 
a guide. The line to the hole may be point¬ 
ed out, but the person doing so may not 
touch the ground with the hand or club. 

The player may have his own or hla 

partner’s caddie to stand at the bole, but 

none of the players or their caddies may 


The Game 270 of Golf. 

move so as to shield the ball from, or ex¬ 
pose it to, the wind. 

The penalty for any breach of this rule 
is the loss of the hole. 

34. The player or his caddie may remove 

(but not press down) sand, earth, worm 
casts or snow lying around the hole or on 
the line of his putt. This shall be done 
by brushing lightly with the hand only 
across the putt and not along it. Dung may 
be removed to a side by an iron club, but 
the club must not be laid with more than 
its own weight upon the ground. The put¬ 
ting line must not be touched by club, 

hand, or foot, except as above authorised, 

or immediately in front of the ball in the 
act of addressing it, under penalty of the 
loss of the hole. 

35. Either side is entitled to have the 

flag-stick removed when approaching the 
hole. If the ball rest against the flag- 

stick when in the hole, the player shall 
be entitled to remove the stick, and, if 
the ball fall in, it shall be considered as 
holed out in the previous stroke. 

36. A player shall not play until the 

opponent’s ball shall have ceased to roll, 

under the penalty of one stroke. Should 
the player’s ball knock in the opponent's 
ball, the latter shall be counted as holed 

out in the previous stroke. If, in playing, 
the player’s ball displace the opponent’s 
ball, the opponent shall have the option 
of replacing it. 

37. A player shall not ask for advice, nor 

be knowingly advised about the game by 
word, look, or gesture from any one ex¬ 

cept his own caddie, or his partner or part¬ 
ner’s caddie, under the penalty of the loss 
of the hole. 

38. If a ball split into separate pieces, 

another ball may be put down where the 
largest portion lies, or if two pieces are 

apparently of equal size, it may be put 
where either piece lies, at the option of 
the player. If a ball crack or become un¬ 
playable, the player may change it, on 
intimating to his opponent his intention to 
do so. 

39. A penalty stroke shall not be counted 
the stroke of a player, and shall not affect 
the rotation of play. 

40. Should any dispute arise on any point, 
the players have the right of determining 
the party or parties to whom the dispute 
shall be referred; but should they not 
agree, either party may refer it to the 
Green Committee of the green where the 
dispute occurs, and their decision shall be 
final. Should the dispute not be covered 
by the Rule* of Golf, the arbiters must 
ieelde it by equity. 


The Game 271 of Golf. 

» Etiquette of Golf. 

The following customs belong to the established 
Etiquette of Golf and should be observed by all 
players:— 

1. No player, caddie, or onlooker should move 
or talk during a stroke. 

Note. When a stroke is being played, no per¬ 
son should move or stand behind the line of fire. 
The proper place for all onlookers is either be¬ 
hind the player’s back at a safe distance or direct 
ly opposite him as he addresses the ball. 

2. No player should play from the tee until the 
party in front have played their second strokes 
and are out of range, nor play to the putting-green 
till the party in front have holed out and moved 
away. 

3. The player who leads from the tee should be 
allowed to play before his opponent tees his ball. 

Note. —The object of this is to leave the player 
unhampered in his choice of tee and unobstructed 
in his movements by his opponent and his caddy. 
The player who leads from the tee, after playing 
his stroke, should at once step aside and remain 
quiet until his opponent has in turn teed and 
struck off. In playing through the green, a play¬ 
er should take care that he does not get in front 
of, or obstruct in any way, his opponent’s play. 

4. Players who have holed out should not try 
their puts over again when other players are fol¬ 
lowing them. 

5. Players looking for a lost ball must allow any 
other match coming up to pass them. 

Note. —After giving permission for a match to 
pass, players should not play again, but remain 
where they are until the match has passed and 
gone out of range. 

6. A party playing three or more balls must allow 
a two ball match to pass them. 

Note.— A player playing by himself has no 
status and must allow all matches to pass him if 
required. 

7. A party playing a shorter round must allow a 
two-ball match playing the whole round to pass 
them. 

8. A player should not putt at the hole when the 
flag is in it. 

Note. — A player should be careful, In studying 
his putt, that he does not walk across or along 
the line of his putt. The penalty for this is the 
loss of the hole. (&°<s Rule 34.) 

9. The reckoning of the strokes is kept by th« 
terms, “the odd,” ‘‘two more,” ‘‘three more,’’ 
etc., and “one off thvee,” “one off two,” “the 
like.” The reckoning of the holes is kept by the 
terms, so many “holes up” or “all even,” and 
so many “ to play.” 

10. Turf cut or displaced by a stroke in playing 
should at once be replaced. 


272 


WORLD’S GREAT ASSASSINATIONS. 

Julius Caesar, by Brutus and others, March 15, 44 
B. C. 

Darius III. of Persia, by Bessus, July, B. C. 330. 

Philip II. of Macedon, by Pausanias, B. C. 330. 

Edmund, the Elder, of England., March 26, 946. 

Edward, the martyr, of England, March 18, 979. 

Thomas A Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, Dec. 
29, 1170. 

Albert I. emperor of Germany, by his nephew 
John, May 1, 1308. 

Edward II. of England, Sept. 27, 1327. 

Orleans, Louis Valois, duke of, by Burgundians, 
Nov. 23, 1407. 

Burgundy, John, duke of. Sept. 10, 1419. 

James I. of Scotland, by nobles, Feb. 21, 1437. 

Edward V. of England, by order of Richard, duke 
of Gloucester, July 1483. 

Murray, James, earl of, regent of Scotland, Jan. 
23, 1570. 

James III. of Scotland, by nobles, June 11, 1488, 

William, prince of Orange, by Balthasar Gerard, 
(torture), July 11,1584. 

Henry, duke of Guise, by order of Henry III. of 
France, Dec. 24, 1588. 

Henry III. of France, by Jacques Clement, August 
2, 1589. 

Buckingham, Geo., Villiers duke of, by John Felton, 
August 23, 1628. 

Henry IV, of France, killed by Ravillac (torture), 
May 14.1610. 

William III. of England, 1695-6. 

Louis XV. of France, Jan. 5, 1757. 

Gustavus III. of Sweden, stabbed at masked ball, 
March 16, 1792. 

Marat, by Charlotte Corday, July 13, 1793. 

Paul, Czar of Russia, by nobles, March 24, 1801. 

Percival, Spencer, premier, by Bellingham* May 11, 
1812. ]1848. 

Rossi, conte Pelligrino, Roman Statesman, Nov. 15, 

Ferdinand, Charles III., duke of Parma, March 27, 
1854. 

Sibour, M. W. A.,abp. of Paris, by Jean Verger, a 
priest, Jan. 3,1857. 

Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States, 
at Ford’s theater, Washington, by Wilkes Booth, 
on the evening of Ap. 14, ’65, died Ap. 15, 1865. 

Michael, prince of Servia, June 10, 1868. 

Richard, earl of Mayo, governor general of India, 
by Shere Ali, a convict, in Andaman islands, 
February 8,1872. 

Prim, marshal, Dec. 28, died Dec. 30,1870. 

Abdul Aziz, sultan of Turkey, June 4, 1876. 

Mehemet Ali Pacha, by Albanians, Sept. 7,1878. 

Alexander II. of Russia, killed by explosion of a 
bomb thrown by man who was himself killed, St. 
Petersburg, 2 p.m., March 13, 1881. 

Garfield, James A., president of the United States, 
shot by Charles Jules Guiteau, Washington, July 
2, 1881; died from his wounds Sept. 19, 1881; 
Guiteau convicted of murder in the first degree 
January 26,1882; sentenced February 2; hanged 
on June 30,1882. [1882. 

Cavendish, lord FredericK, secretary for Ireland, 


273 

WORLD’S ASSASSINATIONS.— Continued. 

Marie Francois Sadi Carnot, president of France, 
stabbed mortally at Lyons, by Cesare Santo, an 
anarchist, Sunday, June 24, 1894. 

Juan Idiarte Borda, president of Uruguay, at Mon¬ 
tevideo, by Avelino Arredondo, August 25,1897. 

Jose Maria Reyna Barrios, president of Guatemala, 
killed at Guatemala City, by Oscar Solinger, Feb. 
8, 1898. 

Empress Elizabeth of Austria, fatally stabbed while 
walking from her hotel in Geneva to the lake 
boat, by anarchist Luchesi, Sept. 10,1898. 

Humbert, king of Italy, shot at Monza, Italy, by 
Angelo Bresci, July 29,1900. 

William McKinley, president of the U. S., shot at 
Buffalo on Sept. 6, 1901, by Leon Czolgosz, an 
anarchist; died September 14, 1901. 

Alexander I. and Queen Draga, by government 
officials, June, 1903. 


ATTEMPTED MURDERS. 

Henry IY. of France, attempt, by JeanChatel, Dec. 
27, 1594. 

George III. of England, attempts, Aug. 2, 1786, 
May 15, 1800. 

Napoleon I., attempt, by infernal machine, Dec. 
24,1800. 

George IV. (Regent) attempt, Jan. 28, 1817. 
Andrew Jackson, president U. 8 ., attempt, January 
30, 1835. [1850. 

Fred’k William IY. of Prussia, attempt, May. 22, 
Louis Philippe of France, many attempts, 1836-46. 
Francis-Joseph of Austria, attempt, by Libenyi, 
February 18,1853. 

Isabella II. of Spain, four attempts. 1847-56. 
Napoleon III., attempts, 1855-1858. 

Bismarck, prince, attempts, by Blind, May 7, 1866; 

by Kullman, July 13, 1874. 

William I. of Prussia and Germany, attempts, by 
Oscar Becker, July 14, 1861; by Hodel, May 11, 
1878‘. by Dr. Nobiling, June 2,1878. 

Humbert I.. king of Italy, attempt, by John Passa- 
nantl, Nov. 17, 1878. 

Lytton, lord, viceroy of India, attempt, by Busa, 
Dec. 12,1878. 

Alexander II. of Russia, attempts, by Karakozow, 
at St. Petersburgh, April l6, 1866; by Bere- 
zowski, at Paris, June 6, 1867; by Alexander 
Solovieff, April 14, 1879; by undermining a 
railway train, Dec. 1, 1879: by explosion of 
winter palace, St. Petersburg, February 8, 1880. 
Milan IV. of Servia, attempt, Oct. 23, 1882. 
Victoria, queen, attempts, Edward Oxford, June 10, 
1840; John Francis, May 30, 1842; Bean, July 

3, 1842; Wm. Hamilton, May 19, 1849. R. 
Maclean, at Windsor, March 2, 1882. 

William, prince of Wurtemberg, attempt, by M. 

Muller,Oct. 20, 1889. [1899. 

Pedro II. of Brazil, attempt, by Volti, July lo, 
Albert Edward, then prince of Wales, now king of 
England, attempt, by anarchist at Brussels, Apr. 

4, 1900. 

10 



Railroad 


274 


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TH1C METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS 
AND MEASURES compared with the 
American System. With a number of 
Tables of Conversions. 

Although, since the Act of Congress of July 26, 
1866, the Fi'ench Metric\System may bo lawfully 
used in the United States, practically the old Brit¬ 
ish System, called Customary Measures and 
Weights, is—with a very few insignificant differ¬ 
ences—the only one in use here. 

Throughout Europe.except in England and Russia 
(where it is, however, lawful), the Metric System is 
compulsory,both in the collection of taxes or custom 
duties and in all commercial transactions. The 
names given to the fundamental units may vary 
from one nation to another, but the value of those 
those units remains always the same, and whether 
called stab in Germany, ell in Holland, aune in Bel¬ 
gium, metro in Spain, metra in Italy or metre in 
France,the meter is always the same,its length being 
theoretically equal to the ten-millionth part of a 
quadrant of the meridian of the earth, and practi¬ 
cally the same as that of a Standard Meter deposited 
in the vaults of the Paris “ Palais des Archives.” 

What has been said of Europe is also true of 
Mexico and nearly all the So. American Republics; 
and consequently of the utmost importance for 
every one having commercial relations with foreign 
countries to be able to use either the old or the new 
system easily, rapidly and with the least possible 
chance of errors. 


Section I.—Measures of Length. 

Equivalents of ‘‘American” in “Metric.” 

MilUmotor Cntiunur M.Ur KflonuUr 

Inch .25.3995 2.5399.. 

Foot, 12 in . 30.4794 . 

Yard, 3 ft . 0.9144 . 

Rod, 5fcf yd . 5.0291 . 

Chain, 4 rd . 20.1161 . 

Mile, 5.280 ft . 1.6093 


Equivalents of “Metric” in “American.” 


lack Foot Yard Chin MiU 

Millimeter0.0394 .. 

Centim’t’rO.3937 . 

Meter....39.3704 3.2809 1.0936 . 

Kilometer. 49.7114 0.6214 

Myriamer.. ...6.2138 


Section II.—Measures of Surface. 

Equivalents of “American” in “Metric.” 

Sq. Crat Sq. Mila An B«Ur» Sq. Kfl. 

Sq. Inch...6. 4515 . 

Sq. Ft. 144 sq. in . 0.0929 . 

Sq.Yd. 9 sq. ft.... 0.8361 . 

Acre, 43,560 sq. ft. 40.4678 0.4047 ..... .. 

Sq. Mile, 640 acres. 2,5899 

Equivalents of “ Metric” in “American.” 

Sq. Inch Sq. Foot Sq. ¥»rd A or. 8q. MiW 

Sq. Centim. 0.1550 . 

Sq. Decim.15.5003 0.1076 . 

Sq. Meter . 10.7641 1.1960... 

Are . .0.0247 . 

Hectare... ..2.4711. ...... 

Sq. ... .....»..0.3861 




































276 

Section III.—Measures of Volume. 

Equivalents of “American” in “Metric.” 


• Cubic Centim. Cubic Docim. Cubio list* 

Cubic Inch. 16.3861 . 

Cubic Foot.. 28.3152 

Cubic Yard. 0.7645 


Equivalents of “Metric” in “American.” 

Cubic Inch Cubic Foot Cubie Yard 

Cubic Centimeter.... 0.0610 . 

Cubic Decimeter. 61.0273 0.0353 . 

Cubic Meter. 35,3167 1.3080 


Section IV.—Measures of Capacity. 

A — Liquids. 

Equivalents of “Ameiican” in “Metric.” 

Deoalitor Liter Hectoliter 

Pint. 4.7318 . 

Quart, 2 pints. 9.4635 0.9463 . 

Gallon, 4 quarts. 3.7854 . 

Barrel,31^ gallons.. .. 1.1924 


Equivalents of “Metric” in “American.” 


Pint Quart Gallon Barrel 

Liter. 2.1137 1.0567 0.2642 . 

Decaliter. 2,6417 . 

Hectoliter. 0 6394 


B—Dry Matters. 

Equivalents of “American” in “Metric.” 


Liter Decaliter Hectoliter 

Pint. 0.5506 . 

Quart, 2 pints. 1.1012 . 

Peck, 8 quarts. 8.8100 0.8810 . 


Bushel, 4 pecks. 3.5240 0 3524 

Equivalents of “Metric” in “American.” 

Pint Quart Peck Bushel 

Liter. 1.8161 0.9081 . 

Decaliter... 18.1611 9 0806 1.1351 0.2838 

Hectoliter. 11.3507 2.8377 

Section V.—Weights. 

A—Avoirdupois Weights. 

Equivalents of “American” in “Metric.” 


6r»m Kilogram Quintal Tonneau 

Dram. 1.7716 . 

Ounce, 16 drs. 28.3495 . 

Pound, 1 6 ox. 0.4536 . 

Ton, 2000 lbs. 9.0718 0.9072 


Equivalents of “Metric” in “American.” 

Dram Ounce Pound Ton 

Gram. 0.6448 0.0353 . 

Kilogram. 35,2739 2.2046 . 

Quintal.. 220.4620 . 

Tonneau. 1.1023 


B—Troy Weights. 

Equivalents of “American” in “Metric.” 

ttllljsram Oram Hectogram Kilogram 

Grain.64,7989 . 7^7. . . 

Pwt., 24 grs. 1.5552 . 

Ounce, 20 pwts. 31.1035 

Pound, 12 ozs. 


3.7324 0.3732 


Equivalents of “Metric” in “American.” 


Grain 

Milligram.. 0.0154 
Centigram. 0.1543 

Gram. 15.4323 

Hectogram, . 

Kilogram. 


Penny weight Ounoe Pound 


64.3015 3.2151 . 

. 32.1517 3.6693 



































































277 


Conversion of Inches into 
Centimeters* and vice 
versa. 

Ini. Centimeter! Inches Cen. 

1 2.5399 0.3937 1 

2 5.0798 0.7874 2 

3 7.6197 1.1811 3 

4 10.1596 1.5748 4 

5 12.6995 1.9685 5 

6 15.2394 2.3622 6 

7 17.7793 2.7559 7 

8 20.3192 3.1496 8 

9 22.8591 3.5433 9 


Conversion of Sq. Feet in 
to Sq. Meters, and vice 
tersa. 

Sq. Ft. Sq. Meters 8q. Feet Sq.M. 

1 0.0929 10.7641 1 

2 0.1858 21.5282 2 

3 9 2787 32.2923 3 

4 0.3716 43.0564 4 

5 0.4645 53.8205 L 

6 0.5574 64.5846 6 

7 0.6503 75.3487 7 

8 0.7432 86.1128 8 

9 0.8361 96.8769 9 


Conversion of Feet into 
Meters, and vice versa. 
Ft. Meters Feet Met. 


Conversion of Acres into 
Hectares,andvtce versa. 


Acres Hectares 


Acres Hec. 


1 

0.3048 

3.2809 

1 

1 

0.4047 

2.4711 

1 

2 

0.6096 

6.5618 

2 

2 

0.8094 

4.9422 

2 

3 

0.9144 

9.8427 

3 

3 

1.2141 

7.4133 

3 

4 

1.2192 

13.1236 

4 

4 

1.6188 

9.8844 

4 

5 

1.5240 

16.4045 

5 

5 

2.0235 

12.3555 

5 

6 

1.8288 

19.6854 

6 

6 

2.4282 

14.8266 

6 

7 

2.1^36 

22.9663 

7 

7 

2.8329 

17.2977 

7 

8 

2.4384 

26.2472 

8 

8 

3.2376 

16.7688 

8 

9 

2.7432 

29.5281 

9 

9 

3.6423 

22.2399 

9 





Conversion 

of Sq. Miles 

Conversion of Yards into 


into Sq. 

Kilometers, 


Meters, and vice versa. 


and vice versa. 


Yds. Meters 

Yards Met. 

Sq. Mi. Sq. Kilom. Sq, Mile Sq.K. 

1 

0.9144 

1.0936 

1 

i 

2.5899 

0.3861 

1 

2 

1.8288 

2.1872 

2 

2 

5.1798 

0.7722 

2 

3 

2.7432 

3.2808 

3 

3 

7-7697 

1.1583 

3 

4 

3.6576 

4.3744 

4 

4 

10.3596 

1.5444 

4 

5 

4.5720 

5.4680 

5 

5 

12.9495 

1.9305 

5 

6 

5.4864 

6.5616 

6 

6 

15.5394 

2.3166 

6 

7 

6.4008 

7.6552 

7 

7 

18.1293 

2.7027 

7 

8 

7.3152 

8.7488 

8 

8 

20.7192 

3.0888 

8 

9 

8.2296 

9.8424 

9 

9 

23.3091 

3.4749 

9 


Conversion of 
Kilometers, 
versa. 


Miles into 
and vice 


Conversion of Cubic In¬ 
ches into Cubic Centi- 


Mi. 

Kilometer* 

Miles 

Kil. 

C. In. Cu. Centi. 

Cu. Inch Cu. C. 

1 

1.6093 

0.6214 

1 

1 

16.3862 

0 0610 

1 

2 

3.2186 

1.2428 

2 

2 

32.7722 

0.1220 

2 

3 

4.8276 

1.8742 

3 

3 

49.1583 

0.1830 

3 

4 

6.4372 

2.4856 

4 

4 

65.5444 

0.2440 

4 

5 

8.0465 

3.1070 

5 

5 

81.9305 

0.3050 

5 

6 

9.6558 

3.7284 

6 

6 

98.3196 

0.3660 

6 

7 

11.2651 

4.3498 

7 

7 

114.7027 

0.4270 

7 

8 

12.8744 

4.9712 

8 

8 

131.0888 

0.4880 

.8 

9 

14.4837 

5.5926 

9 

9 

147.4749 

0.5490 

9 


Conversion of Sq. Inches 
into Sq. Centimeters, 
and vice versa. 

Sq. In. Sq. Cent. Sq. Ins. Sq. C. 

1 6.4515 0.1550 1 

2 12 9030 03100 2 

3 19.3545 0.4650 3 

4 25.8060 0.6200 4 

5 32.2575 0.7750 5 

6 38.7090 0.9300 6 

7 45.1605 1.0850 7 

8 51.6120 1.2400 8 

U 58.0635 1.3050 9 


Conversion of Cubic Feet 
into Cubic Meters, and 
vice versa. 

Cu. Ft. Cu. Meters. Cubic Ft. C.M. 

1 0.02831 35 3167 1 

2 0.05662 70.6334 2 

3 0.08493 105 9501 3 

4 0.11324 141.2668 4 

5 0.14155 176.5835 5 

6 0.16986 211.9002 6 

7 0.19817 247.2169 7 

8 0.22648 282.5336 8 

9 0.25479 317.8503 9 









278 


Conversion of Cubic Feet 

Conversion of ounces Av- 


into Standard Gallons, 


oirdupois 

into Grams 


and vice versa. 



and vice versa. 


C.Ft. Stand. Sal. 

Cable Ft. 8t. G. 

Oss. Grams 

Ounces 

Gra. 

1 

7.4805 

0.1337 

1 

1 

28.3495 

0.0353 

1 

2 

14.9610 

0.2674 

2 

2 

56.6990 

0.0706 

2 

3 

22.4415 

0.4011 

3 

3 

85.0485 

0.1059 

3 

4 

29.9220 

0.5348 

4 

4 

113.3980 

0.1412 

4 

5 

37.4025 

0.6685 

6 

5 

141.7475 

0.1765 

5 

6 

44 8830 

0.8022 

6 

6 

170.0970 

0.2118 

6 

t 

52.3635 

0.9359 

7 

7 

198.4465 

0.2471 

7 

8 

59.8440 

1.0696 

8 

8 

226.7960 

0.2824 

8 

9 

67.3245 

1.2033 

9 

9 

255.1455 

0.3177 

9 

Conversion of Standard 

Conversion 

of Pounds 


Gallons and Liters, and 


Avoirdupois into Kilo- 


vice versa. 




grams, and vive versa. 

Gala, liters 

Gallons 

Lit. 

Lbs. Kilograms 

Pounds 

Kil. 

1 

3.7854 

0 2642 

1 

1 

0.4636 

2.2046 

1 

2 

7.5708 

0.5284 

2 

2 

0.9072 

4.4092 

2 

3 

11.3562 

0.7926 

3 

3 

1.3608 

6.6138 

3 

4 

15.1416 

1.0568 

4 

4 

1.8144 

8.8184 

4 

5 

18.9270 

1.3210 

5 

5 

2.2680 

11.0230 

5 

9 

22.7124 

1.5852 

6 

6 

2.7216 

13.2276 

6 

7 

26.4978 

1.8494 

7 

7 

3.1752 

15.4322 

7 

8 

30.2832 

2.1136 

8 

8 

3.6288 

17.6368 

8 

9 

34.0686 

2.3778 

9 

9 

4.0824 

19.8414 

9 

Conversion of Bushels in- 

Conversion of Tons into 


to Decaliters, and vice 


Metric Tonnes, and vice 


versa. 




versa. 



Bu. Decaliters 

Bushels 

Dec. 

Tens Tonnes 

Tons Tnes. 

1 

3.5240 

0.2838 

1 

1 

0.9072 

1.1023 

1 

2 

7.0480 

0.5676 

2 

2 

1.8144 

2.2046 

2 

3 

10.5720 

0.8514 

3 

3 

2.7216 

3.3069 

3 

4 

14.0960 

1.1352 

4 

4 

3.6388 

4.4092 

4 

5 

17.6200 

1.4190 

5 

5 

4.4360 

5.5115 

5 

6 

21.1440 

1.7028 

6 

6 

5.4432 

6.6138 

6 

7 

24.6680 

1.9866 

7 

7 

6.3504 

7.7161 

7 

8 

28 1920 

2.2704 

8 

8 

7.2576 

8.8184 

8 

9 

31.7160 

2.5542 

9 

9 

8.1648 

9 9207 

9 

Conversion of Grains into 

Conversion 

of Ounces 


Centigrams 

. and t nee 


Troy into 

Grams, and 


versa. 




vice versa. 



Gri. Centigrams 

Grains 

Den. 

Oss. Grams 

Ounoes 

Gra. 

1 

6.4799 

0.1543 

1 

1 

31.1035 

0.0322 

1 

2 

12.9598 

0.3086 

2 

2 

62.2070 

0.0644 

2 

3 

19.4397 

0.4629 

3 

3 

93.3105 

0.0966 

3 

4 

25.9196 

0.6172 

4 

4 

124.4140 

0.1288 

4 

5 

32.3995 

0.7715 

5 

5 

155.5175 

0.1610 

5 

6 

38.8794 

0.9258 

6 

6 

186.6210 

0.1932 

6 

7 

45.3593 

1.0801 

7 

7 

217.7245 

0.2254 

7 

8 

51,8392 

1 2344 

8 

8 

248.8280 

0.2576 

8 

9 

68.3191 

1.3887 

9 

9 

279.9315 

0.2898 

9 


Conversion of Pounds 
Troy into Kilograms, 
and vice versa. 


Lbs. Kilograms 

1 0.3732 

Ponnds 

2 6792 

Kil. 

1 

2 

0.7464 

5.3584 

2 

3 

1.1196 

8.0376 

3 

4 

1.4928 

10.7168 

4 

5 

1.8660 

13 3960 

5 

6 

2.2392 

16.0752 

6 

7 

2.6124 

18.7544 

7 

8 

2.9856 

21.4336 

8 

9 

3.3588 

24.1128 

8 








279 


Weights and Measures of all the Prin¬ 
cipal Countries of the Globe. 

Verified by United States Consulates. 

Following table will prove invaluable to shippers 
and exporters. Although the metric system is used 
in the principal European countries, many other 
standards are also used, especially in S. America 
and the Far East. The same denominations used in 
different countries do not always have the same 
equivalent. For instance the quintal in Mexico is 
equal to 101.41 pounds. In Paraguay 100 pounds, 
Syria 125 pounds and Greece 123.2 pounds. 


Countries and American 

Denominations. Equivalents. 

ABGENTINE.—Arroba (dry). 25.3175 pounds. 

Baril... 20.0787 gallons. 

Cuadra. 4.2 acres. 

Frascs. 2.5096 quarts. 

Libra. 1.0127 pounds. 

Pie. 0.9478 feet. 

Quintal. 101.42 pounds. 

Vara. 34.1208 inches. 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.—Joch. 1.422 acres. 

Centner (Vienna).;... 123.5 pounds. 

Oke (Hungary). 3.0817 pounds. 

BELGIUM.—Last. 85.134 bushels. 

BOLIVIA.—Marc. 0.507 pounds. 

BORNEO.—Picul. 135.64 pounds. 

BRAZIL.—Arroba (dry). 32.38 pounds. 

Quintal. 130.06 pounds. 

BRITISH.—Cwt. (hundredweight).... 112 pounds. 

Quarter.... 8.252 bushels. 

“ London (coal). 36 bushels. 

Stone.. 14 pounds. 

Last (England, dry malt). 82.52 bushels. 

Load (timber, England), sq. 50 cubic ft. 

“ “ unhewned. 40 cubic ft. 

“ “ inch plank.600 superficial ft. 

CENTRAL AM.—Centaro. 4.2631 gallons. 

Fanega (dry). 1.5745 bushels. 

Libra. 1.043 pounds. 

Vara. 32.87 inches. 

CHILI. —Fanega (dry). 2.575 bushels. 

Libra. 1.014 pounds. 

Quintal. 101.41 pounds. 

Vara.*. 33.367 inches. 

CHINA:—Catty. 1.333^ pounds. 

Chih. 13 inches. 

Li. 2.115 feet. 

Picul . 133)6 pounds. 

Tael (Cochin China) . 590.75 gr. troy. 

•• “ Tsun . 1.41 inches. 

COSTA RICA.—Manza.na. 1.833 acres. 

CUBA.—Arroba (dry) .c 25 3664 pounds. 

“ liquid. 4.263 gallons. 

Fanega (dry). 1.599 bushels. 

Libra. 1.0161 pounds. 

Vara. 33.384 inches. 

DENMARK.—Centner. 110 11 pounds. 

Mil . 4.68 miles. 

“ (Geographical). 4.61 “ 

Pund. 1.102 pounds. 

Tonde (cereals). 3.94783 bushels. 

Tondeland. 1.36 acres. 
















































280 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.— Continued. 


EGYPT.— Ardeb. 7.6907 bushels. 

Feddan. 1.08 acres. 

Oke. 2.7225 pounds 

Pic. 2IX inches. 

GERMANY.—Last. 4.480 pounds. 

(2 metric tons). 

GREECE.—Drachme. X ounce. 

Livre . 1.1 pounds. 

Oke. 2.84 pounds. 

Quintal.. 123.2 pounds. 

GUIANA.—Livre. 1 0791 pounds, 

HOLLAND.—Last. 85.134 bushels. 

HONDURAS.—Milla. 1.1493 miles. 

INDIA.—Bongkal. 832 grains. 

Candy (Bombay). 529 pounds. 

“ (Madras). 500 pounds. 

Maund. 82.28 pounds. 

Seer. 1 lb. 13 ounces. 

ISLE OF JERSEY.—Vergees. 71.1 sq. rods. 

JAPAN.—Bu.. 0.1 inch. 

Catty. 1.31 pounds. 

“ (Treaty ports. 1.33X “ 

Ken. 6 feet. 

Koku. 4.9629 bushels, 

Kwan. 8.28 pounds. 

Picul. 133X pounds. 

Se. 0.02451 acres. 

Shaku. 11.9305 inches. 

Sho. 1.6 quarts. 

Sun. 1193 inches. 

Tan. 0.25 acre. 

To . 2 pecks. 

Tsubo..". 6 ft. square. 

JAVA.—Picul. 135.1 pounds. 

LUXEMBURG—Fuder. 264.17 gallons. 

MALACCA.—Catty. 135 pounds. 

MALTA.—Bariel (customs). 11.4 gallons. 

Cafflso. 5.4 “ 

Cantaro. 175 pounds. 

Salm. 490 “ 

MEXICO.—Baril. 20.0787 gallons. 

Carga. 300 pounds. 

Fanega(dry). 1.54728 bushels. 

Frasco. 25 quarts. 

Libra. 1.01465 pounds. 

Quintal. 101.41 “ 

Vara. 33 inches. 

MOROCCO.—Artel. 1.12 pounds. 

Cartar. 113 “ 

Fanega(dry), Strike-. 70 “ 

“ “ Full. 118 “ 

NEWFOUNDLAND —Quintal (fish)... 112 “ 

NICARAGUA.—Manzana. 1.727 acres. 

Milla. 1.1493 miles. 

NORWAY.—Centner. 110.11 pounds. 

NUREMBERG.—Centner. 112.43 pounds. 

PALESTINE.—Rottle. 6 pounds. 

PARAGUAY.—Arobe. 25 pounds. 

Cuadra. 78 9 yards.- 

“ (square). 8.077 sq. feet. 

League (land). 4.633 acres. 

Quintal.. 100 pounds. 

Vara. 34 inches. 

PERU.—Libra (pound). 1 0143 pounds. 

Quintal. 101.41 “ 

Vara. 33.367 inches. 



































































281 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.— Continued. 

PHILIPPINES.—Picul. 137.9 pounds. 

PORTUGAL.—Almude. 4.422 gallons. 

Arratel or libra. 1.011 pounds. 

Arroba (dry). 32.38 “ 

PRUSSIA.—Centner. 113.44 “ 

Last. 112.29 bushels. 

Morgen. 0.63 acre. 

RUSSIA.—Arshine. 28 inches. 

Arshine (square) . 5.44 sq, feet. 

Berkovets. 361.12 pounds. 

Chetvert. 5 7748 bushels. 

Dessiatine.. 2.6998 acres. 

Funt. 0 9028 pound. 

Garmie (Poland). 0 88 gallon. 

Klafter. 216 cubic feet. 

Korree. 3.5 bushels. 

Last (Poland). 11% “ 

Pood. 36.112 pounds. 

Sagen. 7 feet. 

Vedro... 2.707 gallons. 

Verst.,. 0 663 miles. 

Volcka (Poland). 41.98 acres. 

SALVADOR. —Carga. 300 pounds - 

Manzana. 1.727 acres. 

SARAWAK.—Coyan. 3.098 pounds. 

SIAM.—Catty. 1.35 “ 

(Koyan) Coyan. 2.667 •* 

SPAIN.—Arroba (dry). 25.36 pounds. 

Arroba (liquid). 4.263 gallons. 

Barrel (raisins) . 100 pounds. 

Butt (wine). 140 gallons. 

Dessiatine. 1.599 bushels. 

Fanega (liquid). 16 gallons. 

Frail (raisins). 50 pounds. 

Last (salt). 4,760 “ 

Libra. 1 0144 “ 

Pie. 0 91407 feet. 

Vara. 0.914117 yards. 

SUMATRA.—Bouw. 7,096.5 sq. meters. 

Catty. 2.12 pounds. 

Picul. 133)6 “ 

SWEDEN.—Centner. 93.7 “ 

Tunna. 4.5 bushels. 

Tumland. 1.22 acres. 

SYRIA (Damascus).—Cartar. 575 pounds. 

Quintal... . 125 “ 

Rottle. 5.75 “ 

TURKEY.—Cartar-. 124.7036 “ 

Oke. 2.82838 “ 

Pik. 27.9 inches. 

URUGUAY.—Cuadra.. nearly 2 acres. 

Fanega (dry, double). 7.776 bushels. 

“ ( “ single). 3.888 “ 

Libra. 1.0143 ponnds. 

Suerte. 2.700 cuadras. 

VENEZUELA.—Arroba (dry).... 25.4024 pounds. 

Arroba (liquid). 4.263 gallons. 

Fanega (dry;.-... 1.599 bushels. 

Libra. 1.0161 pounds. 

Vara. 33.384 inches.. 

ZANZIBAR.—Frasila. 35 pounds 





























































282 

IRRIGATION IN UNITED STATES. 

When the provisions of the National Irrigation 
Law are carried into effect, nearly 60,000,000 
acres will be reclaimed and placed under cultiva¬ 
tion. It has been estimated that there are 550,- 
000,000 acres of arid land in the United States, 
only a little over one tenth of which can be irri¬ 
gated. This leaves 490,000,000 acres that must 
always remain arid unless new supplies of sub¬ 
terranean water are discovered. 

The following sixteen States and Territory will 
be directly benefited by this new law:—Arizona, 
California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, 
Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, N. Dakota, South 
Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Utah, Washington, 
Wyoming. In many of these States irrigation 
has been utilized for years. In certain cases 
at the expense of individual farmers and pri¬ 
vate corporations; some of these immense plants 
have been maintained by the township, county 
or state in which they are located. The re¬ 
servoir systems in Utah and Colorado are under 
the co-operative care of the farmers who use 
them. States and Territories generally have super¬ 
vision of all irrigation. Wyoming has four irriga¬ 
tion divisions, Nebraska two and Colorado six, each 
of which is in charge of a superintendant. The 
Government expects to utilize the rivers and water 
courses but more particularly the subterranean 
water basins by sinking artesian wells. It is believ¬ 
ed that the sections to be irrigated where now the 
prairie dog is the only living creature to be found, 
will eventually support a population of 50,000,- 
000 people, nearly % as many as the present 
population. The law passed June 17,1902, pro¬ 
vides that all money received from sale of public 
lands in the States and Territories to be benefited, 
except such lands previously set aside for other 
public purposes, shall be used for the reclamation 
fund, any deficit to be paid from the National 
Treasury. No watertight for more than 160 acres 
shall be sold to any one owner who must be a bona 
fide resident. Maintenance of the systems cons¬ 
tructed shall be at the expense of the parties using 
the water. 


States and Territories. 
Acres unj,er Irrigation 
Jnne 1, 1900. 


Alabama. 89 

Arizona. 185,396 

California.1,446,114 

Colorado.1,611,271 

Connecticut.. 471 

Florida. 1.538 

Georgia. 7,856 

Hawaiian Isl.. 724,609 

Idaho. 608,718 

Kansas. 23,620 

Louisiana. 201,685 

Maine. 17 

Massachusetts. 134 
Mississippi.... 40 

Montana...... 951,054 

Nebraska. 148,538 


States and Territories. 
Acres under Irrigation 
June 1, 1900. 


New Jersey.. 73 

New Mexico.. 203,893 
New York.... 63 

Nevada. 501,168 

N. Carolina... 3,283 

N. Dakota.... 4,872 

Oklahoma.... 2,759 

Oregon. 388,111 

Pennsylvania. 134 
Rhode Island. 40 

S. Carolina... 29,690 
S. Dakota.... 43,676 

Texas. 49,652 

Utah. 629,293 

Washington . 135,470 
Wyoming.... 605,232 




















41 i'<s> f® i 


283 


Signs Used by Electrical Draftsmen. 

In foreign work, especially, draftsmen are accus¬ 
tomed to mark every little detail. The following 
list of symbols will prove invaluable to the electri¬ 
cian, or in submitting estimates. 

The proposed amperes to be carried on each cable 
or wire should also be marked. 


Wall tube. 

Single-pole cut-out; if a figure is 
alongside, it denotes amperes. 

Double-pole cut-out; if & figure is 
alongside, it denotes amperes. 

Three-pole cut-out; if a figure is along¬ 
side, it denotes amperes. 

Wall attachment. 


Small branch cut-out. 

Reversing or pole-changing switch for 
three amperes. 

Single-pole switch for four amperes. 


Double-pole switch for four amperes. 


Three-pole switch for four amperes. 
Single circuit (flexible cord). 

Fixed incandescent lamp. 


Portable incandescent lamp. 

Stationary group of incandescent 
lamps; number of lamps, five. 

Portable group of incandescent lamps; 
number of lamps, three. 

Arc lamps of six amperes. 

I 

Wall bracket (one lamp). 


Standing lamp (one lamp). 


Hanging lamp (two lamps). 
Electrolier (four lamps). 










284 



Accumulators or secondary batteries. 

Dynamo of generator, with ten kilo¬ 
watts capacity. 

Motor with two kilowatts capacity. 

Transformer with capacity of eighty 
five kilowatts. 




Two-wire meter, with capacity of five 
kilowatts. 


ec 

G*v 


Three wire or alternating - current 
meter with capacity of ten kilowatts. 

Ammeter. 

Voltmeter. 

Ordinary return circuit. 


Three-wire or alternating current cir¬ 
cuit. 


t 


Flexible cdnduit, armored (Greenfield 
type). 

Vertical mains, up and down. 


Switchboard, two-wire system. 


Switchboard, three-wire system, or 
alternating. 


EDio 

^5 


Rheostat or heating appliance of ten 
amperes. 

Portable rheostat of six amperes. 


;/ vvv X 

T 

JL 


choking coil. 


Lightning arrester. 


Lightning-rod tip. 



Ground. 


Conductors:— B., bare copper; B. F., bare iron 
galvanized; O. seamless rubber insulation; L ., 
flexible cords; K. B., bare lead-covered cable; K. 
A., lead-covered cable, with asphaltum taped- 
cover; K. E., lead-covered cable, armored; g., 
conductors on insulators; o., conductors in iron 
conduit. 

In Germany, Austria and Italy these symbols are 
in universal use. 





Mining ~8o Mining 

' MINING INFORMATION. 

Following points will prove invaluable to miners 
prospectors and all interested in the precious 
metals. 

The world has produced during the past 500 yrs. 
about $10,000,000,000 in gold and nearly as much 
in silver. Gold was discovered in California by Jno. 
W. Marshall, Jan. 19,1848, on the south fork of the 
American river, 64 miles East of Sutter’s Fort. 
The place was afterwards named Coloma. 

Annual output of gold in California, 17 to 19 
million dollars. Colorado, 22 to 25 million dol¬ 
lars. Alaska, 5 to 10 million dollars. 

Deepest coal mine in the world is near Tourney, 
Belgium, 3,542 ft. Deepest perpendicular mining 
shaft in the world, is a lead mine in Bohemia, 3,280 
ft. Most extensive mines are those of Freyburg, 
Saxony, begun in the 12th century, over 130 miles 
of galleries. Deepest coal shaft in U. S. is at Potts- 
ville. Pa., over, 1,600 ft. Deepest silver mine at 
Virginia City, Nev., 2,700 ft, 

Outfit.— 2 Indian ponies, with saddles, bridles, 
ropes and pins ; 2 donkeys, with pack saddles, 
panniers, complete; 1 “A” tent, 6x8 with flaps, 
and dozen extra pegs; 2 miner’s picks and hand¬ 
les; 1 long handled shovel; 1 short handled shovel; 

1 gold pan; 1 ax or hatchet; 1 blacksmith’s ham¬ 
mer for sharpening tools; 3 pairs wool blankets; 

2 towels, soap and combs; a small mirror, razor; 
4 yards mosquito netting; 2 caps, for night wear; 
2 dogs. 1 

Food for sixty days. —20 lbs. sugar; 2 lbs. tea; 
8 lbs. coffee; 50 lbs. flour; 20 lbs. dry beans; 40 
lbs. bacon; 10 lbs. salt; 15lbs. onions; 8 bars laun¬ 
dry soap; 10 pkgs. oatmeal: 2 lbs. baking powder; 
yi lb. pepper; % lb. mustard: 12 cans condensed 
milk; 20 lbs. evaporated potatoes; 8 lbs. powdered 
soups; 8 tins dried beef; 8 lbs. dried fruit; 5 lbs. 
rice; 10 boxes matches. Total weight, 225 pounds. 

Utensils. —1 frying pan; 1 camp kettle, 6 quarts; 
2 tablespoons: 2 teaspoons; 2 table knives; 2 table 
forks; 2 tin pans for bread baking; 3 tin plates, 
deep; 2 tin cups, pints; 1 iron water bucket; 2 
canteens; 1 coffee pot and mill; 1 canvas bag to 
hold the cooking utensils, pack., plates, etc., in the 
camp kettle. Provide yourself with a housewife, 
i. e., a small bag containing pin cushion, thread, 
needles, pins, buttons, twine, court plaster and 
scissors. 

Chemicals. —8 oz. nitric acid; 8 oz. hydrochloric 
acid; 8 oz. sulphuric acid; 2 oz. oxalic acid; 80 
mesh sieve: 2 glass beakers; % lb. granulated zinc; 
1 small alcohol lamp with iron stand; 1 qt. wood 
alcohol for lamp; 1 iron mortar and pestle; 2 glass 
funnels; 1 pkg. filter papers; 2 test tubes; 2 porce¬ 
lain evaporating dishes; 1 magnifying glass; 1 
magnet; 1 glass rod; for tool tempering, % lb. sal, 
ammoniac, % lb- alum, M lb. saltpeter. 

Medicines. — Quinine pills, ointment or salve, 
vaseline, pain.-killer, cathartic pills, 1 qt. whiskey, 
liniment. 

Camp. —Should be near water, wood and grass, and 
in shelter of trees. Grounds should slope away 
from tent and a trench should be dug around it to 


Mining 286 Mining 

prevent flooding. All leather goods should be hung 
high out of reach of porcupines or animals which 
destroy leather. Neatness, plenty of soap and water, 
pins, buttons, needles and thread will contribute 
greatly to comfort. Groceries, chemicals and sup¬ 
plies should be neatly packed and labelled. 

A places claim.— Contains 20 acres. In form of 
square it would be 934 ft. on each side. In form 
of a lode claim 1,320 ft. by 660 ft. Location, at 
bottom of deep gorges or beds of dry creeks. Water 
is indispensable for placer mining. 

A lode claim. —Location should be in limestone, 
granite, gneiss, sandstone, rhyolite or andesite. 
South exposure of hills, commencing at bottom fur¬ 
nishes best prospects. Law requires shaft 10 ft. deep 
to establish claim. Erect posts at four corners of 
claim, describe claim and post notice at shaft. 

Properties of minerals.— Brittle; when it sep¬ 
arates into powder on attempting to scratch it. 
Sectile-, when it can be cut without powdering. 
Malleable; when it can be cut in slices and flat¬ 
tened. Flexible; when it can be bent and will 
remain so. Elastic; bending, but springing back. 
Resinous; like resin. Pearly; like pearls. Silky; 
like silk. Adamantine; like a diamond. Metallic 
lustre; with lustre of metals. 

Taste. —Belongs only to soluble minerals. As¬ 
tringent; taste of blue vitriol. Sweetish astrin¬ 
gent; that of alum. Alkaline; that of soda. Saline; 
that of common salt. Cooling; Saltpeter. Bitter; 
taste of epsom salts. Sour; of sulphuric acid. Pun¬ 
gent; of sal-ammoniac. Metallic; ofxincsulphate. 

Odors.— Are given off only by a few gaseous and 
soluble minerals. Alliaceous; odor of garlic, found 
in arsenical iron. Sulphurous, in pyrites and sul- 
phurets. Horse-radish, found in selenium ores when 
heated. Fetid, odor of rotten eggs; in some vari¬ 
eties of limestone and quarts. Argillaceous, odor 
of moistened clay. Bitumnious, that of bitumen. 

Touch. —Distinguished by smooth feeling, such 
as celedonite, greasy, as talc; meager, like clay. 
Cold; as in true gems. 

Fractures. —Are even, when their surface is 
smooth; rough, when rugged with depressions and 
elevations ; conchoidal, with rounded cavities; 
hackly, sharp, with jagged elevations; splintery, 
covered with wedge shaped splinters; earthy, show¬ 
ing fine dust. 

Classification of rocks.— Plutonic; occuring in 
masses, having slowly cooled at a great depth, i. e. 
granite. Volcanic; subject to more rapid cooling 
near the surface, i. e. trachite. Igneous ; thrown up 
in melted state. Metamorphic; altered by heat. Cal¬ 
careous; limestones. Massive; without tending to 
break into slabs. Shistose; breaking into layers. 
Laminated; splitting into slabs. Slaty; dividing 
into thin hard layers like slate. Shaly; dividing 
into fragile, irregular plates. Andesite; dark gray, 
made up of feldspar and hornblend. Granite; 
crystalline, light, dark gray or flesh red, consisting 
of feldspar, quartz Jand mica. Gneiss; resembling 
granite in constitution. Banded with dark lines, if 
of dark color. Feldspar; Pinkish to white in color ; 
nearly as hard as quartz, breaks easily in two direc¬ 
tions. Fluor Spar; generally found in veins. Colors, 


Mining: 287 Mining 

white, green, yellow, rose, crimson, blue and brown. 
Hornblende; greenish black, sometimes gray. Brit¬ 
tle. Heavy Spar; of great weight. White, yellow, 
blue gray, red or brown. Limestone : grayish and 
dull shades, varying to blue and black. Effervesces 
with acid. Mica Schist; glistening. Consists mostly 
of mica. Porphyry; compact feldspar, with polished 
surface covered with angular spots. Phonolite; a 
slaty structure; gray,blue, brownfeldspathic rock. 
Clinks when struck with hammer. Trachite; resem¬ 
bles granite. Recent fracture sharp and rough. 
Ranges from gray, pink and blue to brown. Syenite; 
resembles granite, but contains hornblende in place 
of mica. Quartz; nearly white. Distinguished by its 
hardness. Scratches glass. Quartzite; a sandstone 
made of quartz sand. Light brown in color. 

Metals. — Copper Red; various shadesof red, with 
brownish streaks. Shining, massive. Copper Glance; 
dark gray, blue or green. Streak shining; massive, 
lustre feebly metallic. Copper Pyrites; brass yellow, 
greenish, black streak, lustre metallic. Platinum; 
Whitish steel gray color and streak; lustre metallic. 
Gold; yellow. Always found in metallic state. 
Silver; color and streak silver white. Tarnishes 
changing to grayish black, harder than gold, lighter 
than lead.- Chloride of Silver ; called horn silver. 
Resembles wax. Pearly gray, grayish green, 
whitish and colorless when perfectly pure. 
Found near surface with galena and copper ores. 
Bromide of Silver; bright yellow to amber when 
pure; greenish. Iodide of Silver; citron to yel¬ 
lowish green, streak yellow, translucent. Ada¬ 
mantine. Sulphide of Silver; lustre metallic. 
Color and streak iron black, in cubes and 
massive. Lead; lead gray, lustre metulic; mal¬ 
leable. Galena; lustre metallic. Color and streak 
lead gray. Crystalline in appearance. Malachite; 
bright green. Admits of high polish. Azurite; 
lustre vitreous. Blue with lighter streak. Massive, 
Iron; rarely metallic, parts by weight. Iron Pyri¬ 
tes; polished crystals, cubic, lustre metallic glisten¬ 
ing. Pale brass, yellow with greenish streak. Tin; 
lustre adamantine, brown or black, sometimes 
gray, red or yellow. Brittle. Tellurium; pinkish 
metallic lustre. Brittle. Resembles bismuth. 

GLOSSARY.— Adit; a horizontal entrance. After¬ 
damp; carbonic acid gas. Auriferous; gold bear¬ 
ing. Blind Lode-, one that has no surface outcrop- 
Blossom; colored stone from outcrop of lode. Oar- 
boniferous; coal bearing. Contact Vein; ore be¬ 
tween two different formations. Crosscut; a level 
at right angles to a lode. Cupriferous; copper 
bearing. Development Work; that necessary to 
prove extent of a claim. Dip; inclination of a 
vein from the horizontal. Downcast; ventilating 
shaft. Face; further end of a tunnel. Fault; a 
dislocation of a strata. Ferriferous; iron bearing. 
Gangue; unprofitable rock. Inch; 95 cu. ft. water 
discharged per hour. Lode; a fissure containing 
metals. Outcrop; the part of a lode exposed to sur¬ 
face. Pocket; isolated deposit of mineral. Run; 
yield per ton. Spurs; offshoots fronj a lode. Stopes; 
upward or downward excavations. Tailings; ore 
conaining little value. Vitreous; glassy. Winze-, a 
shaft joining levels, unconnected with the surface. 


288 

The History of Nugget*. 

The $42 000 nugget discovered in August, 1897, 
by the Graves brothers in their placer mine at Cof¬ 
fey Creek, Trinity Co., California, counts as one of 
the largest finds in the history of nuggets. 

Until then, the finest California nugget was that 
found by Oliver Martin. It weighed 151 pounds 
and six ounces. Martin and a companion named 
Flower were camped in a canon when a terrible 
rainstorm came on, quickly swelling the stream. 
Flower was drowned but Martin escaped. While 
trying to bury his companion’s body by the roots of 
a tree, Martin discovered the great lump of gold. 

In Sierra Co., in 1869, the five partners in the 
Monumental claim discovered a nugget which 
weighed 1 593 ounces They sold it for $21,637 
for exhibition purposes. Later it was melted, 
realizing $17,655. A still more valuable nug¬ 
get was found in 1850 in the same county. It was 
valued at $23 000 Other large nuggets were dis¬ 
covered in Calaveras Co., Cal., in 1854 One 
weighed 118 pounds, another 149 pounds. 

The largest nugget ever discovered in Siberia 
weighed 96 pounds 4 ounces’. The heaviest nug¬ 
get of gold ever found in the world was that found 
in Australia in 1852. It weighed 223 pounds and 
wag known as the “Water Moon” Nugget. 


World’s Exhibitions since 1851, Number 


1851 

of Admissions to the 

London, . 

leading. 

. 5,170,000 

1855 

Paris, 


• 

4,680,000 

1862 

London, . 

• 

• 

6,117,450 

1867 

Paris, ! 

• 


9,750,000 

1876 

Philadelphia, 

• 

• 

9,789,392 

1878 

Paris, 

• 

• 

16,032,725 

1883 

London, . 

• 


2,703,051 

1884 

London, 

• 


4,153,390 

1885 

London, . 

• 

• 

3,760,681 

1886 

London, 

e 


6,550,745 

1887 

Manchester, . 

• 

• 

4,765,137 

1888 

Glasgow, 

• 

• 

5,745,029 

1889 

Paris, . . 

• 

• 

188,538,543 

1893 

Chicago, . 

• 

• 

27.528.400 

1900 

Paris, 

• 

• 

70 000,000 

1904 

St, Louis, • 

• 

• 

20,000,000 


Comparison of Famous Expositions. 


Tear. 

Exp )sition. 

Grounds. Cost. 

1876 

Philadelphia... 

237 acres...$ 5,000,000 

1993 

Chicago _... 

633 “ 

... 27,250.000 

1894 

San Francisco.. 

160 “ 

... 1,193,260 

1895 

Atlanta. 

125 “ 

... 2.500,000 

1897 

Nashville. 

180 “ 

603.948 

1898 

Omaha. 

158 “ 

... 1.972,194 

1900 

Paris. 

336 “ 

... 20,000.000 

1901 

Buffalo. 

350 “ 

... 10,000.000 

1902 

Charleston. 

485 “ 

... 1,750.000 

1904 

St. Louis. 

1240 “ 

... 40,000,000 

1905 

Portland. 

405 ** 

... 7,500.000 

1907 

Seattle. 

250 “ 

... 10,000,000 

















SUPPLEMENT 


LATEST DATA FROM MOST RECENT 
U. S. AND FOREIGN CENSUS 
REPORTS 

New Nations and Geographical Changes 
Resulting from the World War—Re¬ 
cent Constitutional Amendments and 
Legislation, etc., etc. 


A 

ABERDEEN: City of Scotland;! pop. 
1921, 158,969. T 

ABYSSINIA: Empire in Africa; area 
350,000 sq. mi.; pop. 8,000,000; Adis 
Abeba, capital, 45,000. 

AFGHANISTAN: Country in Asia, 

ruled by an ameer; pop. 6,000,000. 

AFRICA: Area, incl. islands, about 1,- 
200,000 sq. mi.; pop. 180,000,000. Many 
changes were made after the World War 
in distribution of African territory, Ger¬ 
many losing all her colonies. 

AIRPLANE: Altitude record, Lieut. 
John A. MacReady, Dayton O., Sept. 23, 
1921, 40,800 ft. Speed record, Brig.-Gen. 
Wm. Mitchell, U. S. A., Mt. Clemens, 
Mich., Oct. 18, 1922, 224.05 miles an hour; 
unofficial record by Lieut. R. L. Maughan 
at same place, Oct. 14, 1922, 248.5 miles 
per hour. Endurance record, Lieuts. John 
A. MacReady and Oakley Kelly, at San 
Diego, Cal., Oct. 5-6, 1922, 35 hours, 18% 
minutes. 

ALABAMA: Pop. 1920, 2,348,174. 

ALASKA: Pop. 1920, 54,899. 

ALBANIA: Proclaimed independence in 
1912; now a protectorate of League of 
Nations; estimated area 11,500 sq. mi.; 
population 1,400,000. 

ALBERT I; King of Belgium, born 
1875. 

ALEXANDRIA: City of Egypt; pop. 
444,617. 

ALGERIA: African colony of France; 
area 222,180 sq. mi.; pop. 1921, 5,800,794. 

ALLENTOWN, Pa.: Pop. 120, 73,502. 

2S9 


11 




ALSACE-LORRAINE: Ceded to France 
1919. 

AMENDMENTS. See Constitution. 

AMERICAN Manufactured Products, 
value of (1919): Food, $12,438,890,851; 
textiles, $9,216,102,814; Iron and steel, $9,- 
403,634,265; lumber, etc'., $3,070,072,813; 
leather, $2,610,230,727; paper and print¬ 
ing, $3,012,583,990; liquors and beverages, 
$603,896,215; chemicals, $5,610,299,073; 
stone, clay and glass, $1,085,528,926; met¬ 
als (not iron and steel), $2,760,293,568; 
tobacco, $1,012,933,213; vehicles, $4,058,- 
911,515; railroad repair shops, $1,354,446,- 
094; miscellaneous, $6,180,255,709. 

AMIENS: City in France; pop. 92,780. 

AMSTERDAM: Dutch port; pop. 642,- 
162. 

ANDOVER, Mass.: Pop. 8.268. 

ANNAPOLIS, Md.: Pop. 11,214. 

ANN ARBOR, Mich.: Pop. 19,516. 

ANTIOCH, Syria: Pop. 1920, 30,000. 

ANTWERP, Belgium: Pop. 1921, 333,- 
882. 

ARABIA, Asia: Now only partly under 
Turkish control; population 5,000,000. 

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, South Amer¬ 
ica: Area 1,153,119 sq. mi.; pop. 1921, 8,- 
698,516; Buenos Aires, capital, 1,674.000; 
Rosario, 250,000; Cordoba, 135,000. 

ARIZONA: Pop. 1920, 333,903. 

ARKANSAS: Pop. 1920, 1,752,204. 

ARMAMENTS of leading nations. See 
“Armies” and “Navies.” 

ARMENIA: Republic in Asia, part of 
“Russian soviet state; area 71,900 sq. mi.; 
pop. 2,470,900; Erivan, capital, 45,000. 

ARMIES of Leading Nations (1922): 
Belgium, 105,000; China, 1,500,000; 
Czechoslovakia, 150,000; France, 818,000; 
Germany, 100,000; Great Britain, 300,000; 
Greece, 200,000; British India, 330,000; 
Italy, 250,000; Japan, 600,000; Jugosla¬ 
via, 200,000; Mexico, 100,000; Nether¬ 
lands, 270,000; Norway, 118,000; Poland, 
600,000; Roumania, 160,000; Russian Re¬ 
public, 600,000; Serbia, 150,000; Spain, 
216,000; Switzerland, 140,000; Turkey, 
135,000; United States, 150,000. 


290 



ARMIES AND RESERVES of Leading 


Nations (1922): 

Abyssinia . 671,000 

Argentina'. 340,000 

Australia . 110,000 

Austria . 21,500 

Belgium . 350,100 

Brazil . 97,000 

Canada . 51,000 

China . 1,083,000 

Czecho-Slovakia . 1,160,000 

France . 5,238,000 

Germany . 570,000 

Great Britain . 442,500 

Greece . 780,000 

Hungary . 51,000 

India . 297,000 

Italy . 3,300,000 

Japan . 2,050,000 

Jugo-Slavia . 1,240,000 

Mexico . 85,000 

Netherlands . 362,000 

Poland . 1,100,000 

Roumania. 1,265,000 

Russia .... 1,595,000 

Spain . 916,600 

Sweden . 419,000 

Turkey . 988,500 

United Stattes .. 370,700 


AROUND THE WORLD, Quickest 
Time: By John Henry Mears, in 1913—35 
days 21 hours 36 minutes. 

ASSASSINATIONS since 1903: King 
Carlos and Crown Prince Louis Philippe 
of Portugal, Feb. 1, 1908. President Ma* 
dero of Mexico, Feb. 23, 1913. King 

George of Greece, March 18, 1913. Arch¬ 
duke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hun¬ 
gary, and wife, June 28, 1914. Czar 

Nicholas II. of Russia and family, July, 
1918. Kurt Eisner, Bavarian premier, 
Feb. 21, 1919. Mathias Erzberger, ex- 

German chancellor, Aug. 26, 1921. 

ASTORIA, Or.: Pop. 1920, 14,027. 

ATLANTA, Ga.: Pop. 1920, 200,616. 

AUGSBURG, Germany: Pop. 1919, 
155,693. 

AUSTRALIA, British dominion: Pop. 
1921, 6,436,794; Melbourne, capital, 784,- 
000; Sydney, 897,640; Adelaide, 255,318; 
Auckland, 157,757; Wellington, 107,488; 
Brisbane, 209,699. 

AUSTRIA: Proclaimed a republic in 

1918 and administered by a national as¬ 
sembly; area now 30,716 sq. mi.; pop. 
1920, 6,131,455; of Vienna, 1,841,326. 

291 





























AZERBAIJAN: A republic In Asia under 

domination of the Russian soviet repub¬ 
lic; pop. estimated at 2,096,673; Baku, 

capital, 237,000. 

B 

BAGDAD: City of Mesopotamia; pop. 
250,000. 

BAHIA, Brazil: Pop. 1920, 348,130. 
BALTIMORE, Md.: Pop. 1920, 733,826. 
BARCELONA, Spain: Pop. 1920, 710- 
335. 

BATTLES. See War. 

BATTLESHIPS. See Navies. 
BAVARIA: Now state of German re¬ 
public; pop. 1919, 7,140,333; Munich, chief 
city, 645,654. 

BELFAST, Capital of N. Ireland: Pop. 

1 Q91 QQQ 000 

BELGIUM: Pop. 1920, 7,684,272; of 

Brussels, the capital, 684,870. Belgian 
Kongo, area 609,654 sq. mi.; pop. 15,500,- 
000 . 

BELLEVILLE, Ill.: Pop. 1920, 24,823. 
BERLIN, Germany: Pop. 1919, 1,904,- 
650. (Greater, 3,801,235). 

BOKHARA: Soviet republic in Asia; 
area about 79,000 sq. mi.; pop. 3,000,000; 
a dependency of Russia since 1873. 

BOLIVIA: South Am. repubic; area 
514.155 sq. mi.; pop. 1915, 2,889,970; La 
Paz, capital, 107,252; Chocachamba, 31,- 
014; Sucre, 29,686. 

BOLOGNA, Italy: Pop. 1915, 189,770. 
BOMBAY, India: Pop. 1921, 1,172,953. 
BORDEAUX, France: Pop. 1921, 267,- 
409. 

BOULOGNE, France: Pop. 1921, 68,008. 
BRAZIL. S. American republic: Pop. 
1920, 30,645,296; of Rio de Janeiro, the 
capital, 1,157,873; Sao Paulo, 450,000. 


BREMEN: 

German 

port; 

pop. 

1919, 

288,812. 


1 



BRESLAU, 

662. 

, Germany: 

Pop. 

1919, 

531,- 

BRITISH 

EMPIRE: 

Total 

area. 

13,- 


257,584 sq. mi.; population 1921, 440,993,- 
000. Of the British Isles (England and 
Wales, Scotland, Ireland, the Isle of 
Wight and the Channel islands) the total 
area is 121,391 sq. mi.; population 1921, 
47,307,601. 

BRUGES, Belgium: Pop. 54,30.8. 

BUCHAREST, Roumania: Pop. 308,987. 

BUDAPEST, Hungary: Pop. 1921, 1,- 
184,616. 


292 


BUENOS AIRES: Capital of Argentine 

Republic; pop. 1,674,000. 

BULGARIA: European kingdom; area 
40,656 sq. mi.; pop. 4,361,439 ; Sofia, cap¬ 
ital, 154,431. 

O 

CAIRO: Capital of Egypt; pop. 790,939. 

CALIFORNIA: Pop. 1920, 3,426,536. 

CANADA: British dominion; area 3,- 
729,665 sq. mi.; pop. 1921, 8,788,483. Pop¬ 
ulation of provinces: Alberta, 588,454; 
British Columbia, 524.582; Manitoba, 
610,118; New Brunswick, 387,876; Nova 
Scotia, 523,837; Ontario, 2,933,662; Prince 
Edward’s Island, 88,615; Quebec, 2,361,- 
199; Saskatchewan, 757,510; Yukon, 4,157; 
Northwest Territories, 7,988. Population 
of principal cities: Montreal, Que., 618,- 
506; Toronto, Ont., 521,893; Winnipeg, 
Man., 179,087; Vancouver, B. C., 117,217; 
Hamilton Ont., 114,151; Ottawa, Ont., the 
capital, 107,843; Quebec, Que., 95,193; 
Calgary, Alb., 63,305; London, Ont., 60,- 
950; Edmonton, Alb., 5<8,821; Halifax, N. 
S., 58,372; St. John, N. B., 47,166; Victo¬ 
ria, B. C., 38,727; Windsor, Ont., 38,591; 
Regina, Sask., 34,432; Brantford, Ont., 
29,440; Saskatoon, Sask., 25,739 ; Verdun, 
Que., 25,001; Hull, Que., 24,117; Sher¬ 
brooke, Que., 23,515; Sydney, N. S., 22,- 
545; Three Rivers, Que., 22,367; Kitch¬ 
ener, Ont., 21,763; Kingston, Ont., 21,753; 
Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., 21,092; Peter¬ 
borough, Ont., 20,994; Fort William, Ont., 
20,541; St. Catherines, Ont., 19,881; Moose- 
jaw, Sask., 19,285; Guelph, Ont., 18,128; 
Westminster, Que., 17,593. 

CARACAS: Capital of Venezuela; pop. 
92,212. 

CHARLESTON, S. C.: Pop. 1920, 67,957. 

CHICAGO: Pop. 1920, 2,701,705; 1910, 
2,185,283; 1900, 1,698,575; 1890, 1,099,850; 
1880, 503,185; 1870, 298,977; 1860, 109,260; 
1850, 29,963; 1840, 4,470. 

CHILE: S. American republic; area 
289,829 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 3,754,723; San¬ 
tiago, capital, 507,296; Valparaiso, 182,- 
242; Concepcion, 66,074. 

CHINA: Nominal republic in E. Asia; 
area, with dependencies, 3,913,560 sq. mi.; 
estimated pop. 320,050,000; Pekin, capital, 
1,300,000; Canton, 1,367,680; Shanghai, 
1,538,500. 

CHOSEN: Formerly called Korea, name 
being changed on annexation to Japan in 
1910; pop. 1919, 17,412,871; Seoul, former 
capital, 302,686. 


293 


CITIES in United States, Rank of 
Largest: 

Pop. 1920 

1. New York, N. Y. 6,620,048 

2. Chicago, Ill. 2,701,706 

3. Philadelphia, Pa. 1,823,779 

4. Detroit, Mich. 993,678 

5. Cleveland, 0. 796,841 

6. St. Louis, Mo. 772,897 

7. Boston, Mass. 748,060 

8. Baltimore Md. 733,826 

9. Pittsburgh, Pa. 588,343 

10. Los Angeles, Cal. 576,673 

11. Buffalo, N. Y. 596,775 

12. San Francisco, Cal. 506,676 

13. Milwaukee, Wis. 467,147 

14. Washington, D. C. 437,571 

15. Newark, N. J. 414,524 

16. Cincinnati, 0. 401,247 

17. New Orleans, La. 387,219 

18. Minneapolis, Minn. ... 380,582 

19. Kansas City, Mo....... 324,410 

20. Seattle, Wash. 315,312 

21. Indianapolis, Ind. 314,194 

22. Jersey City, N. J. 298,103 

23. Rochester, N. Y. 295,750 

24. Portland, Ore. 258,288 

25. Denver, Col. 256,491 

CITIES, World's Greatest: 

1. London* (1921) . 7,476,168 

Londont (1921) . 4,483,249 

2. New Yorkt (1920). 5,620,048 

3. Berlin* (1919) 3,801,235 

Berlint (1919) . 1,904,650 

4. Paris (1921) . 2.906,472 

5. Chicago (1920) . 2,701,705 

6. Tokyo (1920) . 2,173,162 

7. Vienna (1920) . 1,841,3'26 

9. Philadelphia (1920) _ 1,823,779 

♦Greater. fWithin limits. 

CLEMENCEAU, Georges: French 

statesman, born 1841. 

COLOGNE (Kbln): German city; pop. 
642,890. 

COLOMBIA: S. American republic; 

area 440,846 sq. mi.; pop. 1918, 6,847,991; 
Bogota, capital, 143,994. 

COLONIAL POSSESSIONS. As a re¬ 
sult of the World War Germany lost all 
her colonies, mostly to Great Britain 
and France. 

COLORADO: Pop. 1920, 939,736. 
CONGO. See Kongo. 

294 
































CONGRESS, U. S.: The 68th Congress 
(March 4, 1923, to March 4, 1925) has 96 
senators in the upper house (or Senate) 
and 435 representatives and 6 delegates 
in the lower branch (or House of Repre¬ 
sentatives). 

CONNECTICUT: Pop. 1820, 1,380,585 

CONSTITUTION of the United States, 
Recent Amendments to: 

XVI. The Congress shall have power 
to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from 
whatever source derived, without appor¬ 
tionment among the several states, and 
without regard to any census of enumera¬ 
tion. (Feb. 25, 1918.) 

XVII. Section 1. The Senate of the 
United States shall be composed of two 
senators from each state, elected by the 
people thereof, for six years; and each 
senator shall have one vote. The electors 
in each state shall have the qualifications 
requisite for electors of the most numer¬ 
ous branch of the state legislature. 

Sec. 2. When vacancies happen in the 
representation of any state in the senate, 
the executive authority of such state 
shall issue writs of election to fill such 
vacancies; provided, that the legislature 
of any state may empower the executive 
thereof to make temporary appointment 
until the people fill the vacancies by elec¬ 
tion as the legislature may direct. 

Sec. 3. This amendment shall not be 
so construed as to affect the election or 
term of any senator chosen before it be¬ 
comes valid as part of the constitution. 
(May 31, 1913.) 

XVIII. Section 1. After one year from 
the ratification of this article, the manu¬ 
facture, sale or transportation of intoxi¬ 
cating liquors within, the importation 
thereof into, or the exportation thereof 
from the United States and all territory 
subject to the jurisdiction thereof for 
beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. 

Sec. 2. The Congress and the several 
states shall have concurrent power to en¬ 
force this article by appropriate legisla¬ 
tion. 

Sec. 3. This article shall be inopera¬ 
tive unless it shall have been ratified as 
an amendment to the constitution by the 
legislatures of the several states, as pro¬ 
vided in the constitution, within seven 
years from the date of the submission 

295 


hereof to the states by Congress. (Jan. 
10, 1919.) 

XIX. The right of citizens of the 
United States to vote shall not be 
abridged by the United States or by any 
state on account of sex. 

Congress shall have power to enforce 
this article by appropriate legislation. 
(Aug. 26, 1920.) 

COPENHAGEN: Cap. of Denmark; pop. 

675,000. 

COREA. See Chosen. 

COSTA RICA: Central Am. republic; 
area 23,000 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 468,373; 
San Jose, capital, 38,930. 

CUBA: Became a republic in May, 
1902, when the military occupation by 
the United States came to an end. Area 
44,164 sq. mi.; pop. 1919, 2,889,004, about 
70 % white. Principal cities: Havana, 
capital, 363,506; Cienfuegos, 95,865; Cam- 
aguay, 98,193; Manzanillo, 56,570; Matan- 
zas 62,638; Santiago, 70,232; Cardenas, 
32,753; Pinar del Rio, 47,858; Santa Clara, 
63,151; Guantanamo, 68,883; Sancti Spir- 
itus, 58,843. 

CZECHO-SLOVAKIA: , Republic pro¬ 
claimed 1918; formed of parts of former 
Austria-Hungary (Bohemia, Moravia, Slo¬ 
vakia and most of Austrian Silesia) and 
small areas of German territory; area 
54,264 sq. mi.; pop. 1921, 13,595,816; 

Prague (Praha), the capital, 676,476; 
Briinn, 221,422; Pilsen, 88,447; Bratislava, 
73,459; Budweis, 45,000. 

D 

DALMATIA: Ceded by Austria after 
World War, part to Italy and part to 
Jugo-Slavia. 

DAMASCUS: Pop. 1920, 250,000. 

DANZIG: In former West Prussia; now 
a free city under the protection of League 
of Nations; area 709 sq. mi.; pop. 1919, 
351,380. . 

DELAWARE: Pop. 1920, 223,003. 

DELHI, India: Pop. 1921, 303,149. 

DENMARK: Kingdom in N. Europe; 
area 17,144 sq. mi.; pop. 1922, 3,318.000; 
Copenhagen, capital, with suburbs, 675.- 
000; Aarhuus, 74,256; Odense, 49,969. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Pop. 1920, 
437,571. 

DOMAIN, PUBLIC: Number of acres 
of unreserved and unappropriated lands 
in the public domain in 1921: Alabama, 
296 


36,100 ; Arizona, 16,209,426; Arkansas, 
264,157; California, 18,883,542; Colorado, 
$8,150,263; Florida, 108,194; Idaho, 8,606.- 
301; Iowa, 3,213; Louisiana, 7,585; Mich¬ 
igan, 72,246; Minnesota, 255,000; Missis¬ 
sippi, 32,031; Montana, 5,720,125; Nebras¬ 
ka, 19,232; Nevada, 52,742,711; New Mex¬ 
ico, 18,064,006; N. Dakota, 91,297; Okla¬ 
homa, 19,228; Oregon, 13,784.451; S. Da¬ 
kota, 212,942; Utah, 27,038,183; Washing¬ 
ton, 1,038,410; Wisconsin, 4,920; Wyoming, 
18,365,875. Total, 189,729,492 acres, of 
which 68,495,153 are unsurveyed. 

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (Santo Do¬ 
mingo): Republic on island of Haiti; 

since 1916 under military government ad¬ 
ministered by U. S. naval officers; area 
19,325 sq. mi.; pop. 1921, 897,405 ; Santo 
Domingo, capital, 45,021. 

£ 

EARTHQUAKES. See Volcanic Dis¬ 
asters. 

ECUADOR: S. American republic; area 
116,000 sq. mi.; pop. 2,000,000; Quito, 
capital, 70,000; Guayaquil, 105,000. 

EDINBURGH, Scotland: Pop. 1921, 
420,281. 

EGYPT: Sultanate in N. E. Africa; 
British protectorate declared in 1914; 
Turkish suzerainty lost as result of World 
War. Area 250,000 sq. mi.; pop. 1917, 
12,750,918; Cairo, capital, 790,938; Alex¬ 
andria, 444,617. Area of Anglo-Egyp- 
tian Sudan, 1,014,000 sq. mi.; pop. 3,400,- 
000 . 

ELECTORAL COLLEGE: For the elec¬ 
tion of the president and vice-president 
of the United States, each state being en¬ 
titled to one elector for each of its sena¬ 
tors and representatives in Congress. 

ENGLAND: Area 58,340 sq. mi.; pop. 

1921, 35,678,580. See British Empire. 

ESTHONIA: Former province of Rus¬ 
sian empire, now republic; area 23,160 sq. 
mi.; pop. about 1,750,000; Reval, capital, 
69,000. 

EUROPE: Area 3,879,000 sq. mi.; pop. 

1922, estimated, 460,000,000. See various 
countries. 

F 

FAR EASTERN REPUBLIC: Extend¬ 
ing from Lake Baikal to Vladivostok in 
Siberia; area 880,000 sq. mi.; pop. less 
than 2,000,000; since Nov., 1922, an in¬ 
tegral part of the Russian soviet republic. 

297 


FASTEST TRIPS around the World. 
See Around the World. 

FINLAND: Became a republic In 1917; 
area 149,586 sq. ml.; pop. 1919, 3,335,237; 
Helsingfors, capital, 188,922. 

FIUME: Free state and city contiguous 
to Italy; area 8 sq. mi.; pop. 49,806. 

FLAGS, NEW NATIONAL: Austria, 
three horizontal stripes, upper anl lower 
red and center white; Czechoslavakia, 
white, red and blue; Esthonia, blue, white 
and black, horizontal stripes; Finland, 
white with a blue cross; Germany, black 
red and gold; Hungary, red, white and 
green; Jugo-Slavia, red, blue and white; 
Latvia, horizontal stripes of red, white 
and red; Lithuania, white and red; Rus- 
sist red 

FLORIDA: Pop. 1920, 966,296. 

FOCH, FERDINAND: Marshal of 

France, b. 1851. 

FRANCE: European republic; area 

212,659 sq. mi.; of colonies, etc., 4,367,- 
,746 sq. mi.; pop. of France proper, 1921, 
39,209,766; Paris, capital, 2,906,472; Mar¬ 
seilles, 586,341; Lyons, 661,592; Bordeaux, 
267,409; Lille, 200,952; Nantes, 183,704; 
Toulouse, 175,434; St. Etienne, 167,967; 
Strasburg, 166,767; Havre, 163,374. 

FRENCH, JOHN, Viscount: British 
field marshal; commanded British expe¬ 
ditionary forces at beginning of World 
War. 

G 

GEORGE, DAVID LLOYD: British 

premier during the World War; born in 
Wales in 1863. 

GEORGIA: Pop. 1920, 2,894,683. 

GEORGIA: Soviet republic in Asia; 
area 32,769 sq. mi.; pop. 1915, 3,176,156; 
Tiflis, capital, 346,766. 

GERMANY: Became a federal repub¬ 
lic in 1919, after a revolution which broke 
out in Nov., 1918. Present area 183,381 
sq. mi. (the area of the old empire with 
its dependencies was 1,236,000 sq. mi.) 
Pop. 1919, 59,857.283. The principal states 
are: Prussia, 36,684,717; Bavaria, 7,140,- 
333; Wurtemberg, 2,518,773; Baden, 2,208,- 
503; Saxony, 4,663,298; Hesse, 1,290,988; 
Hamburg, 1,050,359. Principal cities: Ber¬ 
lin, capital, 3,801,235; Hamburg, 985,779; 
Cologne, 633,904; Munich, 630,711; Leip¬ 
zig, 604,380; Dresden, 529,326; Breslau, 
628,260; Essen, 439,257; Frankfort am 
Main, 433,002; Duesseldorf, 407,338; Nurn- 

298 


berg, 352,675; Charlottenburg, 322,766; 
Hanover, 310,431; Stuttgart, 309,197; 
Chemnitz, 303,775. 

GHENT (Gand), Belgium; Pop. 165,910. 

GLASGOW, Scotland; Pop. 1921, 1,- 
034,069. 

GOLD PRODUCTION. In a report of 
the director of mint, the world's produc¬ 
tion of gold from the discovery of Amer¬ 
ica (1492) to 1920, inclusive, is given as 
$18,100,874,536. For the year 1920 the 
production was $334,987,610, of which 
amount $168,648,178 is credited to the 
Transvaal, Cape Colony and Natal, and 
$51,186,900 to the United States. The 
World’s production of silver from 1492 to 
1920 inclusive, amounted to $16,256,913,- 
158; for the year 1920, $225,244,685, of 
which Mexico produced $67,955,501 and 
the United States $56,435,588. 

GRAND RAPIDS, Mich.: Pop. 1920, 
137,634. 

GREAT BRITAIN. See British Em¬ 
pire. 

GREECE; In 1920 the area of Euro¬ 
pean Greece was estimated at 41,933 sq. 
mi., and the population was 5,446,077, but 
these figures were somewhat reduced af¬ 
ter the Turco-Greek War of 1922, which 
resulted disastrously to Greece. Popula¬ 
tion of Athens, the capital, and port of 
Piraeus in 1921 was 434,183; Saloniki, 
170,195. 

GUAM; U. S. possession in the Pacific; 
area 210 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 13,275. 

GUATEMALA: Central Am. republic; 
area 48,290 sq. mi.; pop. 2,119,000; Guate¬ 
mala de Nueva, capital, 125,000. 

II 

HAGUE, THE: Pop. 1920, 359,610. 

HAIG, SIR DOUGLAS: Commander in 
chief of British forces in World War. 

HAITI (Hayti): Negro republic on 
island of same name; area 10,204 sq. mi.; 
pop. 2,500,000. 

HAMBURG, Germany: Pop. 1919, 1,- 
050,359. 

HARDING, WARREN GAMALIEL: 
29th president of the U. S.; born in 
Ohio, 1865. 

HAVANA. See Cuba. 

HAWAII (the Sandwich Islands); Now 
a territory of the United States; area 6,- 
449 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 255,912; Honolulu, 
the capital, 83,327; Hilo, 10,431. 

299 


HAYTI. See Haiti. 

HEDJAZ: Independent kingdom, for¬ 
merly Turkish dependency in Arabia; 
area, 170,000 sq. mi.; pop. 900,000; Mecca, 
capital, 80,000. 

HINDENBURG, PAUL. VON: German 
field marshal, born 1847. 

ILOHENZOLLERN: Family name of 
the former emperor of Germany and the 
ruling dynasty of Prussia. 

HOLLAND. See Netherlands. 

HONDURAS: Central Am. republic; 
area 44,275 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 637,114; 
Tegucigalpa, capital, 38,950. 

HONOLULU. See Hawaii. 

HORSE-RACING: Best mile records: 
Trotting—Uhlan, Lexington, Ky., 1913, 
1:54%; pacing—Dan Patch, St. Paul, 
1906, 1:55; to wagon, Memphis, 1903, 

1:57*4; running—Man o’ War, Belmont 
Park, N. Y., 1920, 1:35.6 

HUNGARY: Proclaimed a republic 

1918; area 35,654 sq. mi.; pop. 1921, 7,- 
840,832; Budapest, capital, 1,184,616. 

I 

ICELAND: Independent state united 
to Denmark; area 39,700 sq. mi.; pop. 
1920, 94,690; Reikiavik, capital, 17,976. 

IDAHO: Pop. 1920, 431,866. 

ILLINOIS: Pop. 1920, 6,485,098. 

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS into and 
from the U. S. in 1922: Merchandise—Im¬ 
ports, $2,608,009,008; exports, $3,771,181,- 
597. Specie (gold and silver)—Imports, 
$538,994,571; exports, $90,039,959. 

INCOME TAX: Amendment to United 
States constitution authorizing it went 
into effect Feb. 25, 1913. 

INDIA, BRITISH: Area 1,802,629 sq. 
mi.; pop. 1921, 319,075^132. Principal 

cities: Calcutta, 1,263,292; Bombay, 1,- 
172,953; Madras, 522,951; Haidarabad, 
104,225; Rangoon, 339,527; Delhi, capital, 
303,148. 

INDIANA: Pop. 1920, 2,930,544. 

INDIANS: The total number of In¬ 
dians in the United States in 1920 was 
336,337. 

IOWA: Pop. 1920, 2,404,021. 

IRELAND: Southern Ireland became a 
free state of Great Britain in 1922, under 
the name Irish Free State; its area is 
23,973 sq. mi., with a population of 2,808,- 
523; Dublin, the capital, 309,272. North¬ 
ern Ireland maintains a separate exist- 

300 


ence and Is governed by a parliament 
and ministry; it is made up of the coun¬ 
ties of Down, Antrim, Londonderry, Ar¬ 
magh, Tyrone and Fermanagh; area 8,- 
613 sq. mi.; pop. 1,581,696; Belfast, the 
capital, 385,492. 

IRRIGATION (United States Reclama¬ 
tion Service). The reclamation service 
was organized as a bureau of the Interior 
Department in 1902 and is engaged in the 
construction and operation of irrigation 
works in the 17 arid and semi-arid states 
of the far West. It has built about 14,000 
miles of canals, ditches and drains (in¬ 
cluding 117,000 canal structures), involv¬ 
ing the excavation of over 200,000,000 cu¬ 
bic yards of materials. More than 450,000 
persons are living on the 33,000 farms 
irrigated by the service and in the pro¬ 
ject towns and cities. Public land farm 
units are opened for settlement from time 
to time as canals are extended to make 
irrigation available. Information in re¬ 
gard to farms available for settlement 
may be obtained by addressing Director 
of U. S. Reclamation Service, Department 
of the Interior, Washington, D. C. 

ITALY: Received considerable accre¬ 
tions of territory, both in Europe and in 
its colonial possessions, after the World 
War; area in Europe, 117,982 sq. mi.; pop. 
37,528,414. Population of principal cities 
in 1915: Naples, 697,917; Milan, 663,059; 
Rome, capital, 590,960; Turin, 451,994; 
Palermo, 345,891; Genoa, 300,139; Flor¬ 
ence 242,147; Catania, 217,389. 

J 

JAPAN: Total area, 260,738 sq. mi.; 
pop., Including Chosen, Formosa and 
Sakhalin, in 1920, 77,005,510. Principal 
cities: Tokyo, 2,173,162; Osaka, 1,252,- 
972; Kyoto, 391,305; Kobe, 608,628; Yoko¬ 
hama, 422,942; Nagova, 429,990. 

JOFFRE, JOSEPH J. C.: French gen¬ 
eral, born 1852. 

JU GO-SLA VIA (Serb-Croat-Slovene 
State): Kingdom formed in 1918, com¬ 
prising former kingdom of Serbia, former 
Austrian provinces of Croatia, Slovenia, 
Bosnia and Herzegovina, part of Dalma¬ 
tia and Adriatic islands, some former 
Bulgarian territory and the former king¬ 
dom of Montenegro. Area 95,628 sq. mi.; 
pop. 11,337,686; Belgrade, capital, 120,- 
000 . 


301 


K 

KANSAS: Pop. 1920, 1,769,257. 

KENTUCKY: Pop. 1920, 2,416,630. 

KHIVA: Soviet republic in Asia; area 
24,000 sq. mi.; pop. 519,430; Khiva, cap¬ 
ital, 4,500. 

KITCHENER OF KHARTUM, Earl: 
British general; went down at sea June 
5, 1916, when H. M. S. Hampshire was 
destroyed by a German mine or torpedo. 

KLONDIKE: Dawson City had only 
3,013 inhabitants in 1920. 

KONGO, BELGIAN; in Africa: Area 
909,654 sq. mi.; pop. 15,500,000. 

KOREA. See Chosen. 

L 

LATVIA: Former Russian province of 
Courland and some contiguous territory; 
became an independent republic in 1918; 
area 24,440 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 1,503,193; 
capital, Riga, 600,000. 

LEAGUE OF NATIONS: Came into 
existence under the Treaty of Versailles 
(the peace after the World War), which 
went into force on Jan. 10, 1920. Its 
headquarters are at Geneva, Switzerland. 
Its original membership was as follows: 
Great Britain (also Australia, Canada, 
India, New Zealand, Union of South 
Africa), France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, 
Bolivia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Greece. Gua¬ 
temala, Honduras, Haiti, Liberia, Pana¬ 
ma, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Serb-Croat- 
Slovene State (Jugo-Slavia), Roumania, 
Siam, Czechoslovakia,, Uruguay. Mem¬ 
bers by invitation: Argentina, Chile, Co¬ 
lombia, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, 
Paraguay, Persia, Salvador, Spain, Swe¬ 
den, Switzerland, Venezuela. Admitted 
on application: Albania, Austria, Bul¬ 
garia, Costa Rica, Finland, Luxemburg. 
The United States has not joined the 
League of Nations. 

LEIPZIG, Germany: Pop. 1919, 608,273. 

LENINE, NIKOLAI: Russian dictator, 
born 1870. 

LIBERIA: Negro republic in Africa; 
pop. 2,120,000. 

LIEGE, Belgium: Pop. 1920, 165,117. 

LILLE, France: Pop. 1921, 209,962. 

LIMA, Peru: Pop. 1920, 176,467. 

LINOTYPE: A typesetting machine 

which casts one line or bar of type at a 
time. 

LISBON, Portugal: Pop. 1920, 489,667. 

> 302 


LIVERPOOL, England: Pop. 1921, 
803,118. 

LITHUANIA: Formerly province of 

Russia; republic in 1918; area 59,633 sq. 
mi.; pop. 4,651,000; capital, Vilna, 168,000. 

LONDON, England: Pop. 1921, 4,483,- 
249; Greater London, 7,476,168. 

LOUISIANA: Pop. 1920, 1,797,798. 

I.UCKNOW, India: Pop. 1921, 243,553. 

LUXEMBURG: Grand duchy near Bel¬ 
gium; area 999 sq. mi.; pop. 1916, 263,824; 
Luxemburg, capital, 20,848. 

M 

MADAGASCAR: French island in In¬ 
dian Ocean; area 228,000 sq. mi.; pop. 3,- 
512,690. 

MADRAS, India: Pop. 1921, 522,591. 

MADRID, Spain: Pop. 1920, 751,352. 

MAINE: Pop. 1920, 768,014. 

MANCHESTER, Eng.: Pop. 1921, 730,- 
551. 

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. See 
American Manufactured Products. 

MARSEILLES, France: Pop. 1921, 
586,341.’ 

MARYLAND: Pop. 1920, 1,449,610. 

MASONS: There were 2,401,294 mem¬ 
bers of Masonic lodges in the U. S. and 
Canada in 1921, including 4,107 in the 
Philippines. , 

MASSACHUSETTS: Pop. 1920, 3,852,- 
356. 

MELBOURNE, Australia: Pop. 1921, 
784,000. 

MESOPOTAMIA: Independent Asiatic 
state placed under mandate of Great 
Britain by League of Nations; former 
Turkish territory in the valleys of Eu¬ 
phrates and Tigris rivers; area 143,250 
sq. mi., pop. 1920, 2,849,282; capital, 

Bagdad, 250,000. 

MEXICO: Pop. 15,501,684; City of Mex¬ 
ico, capital, 1,080,000; Guadalajara, 119,- 
468; Puebla, 96,121; Monterey, 73,528; 
San Luis Potosi, 68,022; Aguascalientes, 
45,158; Vera Cruz, 48,633; Leon, 57,722; 
Merida, 62,447. 

MICHIGAN: Pop. 1920, 3,667,222. 

MILAN, Italy: Pop. 663,059. 

MINNESOTA: Pop. 1920, 2,386,371. 

MISSISSIPPI: Pop. 1920, 1,789,384. 

MISSOURI: Pop. 1920, 3,403,547. 

MOBILE, Ala.: Pop. 1920, 60,777. 

303 


MONOTYPE: A typesetting machine 
with separate keyboard and casting 
single types. 

MONTANA: Pop. 1920, 547,593. 

MONTENEGRO: Now part of Jugo¬ 
slavia. 

MONTREAL, Canada: Pop. 1921, 618,- 

506. 

MOROCCO: French protectorate in 

Africa with an elective sultan; area, 
231,500 sq. mi.; pop. 5,400,000. 

MOSCOW: Capital of Russian soviet 
republic; pop. 1920, 1,050,011. 

N 

NANKIN, China: Pop. 902,441. 

NAPLES, Italy: Pop. 697,917. 

NATURALIZATION LAWS. The act 
of June 29, 1906, as subsequently amend¬ 
ed, confers exclusive jurisdiction to natur¬ 
alize aliens on the U. S. district courts 
and provides that the Bureau of Natural¬ 
ization, under the direction of the secre¬ 
tary of labor, shall have charge of all 
matters concerning the naturalization of 
aliens. The bureau now keep records of 
the name, age, occupation, etc., of every 
immigrant and each alien is given a 
certificate of such registry. Any alien 
being a free white person or of African 
nativity or descent may become an Amer¬ 
ican citizen by complying with the natur¬ 
alization laws. The courts have held 
that neither Chinese, Japanese, Hawaii- 
ans, Burmese nor Indians can be natur¬ 
alized. Women may be naturalized as 
well as men. A woman does not be¬ 
come a citizen by reason or her mar¬ 
riage to a citizen or because her husband 
is naturalized. A woman citizen of the 
U. S. does not cease to be a citizen be¬ 
cause of her marriage unless she makes 
formal renunciation of her citizenship be¬ 
fore a court having jurisdiction over the 
naturalization of aliens. A woman citi¬ 
zen who marries an alien ineligible to 
citizenship ceases to be a citizen. 

, NAVIES OF THE WORLD. At the 
conference on limitation of armament 
held in Washington, 1921-22, a treaty was 
signed by representatives of the United 
States, Great Britain, France, Japan and 
Italy limiting the respective naval arma¬ 
ment of the nations as follows: Capital 
ships—United States, 525,000 tons; Great 
Britain, 525,000 tons; Japan, 315,000 tons; 

304 


France, 175,000 tons; Italy, 175,000 tons. 
Aircraft carriers—United States 135,000 
tons; Great Britain, 135,000 tons; Japan, 
81,000 tons; France, 60,000 tons; Italy, 
60,000 tons. At the beginning of 1923 
this treaty had not been ratified by 
France or Italy. 

NEBRASKA: Pop. 1920, 1,295,502. 

^ NETHERLANDS, THE: Kingdom in 
Europe; area 12,582 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 
6,841,155. Principal cities—Amsterdam, 
647,129; Rotterdam, 506,067; The Hague, 
capital, 359,610. Dutch East Indies— 
area 735,000 sq. mi.; pop. 48,000,000, of 
which Java and Maduro have 36,015,435. 

NEVADA: Pop. 1920, 77,407. 

NEWFOUNDLAND: British colony; 
area 42,734 sq. mi.; pop. 263,683; St. 
John’s, capital, 34,045. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE: Pop. 1920, 443,- 
083. 

NEW JERSEY: Pop. 1920, 3,155,374. 

NEW MEXICO: Pop. 1920, 360,247. 

NEW 7 STYLE: According to the Gre¬ 
gorian calendar. According to the old 
style calendar, still used by the Greek 
Church, and until recent years in Russia, 
Christmas falls on Jan. 7, a difference of 
13 days in 20th century. 

NEW YORK: Pop. of state, 1920, 10,- 
384,144. 

NEW YORK CITY: Pop. 1920, 5,620,- 
048. 

NICARAGUA: Central Am. rep.; area 
49,200 sq; mi.; pop. 1917, 746,000; Mana¬ 
gua, capital, 60,342. 

NICHOLAS II.: Last czar of Russia; 
born 1868; assassinated July, 1918. 

NORTH CAROLINA: Pop. 1920, 2,- 

556,486. 

NORTH DAKOTA: Pop. 1920, 645,730. 

NORWAY: Kingdom in Europe; area 
125,000 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 2,691,855; 

Christiania,- capital, 250,341; Bergen, 
19,081. y 

NUREMBERG, Bavaria: Pop. 1919, 
355,223. 

O 

ODESSA, Ukrainia: Pop. 1920, 500,000. 

OHIO: Pop. 1920, 5,759,368. 

OKLAHOMA: Pop. 1920, 2,027,564. 

OLD STL YE (O. S.) See New Style. 

OREGON: Pop. 1920, 783,389. 

ORANGE FREE STATE. See Union of 
S. Africa. 

OTTAWA, Canada: Pop. 1921, 107,84 3. 

305 


12 


p 

PALESTINE: Now Independent state 
placed, under mandate of Great Britain 
by League of Nations; area, about 9,000 
sq. mi.; pop. 761,796; Jerusalem, capital, 
64,000; Jaffa, seaport, 54,000. 

PANAMA: Central Am. republic; area 
32,380 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 401,428; City of 
Panama, capital, 61,369; Colon, 26,076. 

PANAMA CANAL ZONE: U. S. posses¬ 
sion; area 474 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 21,650. 

PARAGUAY: S. American republic; 

area 196,000 sq. mi.; pop., est., 1,000,000; 
Asuncion, capital, 99,836. 

PARIS: Pop. 1921, 2,906,472. 

PEKIN: Capital of China; pop. 1,300,- 

000 . 

PENNSYLVANIA: Pop. 1920, 8,720,159. 

PENSIONS: There were 547,016 names 
on the pension rolls of the U. S. in 1922, 
who received $253,807,583. Total paid 
as pensions from 1866 to end of 1922, 
$6,246,898,676. 

PERSHING, John Joseph: Am. gen¬ 
eral, born 1860. 

PERSIA: Nominally a constitutional 
monarchy under an hereditary shah; area 
628,000 sq. mi.; pop. 9,500,000; Teheran, 
capital, 220,000; Tabriz, 200,000. 

PERU: S. American republic: area 

709,871 sq. mi.; pop., estimated, 5,000,- 
000; Lima, capital, 1920, 176,426; Callao, 
52,843. 

PETROGRAD, Russia: Formerly called 
St. Petersburg; pop. 1915, 2,318,645; 1923, 

estimated, 700,000. 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Pop. 1920, 
10,607,872; Manila, the capital, 285,306. 

POLAND: A republic comprising what 
was formerly Russian Poland, the greater 
part of the Russian provinces of Vilna 
and Grodno, Prussian Poland and some 
German territory subject to plebiscite, a 
large part of Upper Silesia, Austrian Po¬ 
land, Austrian Eastern Galicia and the 
coal district of Austrian Silesia; area 
about 150,000 sq. mi.; pop. 1921, 26,886,- 
399; Warsaw, capital, 931,176; Lodz, 451,- 
813; Lemberg, 206,113; Krakow, 176,463; 
Posen, 156,691. 

POPULATION OF THE U. S., 1920- 
Continental U. S., 105,708,771; outlying 
possessions, 12,148,738. Total, 117,857,509. 
See individual states. 

306 


POPULATION OF TIIE WORLD (Cen¬ 
sus Bureau estimate): Asia, 890,000,000; 
Europe, 475,000,000; North America, 146,- 
000,000; South America. 61,000,000; Afri¬ 
ca, 140,000,000; Australia and Oceania, 
9,000,000. Total, 1,720,000.000. 

PORTO RICO: Pop. 1920, 1,299,809; San 
Juan, the capital, 71,443; Ponce, 41,912. 

PORTUGAL: Area in Europe, 35,490 
sq. mi.; pop. in Europe, 6,957,985; of pos¬ 
sessions, in Asia, and Africa, 9,139,444; 
Lisbon, capital, 435,359; Oporto, 194,000. 

POSTAL INFORMATION. — Domestic 
postage rates: First Class—Letters, 2 
cents per ounce or fraction; postal cards, 
lc. Second Class—Newspapers and per¬ 
iodicals, unsealed, 1 cent for 4 ounces or 
fraction, unsealed; special rates for pub¬ 
lishers. Third Class—Printed matter, 
proof sheets accompanied by manuscript, 
1 cent for 2 ounces. Fourth Class—Par¬ 
cel post—Merchandise, Including books, 
rates according to zone distances. For¬ 
eign: First Class—Letters to Canada, 
Cuba, Mexico, Republic of Panama, 
Shanghai (China), England, Ireland, 
Newfoundland, San Domingo, Scotland, 
Wales, the Bahamas, Barbados, British 
Guiana, British Honduras, Dutch West 
Indies, Leeward Islands, New Zealand, 
Trinidad, the Windward Islands, Bolivia, 
Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, 
and to Germany when sent by direct 
steamers, 2 cents per ounce or fraction; 
to other foreign countries, and Germany 
when not dispatched by direct steamers, 
5 cents for first ounce, 3 cents for addi¬ 
tional ounce or fraction. Post cards 2 
cents. 

PRESIDENTS (after Taft): Woodrow 

Wilson, Democrat, inaugurated 1913; 
born in Virginia, 1856. Warren Gamaliel 
Harding, Republican, inaugurated 1921; 
born in Ohio. 1865. 

PRESS STATISTICS: The number of 
newspapers and periodicals in the United 
States in 1921 was 22,373. 

PUBLIC DOMAIN. See Domain. 

Q 

QUALIFICATIONS FOR VOTERS — 
Under the 19th amendment to the con¬ 
stitution of the United States women are 
entitled to all rights of suffrage the 
same as men. 

QUEBEC: Pop: of city 1921, 95,192. 

107 


QUEENSTOWN, Ireland: Pop. 1921, 

8,209. 

QUITO, Ecuador: Pop. 70,000. 

R 

RAILROAD RUNS, Fast. An east- 
bound express train of the New York 
Central, consisting of seven steel cars 
weighing 940,900 lbs., on May 14, 1919, 
made the distance from Millersburg, Ind., 
to Nasby tower, about four miles short 
of Toledo, 111,31 miles, in 1 hour 27 
minutes, equal to 76.76 miles an hour. 
On June 8, 1905, a three-car train on the 
western division of the Pennsylvania 
made a 50-mile run at the rate of 79 
miles an hour. 

RAILROAD STATISTICS. In 1919 the 
railroad mileage of the world was 710,- 
630 miles, of which the United States 
had 263,707. Canada came next with 
39,058; Germany, 37,627; British India, 
36,735; France, 31,958; Russia, 29,996; 
Australia, 25,657; the United Kingdom 
(England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales), 
23,709; Argentina, 22,657. 

RECRUITING (Army Pay—U. S.) — 
The rate of pay for enlisted men in the 
U. S. army, navy and marine corps, was 
readjusted by the act of June 10, 1922, 
which provides for seven grades and 
varying rates of monthly pay, according 
to length of service for each grade, as 
follows: 


First grade. 

. .$126.00—167.00 

Second grade . 

. . 84.00—: 

105.00 

Third grade . 

. . 72.00— 

90.00 

Fourth grade . 

. . 54,00— 

67.50 

Fifth grade . 

. . 42.00— 

42.50 

Sixth grade . 


37.50 

Specialist, 1st class. 

.. 60.00— 

67.50 

2d class . 

. . 55.00— 

62.50 

3d class . 

. . 50.00— 

57.50 

4th class . 


52.50 

5th class . 


43.50 

6th class . 


40.50 

Seventh grade . 

. . 21.00— 

26.25 

1st class . 

. . 51.00— 

66.25 

2d class . 

. . 46.00— 

51.25 

3d class . 

. . 41.00— 

46.25 

4th class . 

. . 36.00— 

41.25 

5th class . 


32.25 

6th class . 


29.52 

REPRESENTATIVES 

in U. S. 

Con- 


gress. Se® Congress. 

SOS 




















RIIEIMS, Prance: Pop. 1921, 76,645; 
famous Cathedral destroyed by Germans 
in World War. 

RHODE ISLAND: Pop. 1920, 604.397. 

RIGA, cap. of Latvia: Pop. 200,000. 

ROUMANIA: Area 122,282 sq. mi.; 

pop. 1919, 17,393,149; Bukharest, capital, 
308,987; Chisenau, 114,100; Cernuti, 87,128; 
Ismail, 86,500; Jassy, 76,120. 

RUSSIA: Since Nov. 8, 1917, a soviet 
republic, ruled nominally by a council or 
soviet of soldiers, workmen and peas¬ 
ants, but in reality by a small central 
executive committee of communists or 
Bolsheviks. The area in 1920 was giv¬ 
en as 8,166,130 sq. mi.; pop. 131,546,045. 
The population of Moscow, the new cap- 
tal, was given as 1,050,011. On Dec. 31, 
1922, a new federation was formed at Mos¬ 
cow, constituting what is to be known 
as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 
and to include Caucasia, Ukrainia and 
eleven other more or less independent re¬ 
publics. The parliament which met on 
that day adopted a constitution provid¬ 
ing for a united budget, criminal and 
labor codes, armies and diplomatic sys¬ 
tem. 

S 

ST. PETERSBURG. See Petrograd. 

SALARIES of U. S. Officials, Army and 
Navy, etc.: President, $75,000; vice-pres¬ 
ident, $12,000; cabinet members, $12,000. 

Supreme Court—Chief justice, $15,000; 
justices, $14,500. 

Court of Claims—Chief justice, $8,000; 
judges, $7,500. 

Circuit Court judges, $8,500; district 
court judges, $7,500. 

Congress—Senators, $7,500; representa¬ 
tives, $7,500; Speaker of House, $12,000. 

General of armies, $10,000; major-gen¬ 
eral, $8,000; brigadier-general, $6,000. 
Rear admiral of the Navy, $8,000; rear 
admiral (lower half), $6,000; commodore, 
$6,000. The pay of other commissioned 
officers of the army and navy ranges 
from $1,500 to $5,760, according to rank 
and period of service. 

Ambassadors, $17,500; ministers pleni- 
poteniary, $10,000 to $12,000; ministers 
resident, $4,000 to $7,500; consuls-gen- 
eral, $5,000 to $12,000; consuls $2,000 to 
$5,000. 


309 


SALVADOR: Central American repub¬ 
lic; area 13,176 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 1,336,- 
442; San Salvador, capital, 80,100. 

SAMOA, AMERICAN: Acquired by U. 
S. 1900; area 77 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 8,066. 

SCOTLAND: Area 30,405 sq. mi.; pop. 
1921, 4,882,288. Principal cities: Glas¬ 
gow, 1,034,069; Edinburgh, capital, 420,- 
281; Dundee, 168,217; Aberdeen, 168,969. 

SEA HORSE: A small fish having a 
head and neck somewhat resembling 
those of a horse; the name is also some¬ 
times applied to a walrus. 

SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE Kingdom. 
See Jugo-Slavia. 

SERBIA (Servia): A European king¬ 
dom now merged in Jugo-Slavia. 

SERVIA. See Serbia. 

SEVILLE, Spain: Pop, 1920, 205,527. 
SHANGHAI, China: Pop. 1920, 1,538,- 
000 . 

SHEFFIELD, England: Pop. 1921, 

490,724. 

SIAM: Kingdom in Asia; area 198,900 
sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 9,121,000; Bangkok, 
capital, 931,179. 

SMYRNA: City in Turkish territory 
ceded to Greece after World War; pop. 
1920, 375,000. 

SOPHIA (Sofia): Capital of Bulgaria; 

pop. 154,431. 

SOUTH AFRICA, UNION OF: A Brit¬ 
ish self-governing dominion formed in 
1910 of the four S. African colonies Cape 
of Good Hope, Natal, Transvaal and 
Orange Free State; area 1921, 473,100 sq. 
mi.; pop. 6,922,813. In 1920 former Ger¬ 
man Southwest Africa was allotted to the 
Union, administered as a protectorate 
under the League of Nations. The cap¬ 
ital of the Union, Pretoria, has a pop¬ 
ulation of 73,770; Cape Town, 206,558; 
Durban, 140,324; Bloemfontein, 38,865. 

SOUTH CAROLINA: Pop. 1920, 1,683,- 
662. 

SOUTH DAKOTA: Pop. 1920, 635,839. 
SPAIN: Pop. 1920, 20,783,844; Madrid, 
capital, 751,352; Barcelona, 710,335; Val¬ 
encia, 243,783; Seville 205,527; Malaga, 
150,584. 

STOCKHOLM, Sweden: Pop. 1920, 419,- 

429. 

STRASBOURG, (Alsace-Lorraine): Now 

a French city; pop. 1921, 166,767. 

310 


STUTTGART, Germany: Pop. 1919, 
311,250. 

SWEDEN: Pop. 1920, 5,903,762; Stock¬ 
holm, capital, 419,429; Gothenburg, 202,- 
366; Malmo, 113,558. 

SWITZERLAND: Pop. 1921, 3,880,320; 
Zurich, 207,161; Geneva, capital, 171,000; 
Basel, 135,976; Bern, 103,700. 

SYRIA: An independent state in Asia 
under the mandate of Prance; area 60,000 
sq. mi.; population, 3,000,000; Damascus, 
capital, 250,000; Aleppo, 250,000; Beirut, 
150,000. 

T 

TELEPHONES: In 1921 there were 
892,198 telephones in use in New York 
City and 576,840 in Chicago, while Lon¬ 
don had 311,350. At the beginning of 
1923 the number of telephones in Chi¬ 
cago had increased to 637,500 with over 
3,000,000 calls a day. 

TELESCOPE: The largest reflecting tel¬ 
escope in the world is that at the Can¬ 
adian government laboratory near Vic¬ 
toria, B. C., the objective having a 
measurement of 72 inches. The largest 
refracting telescope is at the Yerkes ob¬ 
servatory at Williams Bay, Wis., with an 
object glass of 40 in. 

TENNESSEE: Pop. 1920, 2,337,459. 

TEXAS: Pop. 1920, 4,661,027. 

TILSIT, Germany: Pop. 1919, 45,309. 

TOBACCO: In 1920 the United States 
produced 1,582,225,000 pounds of tobacco; 
the Philippines, 143,070,000 pounds, and 
Japan, 113,600,000 pounds. 

TOKYO, Japan: Pop. 1920, 1,841,326. 

TORONTO, Canada: Pop. 1921, 521,893. 

TRANSVAAL. See South Africa. 

TRIPOLI: Now under Italian rule; pop. 

1 , 000 , 000 . 

TROTTING RECORDS. See Horse-rac¬ 
ing. 

TUNIS: City of N. Africa; pop. 170,- 

381. 

TURIN, Italy: Pop. 451,494. 

TURKEY: Before the war the area of 
Turkey in Europe was 8,644 sq. mi.; 
of whole empire, 710,224 sq. mi.; the 
whole population was then 21,273,000. It 
is now estimated at 8,000,000, of which 
Constantinople has 1,203,000. 

U 

UNITED KINGDOM: England and 

Wales, Scotland and Ireland. See Brit¬ 
ish Empire. 


Ill 


UNITED STATES, GROWTH OF: The 

population of continental United States 
(that is, exclusive of foreign possessions) 
in 1920 was 105,708,771, an increase of 
14.9 per cent over that of 1910, when 
it was 91,972,266. Area 3,026,791 sq. mi. 

UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION, 
Amendments to. See Constitution. 

UKRAINIA: Republic formed in 1919 by 
union of Russian Ukrainia and Austrian 
Ukrainia; area 498,100 sq. mi.; pop. 
about 46,000,000; Kiev, capital, 323,000. 

URUGUAY: S. Am. republic; area 72,- 
153 sq. mi.; pop. 1920, 1,494,593; Monte¬ 
video, capital, 361,950, 

UTAH: Pop. 1920, 449,446. 

UTRECHT (Netherlands): Pop. 1920, 
140,189. 

V 

VALENCIA, Spain: Pop. 1920, 243,783. 

VALENCIA, Venezuela: Pop. 1920, 54,- 
387 

VALPARAISO, Chile: Pop. 1920, 182,- 
242. 

VANCOUVER, Br. C.: Pop. 1921, 117,- 

217. 

VENICE, Italy: Pop. 1920, 168,039. 

VERA CRUZ, Mexico: Pop. 48,633. 

VERONA, Italy: Pop. 1920, 79,213. 

VERMONT: Pop. 1920, 352,421. 

VERSAILLES, France: Pop. 1921, 64,- 
753; treaty of peace with Germany after 
World War, June 28, 1919. 

VICE PRESIDENTS (since 1913): 28, 

Thomas R. Marshall, 1913-1921, Indiana; 
29, Calvin Coolidge, 1921, Massachusetts. 

VICKSBURG, Miss.: Pop. 1920, 18,072. 

VICTORIA, Australia: Pop. 1921, 1,531,- 
529. 

Vienna, Austria: Pop. 1920, 1,841,326. 

VIRGINIA: Pop. 1920, 2,306,361. 

VIRGIN ISLANDS: U. S. possession 
east of Porto Rico, purchased from Den¬ 
mark in 1917; area 142 sq. mi.; pop. 26,- 
051. 

VOLCANIC DISASTERS, Earthquakes, 
etc., since 1902 (number of lives lost in 
parentheses): 

Mt. Vesuvius, April 8-11, 1906 (200). 

San Francisco, Cal., April 18, 1906, 

earthquake and Are (452); property loss, 
$350,000,000; 6,000 buildings destroyed. 

Valparaiso, Chile, Aug. 16, 1906, earth¬ 
quake (1,500). 

Kingston, Jamaica, Jan. 14, 1907, earth¬ 
quake (1,100). 


312 


Sicily and Calabria, Italy, Dec. 28, 1908, 
earthquake (76,483); 1,100,000 homeless. 

Cartago, Costa Rica, May 5, 1910,, 

earthquake (1,500). 

Turkey, Aug. 9, 1912, earthquake (3,- 

000 ). 

Sakura, Japan, Jan. 12, 1914, eruption 
and earthquake (43). 

Sicily, May 8-9, 1914, earthquake (200). 

Central Italy, Jan. 13, 1915, earthquake 
(29,978). 

Guatemala City, Dec. 24-31, 1917, 

earthquake (2,500). 

Java, eruption of volcano Karut, May 
20, 1919 (5,100). 

Mugello Valley, Italy, June 29, 1919, 
earthquake (100). 

Porto Rico, Oct. 11, 1919, earthquake 
(241). 

Orizaba district, Mexico, Jan. 3, 1920, 
earthquake (3,000). 

Kansu province, China, Dec. 16, 1920, 
earthquake (200,000); ten cities de¬ 
stroyed. 

Chile, northern coast, between Valpa¬ 
raiso and Antofagasta, Nov. 11, 1922, 

earthquake (2,000). 

VOTE, ELECTORAL, by States, for 
President, since 1908: 

1912—Alabama, Dem„ 12; Arizona, 
Dem., 3; Arkansas, Dem., 9; California, 
Dem., 2, Prog., 11; Colorado, Dem., 6; 
Connecticut, Dem., 7; Delaware, Dem., 3; 
Florida, Dem., 6; Georgia, Dem., 14; 
Idaho, Dem., 4; Illinois, Dem., 29; Indi¬ 
ana, Dem., 15; Iowa, Dem., 13; Kansas, 
Dem., 10; Kentucky, Dem., 13; Louisiana, 
Dem., 10; Maine, Dem., 6; Maryland, 
Dem., 8; Massachusetts, Dem., 18; Mich¬ 
igan, Progressive, 15; Minnesota, Prog., 
12; Mississippi, Dem., 10; Missouri, Dem., 
18; Montana, Dem., 4; Nebraska, Dem., 
8; Nevada, Dem., 3; New Hampshire, 
Dem., 4; New Jersey, Dem., 14; New 
Mexico, Dem., 3; New York, Dem., 45; 
North Carolina, Dem., 12; North Dakota, 
Dem., 5; Ohio, Dem., 24; Oklahoma, 
Dem., 10; Oregon, Dem., 5; Pennsylvania, 
Prog., 38; Rhode Island, Dem., 5; South 
Carolina, Dem., 9; South Dakota, Prog., 
5; Tennessee, Dem., 12; Texas, Dem., 20; 
Utah, Rep., 4; Vermont, Rep., 4; Vir¬ 
ginia, Dem., 12; Washington, Prog., 7; 
West Virginia, Dem., 8; Wisconsin, Dem., 
13; Wyoming, Dem., 3. 

313 


1916—Alabama, Dem., 12; Arizona, 
Dem., 3; Arkansas, Dem., 9; California, 
Dem., 13; Colorado, Dem. 6; Connecticut, 
Rep., 7; Delaware, Rep., 3; Florida, Dem., 
6; Georgia, Dem., 14; Idaho, Dem., 4; 
Illinois, Rep., 29; Indiana, Rep., 15; Iowa, 
Rep., 12; Kansas, Dem., 10; Kentucky, 
Dem., 13; Louisiana, Dem., 10; Maine, 
Rep., 6; Maryland, Dem., 8; Massachu¬ 
setts, Rep., 18; Michigan, Rep., 15; 
Minnesota, Rep., 12; Mississippi, Dem., 
10; Missouri, Dem., 18; Montana, Dem., 
4; Nebraska, Dem., 8; Nevada, Dem., 3; 
New Hampshire, Dem., 4; New Jersey, 
Rep., 14; New Mexico, Dem., 3; New 
York, Rep., 45; North Carolina, Dem., 
12; North Dakota, Dem., 5; Ohio, Dem., 
24; Oklahoma, Dem., 10; Oregon, Rep., 6; 
Pennsylvania, Rep., 38; Rhode Island, 
Rep., 5; South Carolina, Dem., 9; South 
Dakota, Rep., 5; Tennessee, Dem., 12; 
Texas, Dem., 20; Utah Dem., 4; Ver¬ 
mont, Rep., 4; Virginia, Dem., 12; Wash¬ 
ington, Dem., 7; West Virginia, Dem., 1, 
Rep., 7; Wisconsin, Rep., 13; Wyoming, 
Dem., 3. 

1920—Alabama, Dem., 12; Arizona, 
Rep., 3; Arkansas, Dem., 9; California, 
Rep., 13; Colorado, Rep., 6; Connecticut, 
Rep., 7; Delaware, Rep., 3; Florida, Dem., 
6; Georgia, Dem., 14; Idaho, Rep., 4; Illi¬ 
nois, Rep., 29; Indiana, Rep., 15; Iowa, 
Rep., 13; Kansas, Rep., 10; Kentucky, 
Dem., 13; Louisiana, Dem., 10; Maine, 
Rep., 6; Maryland, Rep., 8; Massachu¬ 
setts, Rep., 18; Michigan, Rep., 15; Min¬ 
nesota, Rep., 12; Mississippi, Dem., 10; 
Missouri, Rep., 18; Montana, Rep., 4; 
Nebraska, Rep., 8; Nevada, Rep.. 3; New 
Hampshire, Rep., 4; New Jersey, Rep., 
14; New Mexico, Rep., 3; New York, Rep., 
45; North Carolina, Dem., 12; North Da¬ 
kota, Rep., 5; Ohio, Rep., 24; Oklahoma, 
Rep., 10; Oregon, Rep., 5; Pennsylvania, 
Rep., 38; Rhode Island, Rep., 5; South 
Carolina, Dem., 9; South Dakota, Rep., 5; 
Tennessee, Rep., 12; Texas, Dem., 20; 
Utah, Rep., 4; Vermont, Rep., 4; Vir¬ 
ginia, Dem., 12; Washington, Rep., 7; 
West Virginia, Rep., 8; Wisconsin, Rep., 
13; Wyoming, Rep., 3. 

VOTE, POPULAR, for President, since 
1908 (electoral vote in parentheses): 

1912—Wilson, Dem., 6,286,214 (435); 

Roosevelt, Progressive, 4,126,020 (88); 

314 


Taft, Rep., 3,483,922 (8); Debs, Socialist, 
897,011; Chafin, Prohibition, 208,923; 
Reimer, Soc. Labor, 29,079. 

1916—Wilson, Dem„ 9,129,606 (277); 

Hughes, Rep., 8,638,221 (254); Hanley, 

Pro., 220,506; Benson, Soc., 685,113; 
Reimer, Soc. Labor, 13,403; -, Pro¬ 

gressive, 41,894. 

1920—Harding, Rep., 16,152,200 (404); 
Cox. Dem., 9,147,853 (127); Debs. Soc., 
919,799; Christensen, Farmer-Lab., 26,- 
541; Watkins, Pro., 189,408; Cox, Soc.- 
Lab., 31,175; Macauley, Single Tax, 6,837. 
VOTING. See Qualifications. 

W 

WALES; Pop. 1921, 2,206,712. 

WARS, RECENT; Spanish-American, 
1898; Philippine, 1899-1902; Anglo-Boer, 
1899-1902; Russo-Japanese, 1904-5; Ital- 
ian-Turkish, 1911-12; Balkan-Turkish, 
1912-13; Balkan-Bulgarian, 1913; World 
War, 1914-18; Polish-Russian, 1918; 
Greek-Turkish, 1921-22. 

WAR, WORLD: Began August 1, 1914. 
Armistice signed Nov. 11, 1918. U. S. en¬ 
tered April 6, 1917. German peace treats 
signed June 28, 1919. Nations involved, 
28. Killed to Nov. 11, 1918, 7,450,200. 
Cash cost to April 30, 1919, $186,000,000,- 
000. Cost to U. S.: Killed in action, 34,- 
249; died of wounds, 13,700; died of 
disease, 23,340; died of accident, 2,019; 
total dead, 77,118; wounded, 236,000. 
Cash cost of war to U. S. (to April 30, 
1919), $21,850,000,000. Total U. S. armed 
forces, 4,800,000; number who went over¬ 
seas, 2,086,000. 

WAR, WORLD, Brief Chronology of: 

1914—June 28, Archduke Francis Fer¬ 
dinand of Austria and wife assassinated 
at Sarajevo, Bosnia. July 28, Austria- 
Hungary declares war on Serbia. Aug. 1, 
Germany declares war on Russia. Aug. 

3, Germany declares war on France. Aug. 

4, Great Britain declares war on Ger¬ 
many. Aug. 7, Germans enter Liege. Aug. 
16, British expedition lands in France. 
Aug. 20, Germans occupy Brussels. Aug. 
25, Louvain destroyed. Sept. 6-10, battle of 
the Marne. Oct. 9, Germans take Ant¬ 
werp. Oct. 29, Turkey begins war on 
Russia, Nov. 1, British cruisers Mon. 
mouth and Good Hope sunk off Chilean 

316 



coast. Nov. 6, Great Britain annexes 
Cyprus. Nov. 7, Japanese capture 
Tsiengtao. Nov. 9, German cruiser Em- 
den destroyed. Dec. 24, first German air 
raid on England. 

1915— Jan. 24, British win naval bat¬ 
tle in North Sea. Feb. 12, Germans drive 
Russians from East Prussia. Feb. 18, 
Germans begin submarine blockade of 
Great Britain. Feb. 19, British and 
French fleets bombard Dardanelles forts. 
March 1, British “orders in council” to 
prevent commodities leaving or reaching 
Germany. April 22-28, battle of Ypres. 
April 30; Germans invade Russian Baltic 
provinces. May 7, Lusitania torpedoed. 
May 23, Italy declares war on Austria. 
June 2, Italians cross the Isonzo. June 3, 
Germans take Przemysl. June 22, Ger¬ 
mans take Lemberg. Aug. 4, Germans 
occupy Warsaw. Aug. 26, Germans take 
Brest-Litovsk. Sept. 26-30, battle of the 
Champagne. Oct. 9-10, Austro-Germans 
take Belgrade. Oct. 12, Edith Cavell ex¬ 
ecuted by Germans. Dec. 8-9, Allies de¬ 
feated in Macedonia. 

1916— Jan. 13, Austrians take Cettinje. 
Feb. 21, Germans begin attack on Verdun. 
May 31, naval battle off Jutland. June 
2, third battle of Ypres. July 1-10, bat¬ 
tle of the Somme. July 14-Aug. 5. sec¬ 
ond battle of the Somme. Aug. 27, Italy 
declares war against Germany. Dec. 6, 
Germans take Bucharest. Dec. 20, Presi¬ 
dent Wilson’s peace note published. 

1917— Feb. 1, Germany begins unre¬ 
stricted submarine warfare. Feb. 3, U. 
S. breaks off diplomatic relations with 
Germany. Feb. 24, Hindenburg’s retreat 
from the Somme in full progress. March 
11, revolution in Russia. March 15, Czar 
abdicates. April 6, U. S. enters war. 
April 9, battle of Arras begins. May 4, 
American destroyers arrive in British 
waters. May 4, Russian soviet declares 
peace. June 6, military registration day 
in U. S.; 10,000,000 men register. June 
27, first American troops land in France. 
July 20, draft day in U. S. Sept. 15, Rus¬ 
sia proclaimed a republic. Oct. 29, Ital¬ 
ian Isonzo line falls. Nov. 6, Italians 
abandon Tagliamento line. Nov. 20-Dec. 
4, battle of Cambria. Dec. 1, German 
East Africa conquered. Dec. 9, Jerusa¬ 
lem taken by British. Dec. 15, armistice 
signed by Russia and Central Powers. 

316 


1918—Jan. 21, Americans take charge 
of sector of French front. Feb. 5, trans¬ 
port Tuscania, carrying American troops, 
torpedoed, with large loss of life. Feb. 
22, British take Jericho. March 21 to 
April 6, battle of the Somme. March 23, 
Paris bombarded by long-range guns. 
March 28, Gen. Foch made commander 
of allied armies. March 30, American 
troops march to front. April 9, Japanese 
and British marines land in Vladivostock. 
April 9 to May 27, battles in Lys Valley. 
May 1, Germans take Sebastopol. May 7, 
peace between Germany and Roumania. 
May 17, pro-German plot discovered in 
Ireland. May 27 to June 5, battle of 
the Aisne. June 4, Germans pushed 
back across the Marne. July 15-18, Ger¬ 
man offensive in Champagne-Marne sec¬ 
tor. July 19, beginning of German re¬ 
treat across the Marne. July 21, Ger¬ 
mans driven out of Chateau Thierry by 
French and Americans. Aug. 11, organ¬ 
ization of first American field army in 
France announced. Aug. 8 to Nov. 11, 
British attack on Sommne salient. Aug. 
18 to Nov. 11, French advance in Oise- 
Aisne region. Aug. 19 to Nov. 11, British 
strike in Ypres-Lys sector. Aug. 30, 
Germans retreat from Flanders. Sept. 3, 
Germans withdraw from the Scarpe to 
the Marne. Sept. 12-16, battle of St. 
Mihiel. Sept. 13, Americans take St. 
Mihiel. Sept. 20 to Nov. 11, battle of the 
Meuse-Argonne. Sept. 26, Franco-Amer- 
ican attack in Argonne. Sept. 27, Hin- 
denburg line broken by British. Sept. 
29, Bulgaria surrenders. Oct. 1, British 
capture Damascus. Oct. 18, Czech revo¬ 
lution against Austria in Prague. Oct. 
20, Germans in peace note accept Presi¬ 
dent Wilson’s terms and recall subma¬ 
rines. Oct. 27, British and Italians cross 
the Piave. Oct. 30, armistice granted 
Turkey. Nov. 1, republic of Austria pro¬ 
claimed in Vienna, and of Hungary in 
Budapest. Nov. 3, Italians take Trent; 
Serbians occupy Belgrade. Nov. 4, Aus¬ 
tria accepts peace terms. Nov. 7, Amer¬ 
icans take Sedan; revolution in Germany. 
Nov. 8, Bavaria proclaimed a republic. 
Nov. 9, Kaiser abdicates. Nov. 11, Ger¬ 
mans sign armistice. Nov. 21, German 
fleet surrenders to British. 


317 


1919—Allied peace conference begins 
at Versailles Jan. 18; treaty signed June 
28; rejected by the U. S. Senate Nov. 19. 

1921—July 2, President Harding signs 
joint resolution of Congress declaring 
peace with Germany and Austria. 

WARSAW, capital of Poland: 'Pop. 
1921, 931,176. 

WASHINGTON, state: Pop. 1920, 97,- 
786. 

WEST VIRGINIA: Pop. 1920, 1,463,610. 

WIESBADEN, Germany: Pop. 1919, 
97,786. 

WILLIAM II.: Last emperor of Ger¬ 
many; born 1859; abdicated 1918. 

WILSON, WOODROW: 28th president 
of the United States; born 1856. 

WISCONSIN: Pop. 1920, 2,631,839. 

WORCESTER, England: Pop. 1921, 
48,848. 

WYOMING: Pop. 1920, 194,402. 

Y 

YARMOUTH, England: Pop. 1921, 60,- 
710. 

Y. M. C. A. in 1922 had 1,978 local as¬ 
sociations in North America, with 883,- 
169 members, 5,464 secretaries and 
officers, and owned $150,399,000 in prop¬ 
erty and funds. 

YOKOHAMA, Japan: Pop. 1920, 422,- 
942. 


318 


WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF ACCI¬ 
DENTS AND EMERGENCIES 

Fainting.—Place flat on back, with 
head lower than rest of body; sprinkle 
with water and allow fresh air. 

Burns and Scalds.—1. Cover with 
baking soda and lay wet cloths over it. 
2. Olive oil and whites of eggs. 3. Olive 
or linseed oil, plain or mixed with 
whiting or chalk. 4. Sweet or olive oil 
and limewater. 

Sunstroke.—Loosen clothing; keep head 
elevated; get patient into shade and ap¬ 
ply ice-cold water to head. 

Lightning.—Dash cold water over vic¬ 
tim. 

Snakebite or Mad Dog Bite.—Tie a 
cord tightly above wound. Suck wound 
and cauterize at once with caustic or 
white-hot iron, or cut out adjoining 
parts with a sharp knife. Give stimu¬ 
lants. 

Stings of Insects.—Apply weak ammo¬ 
nia, iodine, oil or salt water, or strong 
solution of baking soda. 

Sprains. — Irrigation, immersion, or 
pack in hot water; complete rest. When 
swelling and pain lessen apply anti- 
phlogistine. When swelling is well re¬ 
duced strap injured part with o. z. (zinc 
oxid) adhesive plaster. 

Nosebleed.—Ice to back of neck; snuff 
alum water; inhale spirits of camphor; 
plug nostrils with cotton saturated with 
diluted vinegar. 

Colic or Pain in Bowels.—Don’t get 
“stage fright’’ about your appendix; take 
one or two tablespoonfuls of castor oil, 
followed by glass of hot water; repeat 
dose in three or four hours if necessary. 
An occasional dose of this remedy, "like 
mother used to give,’’ may save your ap¬ 
pendix from the hands of a surgeon. 

Punctured Wounds.—Use a solution of 
bromine. 1 to 50. Of this solution 1 tea¬ 
spoonful to 2 oz. of water, apply with 
wet dressing and keep it damp. Bi- 
chlorid of mercury, 1 to 5000 solution, 
dressing to be kept wet. 

Hemorrhage Following Wounds.—Do the 
safe thing: Constrict the circulation both 
above and below the wound. 

S19 


Drowning.—1. Loosen clothing, if any. 
2. Empty lungs of water by laying 
body on its stomach and lifting it by 
the middle so that the head hangs down. 
Jerk the body a few times. 3. Lay pa¬ 
tient on his back with a folded coat for 
cushion. 4. Pull tongue forward, using 
handkerchief, or pin with string, if 
necessary. 5. Imitate motion of respira¬ 
tion by alternately compressing and ex¬ 
panding the lower ribs, about twenty 
times a minute. Alternately raising and 
lowering the arms from the sides up 
above the head will stimulate the action 
of the lungs. Let this be done gently 
but persistently. 6. Apply warmth and 
friction to extremities. 7. By holding 
the tongue forward, closing the nostrils 
and pressing the “Adams’s apple” back 
(so as to close entrance to stomach), di¬ 
rect inflation may be tried. Take a 
deep breath and breathe it forcibly into 
the mouth of the patient, compress the 
chest to expel the air, and repeat the 
operation. 8. Don’t give up! People 
have been saved after hours of patient, 
vigorous effort. 9. When breathing be¬ 
gins, get patient into a warm bed, give 
warm drinks, or spirits in teaspoonfuls, 
fresh air and quiet. 

Cinders in the Eye.—Rub the other 
eye toward the nose; never rub the eye 
affected. Roll soft paper up like a lamp¬ 
lighter and wet the tip to remove the 
cinder, or use a medicine-dropper to 
draw it out. 

Fire in One’s Clothing.—Don’t run— 

especially not down stairs or out of doors. 
Roll on carpet, or wrap in woolen rug or 
blanket. Keep the head down so as not 
to inhale flame. 


320 











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